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Merge branch 'master' into python-uv
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‎python-copy/README.md

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# Shallow vs Deep Copying of Python Objects
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This folder contains code associated with the Real Python tutorial [Shallow vs Deep Copying of Python Objects](https://realpython.com/python-copy/).

‎python-copy/benchmark.py

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from copy import copy
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from random import choices, randint
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from string import ascii_letters
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from timeit import timeit
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EXECUTIONS = 10_000
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SIZE = 1_000
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def main():
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print(f" Size={SIZE:,} ({EXECUTIONS:,}x) ".center(50, "="))
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for container_type in random_dict, random_set, random_list:
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container = container_type(size=SIZE)
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for method, seconds in benchmark(container, EXECUTIONS).items():
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print(f"{seconds:.5f} {method}")
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print()
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def benchmark(container, executions):
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type_ = type(container)
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name = type_.__name__
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results = {
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f"{name}.copy()": timeit(container.copy, number=executions),
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f"{name}()": timeit(lambda: type_(container), number=executions),
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f"copy({name})": timeit(lambda: copy(container), number=executions),
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}
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if sliceable(container):
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results[f"{name}[:]"] = timeit(lambda: container[:], number=executions)
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return results
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def sliceable(instance):
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try:
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instance[0:1]
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except (TypeError, KeyError):
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return False
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else:
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return True
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def random_dict(size):
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keys = random_set(size)
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values = random_set(size)
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return dict(zip(keys, values))
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def random_set(size):
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return set(random_list(size))
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def random_list(size, shortest=3, longest=15):
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return [
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"".join(choices(ascii_letters, k=randint(shortest, longest)))
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for _ in range(size)
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]
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if __name__ == "__main__":
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main()

‎python-copy/console.py

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import copy
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from datetime import UTC, datetime
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from pprint import pp
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class ConsoleWindow:
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def __init__(self, tabs):
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self.tabs = tabs
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self.history = []
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self.created_at = datetime.now(UTC)
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def __copy__(self):
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instance = type(self)(self.tabs)
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instance.history = self.history
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self.tabs.add(instance)
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return instance
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def __deepcopy__(self, memo):
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instance = type(self)(self.tabs)
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instance.history = copy.deepcopy(self.history, memo)
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self.tabs.add(instance)
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return instance
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def run_command(self, command):
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self.history.append(command)
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if __name__ == "__main__":
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shared_registry = set()
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window = ConsoleWindow(shared_registry)
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window.run_command("cd ~/Projects")
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tab1 = copy.deepcopy(window)
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tab1.run_command("git clone git@github.com:python/cpython.git")
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tab2 = copy.copy(tab1)
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tab2.run_command("cd python/")
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window.run_command("ls -l")
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tab1.run_command("git checkout 3.13")
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pp(vars(window))
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print()
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pp(vars(tab1))
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print()
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pp(vars(tab2))

‎python-copy/datafile.py

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import copy
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import json
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from pprint import pp
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class DataFile:
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def __init__(self, path):
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self.file = open(path, mode="r", encoding="utf-8")
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def __copy__(self):
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return type(self)(self.file.name)
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def __deepcopy__(self, memo):
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return self.__copy__()
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def __enter__(self):
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return self
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def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
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self.file.close()
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def read_json(self):
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self.file.seek(0)
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return json.load(self.file)
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if __name__ == "__main__":
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with DataFile("person.json") as data_file:
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shallow_copy = copy.copy(data_file)
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deep_copy = copy.deepcopy(data_file)
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pp(data_file.read_json())
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print()
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pp(shallow_copy.read_json())
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shallow_copy.file.close()
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print()
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pp(deep_copy.read_json())
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deep_copy.file.close()

‎python-copy/emoji.py

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import unicodedata
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class Emoji:
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def __init__(self, name):
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self.name = name
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def __repr__(self):
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return self._glyph
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@property
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def name(self):
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return unicodedata.name(self._glyph).title()
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@name.setter
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def name(self, value):
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self._glyph = unicodedata.lookup(value)
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if __name__ == "__main__":
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emoji = Emoji("tangerine")
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print(emoji)
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emoji.name = "clown face"
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print(emoji)

‎python-copy/golden_ratio.py

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from fractions import Fraction
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cf = [1]
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cf.append(cf)
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def evaluate(depth):
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if depth > 0:
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return cf[0] + Fraction(1, evaluate(depth - 1))
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return cf[0]
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golden_ratio = (1 + 5**0.5) / 2
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for n in range(21):
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fraction = evaluate(n)
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approximation = float(fraction)
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error = abs(golden_ratio - approximation)
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print(
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f"n={n:<3}",
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f"{fraction:>11}",
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"\N{ALMOST EQUAL TO}",
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f"{approximation:.15f}",
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f"(\N{GREEK CAPITAL LETTER DELTA} = {error:<11.10f})",
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)

‎python-copy/mutable_int.py

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class MutableInt:
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def __init__(self, value):
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self.value = value
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def __iadd__(self, other):
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self.value += other
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return self
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def __str__(self):
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return str(self.value)
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if __name__ == "__main__":
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x = MutableInt(40)
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x += 2
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print(x)

‎python-copy/person.json

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{
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"name": "John Doe",
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"age": 42,
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"email": "johndoe@example.com",
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"is_subscribed": true,
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"hobbies": ["reading", "cycling", "traveling"],
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"address": {
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"street": "123 Main St",
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"city": "New York",
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"zip": "10001"
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}
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}
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‎python-copy/person.py

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import copy
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from datetime import date
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def in_place():
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class Person:
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def __init__(self, name, age):
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self.name = name
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self.age = age
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def __replace__(self, **changes):
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if unknown := changes.keys() - self.__dict__.keys():
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raise AttributeError(", ".join(unknown))
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self.__dict__.update(**changes)
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person = Person("John Doe", 42)
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copy.replace(person, age=24, name="Alice Smith")
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print(vars(person))
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# This raises an error:
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# print(copy.replace(person, name="Bob Brown", email="bob.brown@example.com"))
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def shallow():
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class Person:
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def __init__(self, name, age):
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self.name = name
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self.age = age
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def __replace__(self, **changes):
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return type(self)(**self.__dict__ | changes)
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person = Person("John Doe", 42)
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person_copy = copy.replace(person, age=24, name="Alice Smith")
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print(vars(person))
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print(vars(person_copy))
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# This raises an error:
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# print(copy.replace(person, email="bob.brown@example.com"))
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def slots():
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class Person:
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__slots__ = ("name", "age")
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def __init__(self, name, age):
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self.name = name
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self.age = age
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def __replace__(self, **changes):
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instance = type(self)(self.name, self.age)
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for name, value in changes.items():
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if hasattr(self, name):
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setattr(instance, name, value)
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return instance
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person = Person("John Doe", 42)
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person_copy = copy.replace(person, age=24, name="Alice Smith")
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def vars_slots(obj):
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return {name: getattr(obj, name) for name in obj.__slots__}
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print(vars_slots(person))
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print(vars_slots(person_copy))
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def derived():
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class Person:
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def __init__(self, name, date_of_birth):
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self.name = name
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self.date_of_birth = date_of_birth
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@property
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def age(self):
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return (date.today() - self.date_of_birth).days // 365
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def __replace__(self, **changes):
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age = changes.pop("age", None)
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dob = changes.pop("date_of_birth", None)
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instance = copy.copy(self)
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for name, value in changes.items():
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if hasattr(self, name):
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setattr(instance, name, value)
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if age and dob:
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raise AttributeError(
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"can't set both 'age' and 'date_of_birth'"
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)
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elif age:
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dob = copy.replace(date.today(), year=date.today().year - age)
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instance.date_of_birth = dob
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elif dob:
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instance.date_of_birth = dob
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return instance
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person = Person("John Doe", date(1983, 3, 14))
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print(vars(copy.replace(person, age=24)))
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print(vars(copy.replace(person, date_of_birth=date(1999, 6, 15))))
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# This raises an error:
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# print(vars(copy.replace(person, date_of_birth=date(1999, 6, 15), age=12)))
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if __name__ == "__main__":
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in_place()
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shallow()
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slots()
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derived()

‎python-copy/rectangle.py

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import copy
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class Rectangle:
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def __init__(self, top_left, bottom_right):
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self.top_left = top_left
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self.bottom_right = bottom_right
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def __repr__(self):
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return f"Rectangle({self.top_left}, {self.bottom_right})"
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class Point:
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def __init__(self, x, y):
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self.x = x
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self.y = y
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def __repr__(self):
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return f"Point(x={self.x}, y={self.y})"
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if __name__ == "__main__":
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bounding_box = Rectangle(
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top_left := Point(10, 20), bottom_right := Point(30, 40)
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)
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shallow_copy = copy.copy(bounding_box)
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deep_copy = copy.deepcopy(bounding_box)
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bounding_box.bottom_right = Point(500, 700)
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bottom_right.x += 100
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print(f"{bounding_box = }")
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print(f"{shallow_copy = }")
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print(f"{deep_copy = }")

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