python · erlend-aasland · Aug 7, 2023 · Aug 7, 2023 · Aug 7, 2023 · Aug 7, 2023
@@ -94,6 +94,7 @@
     ('c:func', 'sprintf'),
     ('c:func', 'stat'),
     ('c:func', 'system'),
+    ('c:func', 'time'),
     ('c:func', 'vsnprintf'),
     # Standard C types
     ('c:type', 'FILE'),

diff --git a/Doc/library/ctypes.rst b/Doc/library/ctypes.rst
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ You load libraries by accessing them as attributes of these objects. *cdll*
 loads libraries which export functions using the standard ``cdecl`` calling
 convention, while *windll* libraries call functions using the ``stdcall``
 calling convention. *oledll* also uses the ``stdcall`` calling convention, and
-assumes the functions return a Windows :c:type:`HRESULT` error code. The error
+assumes the functions return a Windows :c:type:`!HRESULT` error code. The error
 code is used to automatically raise an :class:`OSError` exception when the
 function call fails.
 
@@ -477,7 +477,7 @@ Return types
 
 
 By default functions are assumed to return the C :c:expr:`int` type.  Other
-return types can be specified by setting the :attr:`restype` attribute of the
+return types can be specified by setting the :attr:`~_FuncPtr.restype` attribute of the
 function object.
 
 The C prototype of :c:func:`time` is ``time_t time(time_t *)``. Because :c:type:`time_t`
@@ -495,7 +495,7 @@ To call the function with a ``NULL`` pointer as first argument, use ``None``::
    >>> print(libc.time(None))  # doctest: +SKIP
    1150640792
 
-Here is a more advanced example, it uses the :func:`strchr` function, which expects
+Here is a more advanced example, it uses the :func:`!strchr` function, which expects
 a string pointer and a char, and retu
8000
rns a pointer to a string::
 
    >>> strchr = libc.strchr
@@ -528,7 +528,7 @@ single character Python bytes object into a C char:
    >>>
 
 You can also use a callable Python object (a function or a class for example) as
-the :attr:`restype` attribute, if the foreign function returns an integer.  The
+the :attr:`~_FuncPtr.restype` attribute, if the foreign function returns an integer.  The
 callable will be called with the *integer* the C function returns, and the
 result of this call will be used as the result of your function call. This is
 useful to check for error return values and automatically raise an exception::
@@ -556,7 +556,8 @@ get the string representation of an error code, and *returns* an exception.
 :func:`GetLastError` to retrieve it.
 
 Please note that a much more powerful error checking mechanism is available
-through the :attr:`errcheck` attribute; see the reference manual for details.
+through the :attr:`~_FuncPtr.errcheck` attribute;
+see the reference manual for details.
 
 
 .. _ctypes-passing-pointers:
@@ -594,7 +595,7 @@ Structures and unions
 
 Structures and unions must derive from the :class:`Structure` and :class:`Union`
 base classes which are defined in the :mod:`ctypes` module. Each subclass must
-define a :attr:`_fields_` attribute.  :attr:`_fields_` must be a list of
+define a :attr:`~Structure._fields_` attribute.  :attr:`!_fields_` must be a list of
 *2-tuples*, containing a *field name* and a *field type*.
 
 The field type must be a :mod:`ctypes` type like :class:`c_int`, or any other
@@ -666,9 +667,9 @@ Structure/union alignment and byte order
 
 By default, Structure and Union fields are aligned in the same way the C
 compiler does it. It is possible to override this behavior by specifying a
-:attr:`_pack_` class attribute in the subclass definition. This must be set to a
-positive integer and specifies the maximum alignment for the fields. This is
-what ``#pragma pack(n)`` also does in MSVC.
+:attr:`~Structure._pack_` class attribute in the subclass definition.
+This must be set to a positive integer and specifies the maximum alignment for the fields.
+This is what ``#pragma pack(n)`` also does in MSVC.
 
 :mod:`ctypes` uses the native byte order for Structures and Unions.  To build
 structures with non-native byte order, you can use one of the
@@ -684,7 +685,7 @@ Bit fields in structures and unions
 
 It is possible to create structures and unions containing bit fields. Bit fields
 are only possible for integer fields, the bit width is specified as the third
-item in the :attr:`_fields_` tuples::
+item in the :attr:`~Structure._fields_` tuples::
 
    >>> class Int(Structure):
    ...     _fields_ = [("first_16", c_int, 16),
@@ -876,7 +877,7 @@ pointer types.  So, for ``POINTER(c_int)``, ctypes accepts an array of c_int::
    >>>
 
 In addition, if a function argument is explicitly declared to be a pointer type
-(such as ``POINTER(c_int)``) in :attr:`_FuncPtr.argtypes`, an object of the pointed
+(such as ``POINTER(c_int)``) in :attr:`~_FuncPtr.argtypes`, an object of the pointed
 type (``c_int`` in this case) can be passed to the function.  ctypes will apply
 the required :func:`byref` conversion in this case automatically.
 
@@ -952,8 +953,8 @@ work::
    >>>
 
 because the new ``class cell`` is not available in the class statement itself.
-In :mod:`ctypes`, we can define the ``cell`` class and set the :attr:`_fields_`
-attribute later, after the class statement::
+In :mod:`ctypes`, we can define the ``cell`` class and set the
+:attr:`~Structure._fields_` attribute later, after the class statement::
 
    >>> from ctypes import *
    >>> class cell(Structure):
@@ -1003,16 +1004,16 @@ argument, and the callback functions expected argument types as the remaining
 arguments.
 
 I will present an example here which uses the standard C library's
-:c:func:`qsort` function, that is used to sort items with the help of a callback
-function.  :c:func:`qsort` will be used to sort an array of integers::
+:c:func:`!qsort` function, that is used to sort items with the help of a callback
+function.  :c:func:`!qsort` will be used to sort an array of integers::
 
    >>> IntArray5 = c_int * 5
    >>> ia = IntArray5(5, 1, 7, 33, 99)
    >>> qsort = libc.qsort
    >>> qsort.restype = None
    >>>
 
-:func:`qsort` must be called with a pointer to the data to sort, the number of
+:func:`!qsort` must be called with a pointer to the data to sort, the number of
 items in the data array, the size of one item, and a pointer to the comparison
 function, the callback. The callback will then be called with two pointers to
 items, and it must return a negative integer if the first item is smaller than
@@ -1104,7 +1105,7 @@ Some shared libraries not only export functions, they also export variables. An
 example in the Python library itself is the :c:data:`Py_Version`, Python
 runtime version number encoded in a single constant integer.
 
-:mod:`ctypes` can access values like this with the :meth:`in_dll` class methods of
+:mod:`ctypes` can access values like this with the :meth:`~_CData.in_dll` class methods of
 the type.  *pythonapi* is a predefined symbol giving access to the Python C
 api::
 
@@ -1294,13 +1295,13 @@ Finding shared libraries
 When programming in a compiled language, shared libraries are accessed when
 compiling/linking a program, and when the program is run.
 
-The purpose of the :func:`find_library` function is to locate a library in a way
+The purpose of the :func:`~ctypes.util.find_library` function is to locate a library in a way
 similar to what the compiler or runtime loader does (on platforms with several
 versions of a shared library the most recent should be loaded), while the ctypes
 library loaders act like when a program is run, and call the runtime loader
 directly.
 
-The :mod:`ctypes.util` module provides a function which can help to determine
+The :mod:`!ctypes.util` module provides a function which can help to determine
 the library to load.
 
 
@@ -1315,7 +1316,7 @@ the library to load.
 
 The exact functionality is system dependent.
 
-On Linux, :func:`find_library` tries to run external programs
+On Linux, :func:`~ctypes.util.find_library` tries to run external programs
 (``/sbin/ldconfig``, ``gcc``, ``objdump`` and ``ld``) to find the library file.
 It returns the filename of the library file.
 
@@ -1334,7 +1335,7 @@ Here are some examples::
    'libbz2.so.1.0'
    >>>
 
-On macOS, :func:`find_library` tries several predefined naming schemes and paths
+On macOS, :func:`~ctypes.util.find_library` tries several predefined naming schemes and paths
 to locate the library, and returns a full pathname if successful::
 
    >>> from ctypes.util import find_library
@@ -1348,13 +1349,13 @@ to locate the library, and returns a full pathname if successful::
    '/System/Library/Frameworks/AGL.framework/AGL'
    >>>
 
-On Windows, :func:`find_library` searches along the system search path, and
+On Windows, :func:`~ctypes.util.find_library` searches along the system search path, and
 returns the full pathname, but since there is no predefined naming scheme a call
 like ``find_library("c")`` will fail and return ``None``.
 
 If wrapping a shared library with :mod:`ctypes`, it *may* be better to determine
 the shared library name at development time, and hardcode that into the wrapper
-module instead of using :func:`find_library` to locate the library at runtime.
+module instead of using :func:`~ctypes.util.find_library` to locate the library at runtime.
 
 
 .. _ctypes-loading-shared-libraries:
@@ -1439,9 +1440,9 @@ function exported by these libraries, and reacquired afterwards.
 All these classes can be instantiated by calling them with at least one
 argument, the pathname of the shared library.  If you have an existing handle to
 an already loaded shared library, it can be passed as the ``handle`` named
-parameter, otherwise the underlying platforms :c:func:`!dlopen` or :c:func:`LoadLibrary`
-function is used to load the library into the process, and to get a handle to
-it.
+parameter, otherwise the underlying platforms :c:func:`!dlopen` or
+:c:func:`!LoadLibrary` function is used to load the library into
+the process, and to get a handle to it.
 
 The *mode* parameter can be used to specify how the library is loaded.  For
 details, consult the :manpage:`dlopen(3)` manpage.  On Windows, *mode* is
@@ -1461,7 +1462,7 @@ to a new value and returns the former value.
 
 The *use_last_error* parameter, when set to true, enables the same mechanism for
 the Windows error code which is managed by the :func:`GetLastError` and
-:func:`SetLastError` Windows API functions; :func:`ctypes.get_last_error` and
+:func:`!SetLastError` Windows API functions; :func:`ctypes.get_last_error` and
 :func:`ctypes.set_last_error` are used to request and change the ctypes private
 copy of the windows error code.
 
@@ -1533,7 +1534,7 @@ attribute of the loader instance.
    Class which loads shared libraries.  *dlltype* should be one of the
    :class:`CDLL`, :class:`PyDLL`, :class:`WinDLL`, or :class:`OleDLL` types.
 
-   :meth:`__getattr__` has special behavior: It allows loading a shared library by
+   :meth:`!__getattr__` has special behavior: It allows loading a shared library by
    accessing it as attribute of a library loader instance.  The result is cached,
    so repeated attribute accesses return the same library each time.
 
@@ -1578,7 +1579,7 @@ object is available:
    An instance of :class:`PyDLL` that exposes Python C API functions as
    attributes.  Note that all these functions are assumed to return C
    :c:expr:`int`, which is of course not always the truth, so you have to assign
-   the correct :attr:`restype` attribute to use these functions.
+   the correct :attr:`!restype` attribute to use these functions.
 
 .. audit-event:: ctypes.dlopen name ctypes.LibraryLoader
 
@@ -1630,7 +1631,7 @@ They are instances of a private class:
       the callable will be called with this integer, allowing further
       processing or error checking.  Using this is deprecated, for more flexible
       post processing or error checking use a ctypes data type as
-      :attr:`restype` and assign a callable to the :attr:`errcheck` attribute.
+      :attr:`!restype` and assign a callable to the :attr:`errcheck` attribute.
 
    .. attribute:: argtypes
 
@@ -1662,7 +1663,7 @@ They are instances of a private class:
          :module:
 
          *result* is what the foreign function returns, as specified by the
-         :attr:`restype` attribute.
+         :attr:`!restype` attribute.
 
          *func* is the foreign function object itself, this allows reusing the
          same callable object to check or post process the results of several
@@ -1772,7 +1773,7 @@ different ways, depending on the type and number of the parameters in the call:
 
       COM methods use a special calling convention: They require a pointer to
       the COM interface as first argument, in addition to those parameters that
-      are specified in the :attr:`~_FuncPtr.argtypes` tuple.
+      are specified in the :attr:`!argtypes` tuple.
 
    The optional *paramflags* parameter creates foreign function wrappers with much
    more functionality than the features described above.
@@ -1847,7 +1848,7 @@ value if there is a single one, or a tuple containing the output parameter
 values when there are more than one, so the GetWindowRect function now returns a
 RECT instance, when called.
 
-Output parameters can be combined with the :attr:`errcheck` protocol to do
+Output parameters can be combined with the :attr:`~_FuncPtr.errcheck` protocol to do
 further output processing and error checking.  The win32 ``GetWindowRect`` api
 function returns a ``BOOL`` to signal success or failure, so this function could
 do the error checking, and raises an exception when the api call failed::
@@ -1860,7 +1861,7 @@ do the error checking, and raises an exception when the api call failed::
    >>> GetWindowRect.errcheck = errcheck
    >>>
 
-If the :attr:`errcheck` function returns the argument tuple it receives
+If the :attr:`~_FuncPtr.errcheck` function returns the argument tuple it receives
 unchanged, :mod:`ctypes` continues the normal processing it does on the output
 parameters.  If you want to return a tuple of window coordinates instead of a
 ``RECT`` instance, you can retrieve the fields in the function and return them
@@ -2010,7 +2011,7 @@ Utility functions
 .. function:: get_last_error()
 
    Windows only: returns the current value of the ctypes-private copy of the system
-   :data:`LastError` variable in the calling thread.
+   :data:`!LastError` variable in the calling thread.
 
    .. audit-event:: ctypes.get_last_error "" ctypes.get_last_error
 
@@ -2063,7 +2064,7 @@ Utility functions
 .. function:: set_last_error(value)
 
    Windows only: set the current value of the ctypes-private copy of the system
-   :data:`LastError` variable in the calling thread to *value* and return the
+   :data:`!LastError` variable in the calling thread to *value* and return the
    previous value.
 
    .. audit-event:: ctypes.set_last_error error ctypes.set_last_error
@@ -2225,13 +2226,13 @@ Fundamental data types
 Fundamental data types, when returned as foreign function call results, or, for
 example, by retrieving structure field members or array items, are transparently
 converted to native Python types.  In other words, if a foreign function has a
-:attr:`restype` of :class:`c_char_p`, you will always receive a Python bytes
+:attr:`~_FuncPtr.restype` of :class:`c_char_p`, you will always receive a Python bytes
 object, *not* a :class:`c_char_p` instance.
 
 .. XXX above is false, it actually returns a Unicode string
 
 Subclasses of fundamental data types do *not* inherit this behavior. So, if a
-foreign functions :attr:`restype` is a subclass of :class:`c_void_p`, you will
+foreign functions :attr:`!restype` is a subclass of :class:`c_void_p`, you will
 receive an instance of this subclass from the function call. Of course, you can
 get the value of the pointer by accessing the ``value`` attribute.
 
@@ -2430,7 +2431,7 @@ These are the fundamental ctypes data types:
 
 .. class:: HRESULT
 
-   Windows only: Represents a :c:type:`HRESULT` value, which contains success or
+   Windows only: Represents a :c:type:`!HRESULT` value, which contains success or
    error information for a function or method call.
 
 
@@ -2439,9 +2440,9 @@ These are the fundamental ctypes data types:
    Represents the C :c:expr:`PyObject *` datatype.  Calling this without an
    argument creates a ``NULL`` :c:expr:`PyObject *` pointer.
 
-The :mod:`ctypes.wintypes` module provides quite some other Windows specific
-data types, for example :c:type:`HWND`, :c:type:`WPARAM`, or :c:type:`DWORD`.  Some
-useful structures like :c:type:`MSG` or :c:type:`RECT` are also defined.
+The :mod:`!ctypes.wintypes` module provides quite some other Windows specific
+data types, for example :c:type:`!HWND`, :c:type:`!WPARAM`, or :c:type:`!DWORD`.
+Some useful structures like :c:type:`!MSG` or :c:type:`!RECT` are also defined.

 
 .. _ctypes-structured-data-types:

@@ -59,7 +59,6 @@ Doc/library/configparser.rst
 Doc/library/contextlib.rst
 Doc/library/copy.rst
 Doc/library/csv.rst
-Doc/library/ctypes.rst
 Doc/library/datetime.rst
 Doc/library/dbm.rst
 Doc/library/decimal.rst