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‎Doc/library/base64.rst

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@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
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===============================================================
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.. module:: base64
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:synopsis: RFC 3548: Base16, Base32, Base64 Data Encodings;
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:synopsis: RFC 4648: Base16, Base32, Base64 Data Encodings;
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Base85 and Ascii85
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**Source code:** :source:`Lib/base64.py`
@@ -16,10 +16,10 @@
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This module provides functions for encoding binary data to printable
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ASCII characters and decoding such encodings back to binary data.
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It provides encoding and decoding functions for the encodings specified in
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:rfc:`3548`, which defines the Base16, Base32, and Base64 algorithms,
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:rfc:`4648`, which defines the Base16, Base32, and Base64 algorithms,
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and for the de-facto standard Ascii85 and Base85 encodings.
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The :rfc:`3548` encodings are suitable for encoding binary data so that it can
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The :rfc:`4648` encodings are suitable for encoding binary data so that it can be
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safely sent by email, used as parts of URLs, or included as part of an HTTP
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POST request. The encoding algorithm is not the same as the
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:program:`uuencode` program.
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supports encoding :term:`bytes-like objects <bytes-like object>` to ASCII
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:class:`bytes`, and decoding :term:`bytes-like objects <bytes-like object>` or
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strings containing ASCII to :class:`bytes`. Both base-64 alphabets
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defined in :rfc:`3548` (normal, and URL- and filesystem-safe) are supported.
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defined in :rfc:`4648` (normal, and URL- and filesystem-safe) are supported.
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The legacy interface does not support decoding from strings, but it does
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provide functions for encoding and decoding to and from :term:`file objects
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>>> data
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b'data to be encoded'
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.. _base64-security:
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Security Considerations
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-----------------------
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A new security considerations section was added to :rfc:`4648` (section 12); it's
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recommended to review the security section for any code deployed to production.
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.. seealso::
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‎Doc/library/pty.rst

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========================================
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.. module:: pty
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:platform: Linux
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:synopsis: Pseudo-Terminal Handling for Linux.
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:platform: Unix
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:synopsis: Pseudo-Terminal Handling for Unix.
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.. moduleauthor:: Steen Lumholt
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.. sectionauthor:: Moshe Zadka <moshez@zadka.site.co.il>
@@ -16,9 +16,9 @@ The :mod:`pty` module defines operations for handling the pseudo-terminal
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concept: starting another process and being able to write to and read from its
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controlling terminal programmatically.
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Because pseudo-terminal handling is highly platform dependent, there is code to
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do it only for Linux. (The Linux code is supposed to work on other platforms,
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but hasn't been tested yet.)
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Pseudo-terminal handling is highly platform dependent. This code is mainly
20+
tested on Linux, FreeBSD, and macOS (it is supposed to work on other POSIX
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platforms but it's not been thoroughly tested).
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The :mod:`pty` module defines the following functions:
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@@ -47,10 +47,14 @@ The :mod:`pty` module defines the following functions:
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spawned behind the pty will eventually terminate, and when it does *spawn*
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will return.
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A loop copies STDIN of the current process to the child and data received
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from the child to STDOUT of the current process. It is not signaled to the
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child if STDIN of the current process closes down.
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The functions *master_read* and *stdin_read* are passed a file descriptor
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which they should read from, and they should always return a byte string. In
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order to force spawn to return before the child process exits an
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:exc:`OSError` should be thrown.
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empty byte array should be returned to signal end of file.
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The default implementation for both functions will read and return up to 1024
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bytes each time the function is called. The *master_read* callback is passed
@@ -65,10 +69,6 @@ The :mod:`pty` module defines the following functions:
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process will quit without any input, *spawn* will then loop forever. If
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*master_read* signals EOF the same behavior results (on linux at least).
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If both callbacks signal EOF then *spawn* will probably never return, unless
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*select* throws an error on your platform when passed three empty lists. This
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is a bug, documented in `issue 26228 <https://bugs.python.org/issue26228>`_.
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Return the exit status value from :func:`os.waitpid` on the child process.
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:func:`waitstatus_to_exitcode` can be used to convert the exit status into

‎Doc/library/security_warnings.rst

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The following modules have specific security considerations:
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* :mod:`base64`: :ref:`base64 security considerations <base64-security>` in
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:rfc:`4648`
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* :mod:`cgi`: :ref:`CGI security considerations <cgi-security>`
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* :mod:`hashlib`: :ref:`all constructors take a "usedforsecurity" keyword-only
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argument disabling known insecure and blocked algorithms

‎Doc/library/stdtypes.rst

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given, an :exc:`OverflowError` is raised. The default value for *signed*
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is ``False``.
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Equivalent to::
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def to_bytes(n, length, byteorder, signed=False):
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if byteorder == 'little':< 10000 /span>
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order = range(length)
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elif byteorder == 'big':
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order = reversed(range(length))
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else:
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raise ValueError("byteorder must be either 'little' or 'big'")
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return bytes((n >> i*8) & 0xff for i in order)
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.. versionadded:: 3.2
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.. classmethod:: int.from_bytes(bytes, byteorder, *, signed=False)
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The *signed* argument indicates whether two's complement is used to
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represent the integer.
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Equivalent to::
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def from_bytes(bytes, byteorder, signed=False):
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if byteorder == 'little':
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little_ordered = list(bytes)
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elif byteorder == 'big':
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little_ordered = list(reversed(bytes))
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else:
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raise ValueError("byteorder must be either 'little' or 'big'")
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n = sum(b << i*8 for i, b in enumerate(little_ordered))
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if signed and little_ordered and (little_ordered[-1] & 0x80):
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n -= 1 << 8*len(little_ordered)
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return n
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.. versionadded:: 3.2
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.. method:: int.as_integer_ratio()

‎Doc/library/tkinter.rst

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properly installed on your system, and also showing what version of Tcl/Tk is
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installed, so you can read the Tcl/Tk documentation specific to that version.
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Tkinter supports a range of Tcl/Tk versions, built either with or
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without thread support. The official Python binary release bundles Tcl/Tk 8.6
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threaded. See the source code for the :mod:`_tkinter` module
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for more information about supported versions.
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Tkinter is not a thin wrapper, but adds a fair amount of its own logic to
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make the experience more pythonic. This documentation will concentrate on these
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additions and changes, and refer to the official Tcl/Tk documentation for
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details that are unchanged.
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.. seealso::
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Tkinter documentation:
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Brent Welch's encyclopedic book.
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Architecture
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------------
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Tcl/Tk is not a single library but rather consists of a few distinct
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modules, each with a separate functionality and its own official
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documentation. Python's binary releases also ship an add-on module
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together with it.
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Tcl
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Tcl is a dynamic interpreted programming language, just like Python. Though
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it can be used on its own as a general-purpose programming language, it is
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most commonly embedded into C applications as a scripting engine or an
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interface to the Tk toolkit. The Tcl library has a C interface to
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create and manage one or more instances of a Tcl interpreter, run Tcl
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commands and scripts in those instances, and add custom commands
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implemented in either Tcl or C. Each interpreter has an event queue,
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and there are facilities to send events to it and process them.
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Unlike Python, Tcl's execution model is designed around cooperative
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multitasking, and Tkinter bridges this difference
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(see `Threading model`_ for details).
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Tk
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Tk is a `Tcl package <http://wiki.tcl.tk/37432>`_ implemented in C
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that adds custom commands to create and manipulate GUI widgets. Each
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:class:`Tk` object embeds its own Tcl interpreter instance with Tk loaded into
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it. Tk's widgets are very customizable, though at the cost of a dated appearance.
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Tk uses Tcl's event queue to generate and process GUI events.
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Ttk
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Themed Tk (Ttk) is a newer family of Tk widgets that provide a much better
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appearance on different platforms than many of the classic Tk widgets.
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Ttk is distributed as part of Tk, starting with Tk version 8.5. Python
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bindings are provided in a separate module, :mod:`tkinter.ttk`.
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Tix
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`Tix <https://core.tcl.tk/jenglish/gutter/packages/tix.html>`_ is an older
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third-party Tcl package, an add-on for Tk that adds several new widgets.
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Python bindings are found in the :mod:`tkinter.tix` module.
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It's deprecated in favor of Ttk.
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Tkinter Modules
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---------------
67118

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the Xlib library to draw graphics on the screen.
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Threading model
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---------------
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Python and Tcl/Tk have very different threading models, which :mod:`tkinter`
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tries to bridge. If you use threads, you may need to be aware of this.
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A Python interpreter may have many threads associated with it. In Tcl, multiple
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threads can be created, but each thread has a separate Tcl interpreter instance
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associated with it. Threads can also create more than one interpreter instance,
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though each interpreter instance can be used only by the one thread that created it.
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Each :class:`Tk` object created by :mod:`tkinter` contains a Tcl interpreter.
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It also keeps track of which thread created that interpreter. Calls to
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:mod:`tkinter` can be made from any Python thread. Internally, if a call comes
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from a thread other than the one that created the :class:`Tk` object, an event
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is posted to the interpreter's event queue, and when executed, the result is
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returned to the calling Python thread.
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Tcl/Tk applications are normally event-driven, meaning that after initialization,
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the interpreter runs an event loop (i.e. :func:`Tk.mainloop`) and responds to events.
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Because it is single-threaded, event handlers must respond quickly, otherwise they
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will block other events from being processed. To avoid this, any long-running
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computations should not run in an event handler, but are either broken into smaller
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pieces using timers, or run in another thread. This is different from many GUI
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toolkits where the GUI runs in a completely separate thread from all application
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code including event handlers.
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If the Tcl interpreter is not running the event loop and processing events, any
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:mod:`tkinter` calls made from threads other than the one running the Tcl
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interpreter will fail.
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A number of special cases exist:
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* Tcl/Tk libraries can be built so they are not thread-aware. In this case,
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:mod:`tkinter` calls the library from the originating Python thread, even
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if this is different than the thread that created the Tcl interpreter. A global
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lock ensures only one call occurs at a time.
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* While :mod:`tkinter` allows you to create more than one instance of a :class:`Tk`
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object (with its own interpreter), all interpreters that are part of the same
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thread share a common event queue, which gets ugly fast. In practice, don't create
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more than one instance of :class:`Tk` at a time. Otherwise, it's best to create
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them in separate threads and ensure you're running a thread-aware Tcl/Tk build.
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* Blocking event handlers are not the only way to prevent the Tcl interpreter from
476+
reentering the event loop. It is even possible to run multiple nested event loops
477+
or abandon the event loop entirely. If you're doing anything tricky when it comes
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to events or threads, be aware of these possibilities.
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* There are a few select :mod:`tkinter` functions that presently work only when
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called from the thread that created the Tcl interpreter.
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Handy Reference
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---------------
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‎Doc/tutorial/controlflow.rst

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< F438 /tr>
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>>> function(0, a=0)
652652
Traceback (most recent call last):
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File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
654-
TypeError: function() got multiple values for keyword argument 'a'
654+
TypeError: function() got multiple values for argument 'a'
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656656
When a final formal parameter of the form ``**name`` is present, it receives a
657657
dictionary (see :ref:`typesmapping`) containing all keyword arguments except for
@@ -787,7 +787,7 @@ parameters as there is a ``/`` in the function definition::
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>>> pos_only_arg(arg=1)
788788
Traceback (most recent call last):
789789
File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
790-
TypeError: pos_only_arg() got an unexpected keyword argument 'arg'
790+
TypeError: pos_only_arg() got some positional-only arguments passed as keyword arguments: 'arg'
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792792
The third function ``kwd_only_args`` only allows keyword arguments as indicated
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by a ``*`` in the function definition::
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>>> combined_example(pos_only=1, standard=2, kwd_only=3)
818818
Traceback (most recent call last):
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File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
820-
TypeError: combined_example() got an unexpected keyword argument 'pos_only'
820+
TypeError: combined_example() got some positional-only arguments passed as keyword arguments: 'pos_only'
821821

822822

823823
Finally, consider this function definition which has a potential collision between the positional argument ``name`` and ``**kwds`` which has ``name`` as a key::

‎Include/internal/pycore_code.h

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@@ -308,13 +308,21 @@ int _Py_Specialize_LoadGlobal(PyObject *globals, PyObject *builtins, _Py_CODEUNI
308308
int _Py_Specialize_LoadMethod(PyObject *owner, _Py_CODEUNIT *instr, PyObject *name, SpecializedCacheEntry *cache);
309309
int _Py_Specialize_BinarySubscr(PyObject *sub, PyObject *container, _Py_CODEUNIT *instr);
310310

311-
#define SPECIALIZATION_STATS 0
312-
#define SPECIALIZATION_STATS_DETAILED 0
313-
#define SPECIALIZATION_STATS_TO_FILE 0
311+
#define PRINT_SPECIALIZATION_STATS 0
312+
#define PRINT_SPECIALIZATION_STATS_DETAILED 0
313+
#define PRINT_SPECIALIZATION_STATS_TO_FILE 0
314+
315+
#ifdef Py_DEBUG
316+
#define COLLECT_SPECIALIZATION_STATS 1
317+
#define COLLECT_SPECIALIZATION_STATS_DETAILED 1
318+
#else
319+
#define COLLECT_SPECIALIZATION_STATS PRINT_SPECIALIZATION_STATS
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#define COLLECT_SPECIALIZATION_STATS_DETAILED PRINT_SPECIALIZATION_STATS_DETAILED
321+
#endif
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315323
#define SPECIALIZATION_FAILURE_KINDS 20
316324

317-
#if SPECIALIZATION_STATS
325+
#if COLLECT_SPECIALIZATION_STATS
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319327
typedef struct _stats {
320328
uint64_t specialization_success;
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324332
uint64_t miss;
325333
uint64_t deopt;
326334
uint64_t unquickened;
327-
#if SPECIALIZATION_STATS_DETAILED
335+
#if COLLECT_SPECIALIZATION_STATS_DETAILED
328336
uint64_t specialization_failure_kinds[SPECIALIZATION_FAILURE_KINDS];
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#endif
330338
} SpecializationStats;

‎Include/opcode.h

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