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‎readme.md

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# **Python Cache: How to Speed Up Your Code with Effective Caching**
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This article will show you how to use caching in Python with your web
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scraping tasks. You can read the [<u>full
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article</u>](https://oxylabs.io/blog/python-cache-how-to-use-effectively)
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on our blog, where we delve deeper into the different caching
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strategies.
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## **How to implement a cache in Python**
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There are different ways to implement caching in Python for different
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caching strategies. Here we’ll see two methods of Python caching for a
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simple web scraping example. If you’re new to web scraping, take a look
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at our [<u>step-by-step Python web scraping
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guide</u>](https://oxylabs.io/blog/python-web-scraping).
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### **Install the required libraries**
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We’ll use the [<u>requests
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library</u>](https://pypi.org/project/requests/) to make HTTP requests
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to a website. Install it with
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[<u>pip</u>](https://pypi.org/project/pip/) by entering the following
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command in your terminal:
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python -m pip install requests
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Other libraries we’ll use in this project, specifically time and
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functools, come natively with Python 3.11.2, so you don’t have to
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install them.
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### **Method 1: Python caching using a manual decorator**
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A [<u>decorator</u>](https://peps.python.org/pep-0318/) in Python is a
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function that accepts another function as an argument and outputs a new
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function. We can alter the behavior of the original function using a
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decorator without changing its source code.
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One common use case for decorators is to implement caching. This
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involves creating a dictionary to store the function's results and then
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saving them in the cache for future use.
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Let’s start by creating a simple function that takes a URL as a function
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argument, requests that URL, and returns the response text:
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def get_html_data(url):
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response = requests.get(url)
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return response.text
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Now, let's move toward creating a memoized version of this function:
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def memoize(func):
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cache = {}
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def wrapper(\*args):
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if args in cache:
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return cache\[args\]
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else:
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result = func(\*args)
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cache\[args\] = result
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return result
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return wrapper
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@memoize
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def get_html_data_cached(url):
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response = requests.get(url)
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return response.text
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The wrapper function determines whether the current input arguments have
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been previously cached and, if so, returns the previously cached result.
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If not, the code calls the original function and caches the result
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before being returned. In this case, we define a memoize decorator that
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generates a cache dictionary to hold the results of previous function
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calls.
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By adding @memoize above the function definition, we can use the memoize
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decorator to enhance the get_html_data function. This generates a new
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memoized function that we’ve called get_html_data_cached. It only makes
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a single network request for a URL and then stores the response in the
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cache for further requests.
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Let’s use the time module to compare the execution speeds of the
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get_html_data function and the memoized get_html_data_cached function:
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import time
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start_time = time.time()
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get_html_data('https://books.toscrape.com/')
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print('Time taken (normal function):', time.time() - start_time)
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start_time = time.time()
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get_html_data_cached('https://books.toscrape.com/')
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print('Time taken (memoized function using manual decorator):',
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time.time() - start_time)
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Here’s what the complete code looks like:
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\# Import the required modules
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from functools import lru_cache
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import time
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import requests
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\# Function to get the HTML Content
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def get_html_data(url):
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response = requests.get(url)
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return response.text
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\# Memoize function to cache the data
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def memoize(func):
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cache = {}
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\# Inner wrapper function to store the data in the cache
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def wrapper(\*args):
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if args in cache:
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return cache\[args\]
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else:
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result = func(\*args)
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cache\[args\] = result
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return result
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return wrapper
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\# Memoized function to get the HTML Content
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@memoize
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def get_html_data_cached(url):
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response = requests.get(url)
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return response.text
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\# Get the time it took for a normal function
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start_time = time.time()
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get_html_data('https://books.toscrape.com/')
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print('Time taken (normal function):', time.time() - start_time)
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\# Get the time it took for a memoized function (manual decorator)
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start_time = time.time()
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get_html_data_cached('https://books.toscrape.com/')
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print('Time taken (memoized function using manual decorator):',
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time.time() - start_time)
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Here’s the output:
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Notice the time difference between the two functions. Both take almost
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the same time, but the supremacy of caching lies behind the re-access.
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Since we’re making only one request, the memoized function also has to
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access data from the main memory. Therefore, with our example, a
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significant time difference in execution isn’t expected. However, if you
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increase the number of calls to these functions, the time difference
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will significantly increase (see [<u>Performance
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Comparison</u>](#performance-comparison)). 
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### **Method 2: Python caching using LRU cache decorator**
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Another method to implement caching in Python is to use the built-in
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@lru_cache decorator from functools. This decorator implements cache
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using the least recently used (LRU) caching strategy. This LRU cache is
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a fixed-size cache, which means it’ll discard the data from the cache
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that hasn’t been used recently.
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To use the @lru_cache decorator, we can create a new function for
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extracting HTML content and place the decorator name at the top. Make
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sure to import the functools module before using the decorator: 
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from functools import lru_cache
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@lru_cache(maxsize=None)
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def get_html_data_lru(url):
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response = requests.get(url)
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return response.text
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In the above example, the get_html_data_lru method is memoized using the
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@lru_cache decorator. The cache can grow indefinitely when the maxsize
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option is set to None.
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To use the @lru_cache decorator, just add it above the get_html_data_lru
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function. Here’s the complete code sample:
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\# Import the required modules
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from functools import lru_cache
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import time
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import requests
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\# Function for getting HTML Content
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def get_html_data(url):
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response = requests.get(url)
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return response.text
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\# Memoized using LRU Cache
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@lru_cache(maxsize=None)
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def get_html_data_lru(url):
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response = requests.get(url)
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return response.text
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\# Getting time for Normal function to extract HTML content
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start_time = time.time()
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get_html_data('https://books.toscrape.com/')
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print('Time taken (normal function):', time.time() - start_time)
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\# Getting time for Memoized function (LRU cache) to extract HTML
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content
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start_time = time.time()
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get_html_data_lru('https://books.toscrape.com/')
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print('Time taken (memoized function with LRU cache):', time.time() -
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start_time)
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This produced the following output:
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### **Performance comparison**
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In the following table, we’ve determined the execution times of all
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three functions for different numbers of requests to these functions:
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| **No. of requests** | **Time taken by normal function** | **Time taken by memoized function (manual decorator)** | **Time taken by memoized function (lru_cache decorator)** |
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|---------------------|-----------------------------------|--------------------------------------------------------|-----------------------------------------------------------|
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| 1 | 2.1 Seconds | 2.0 Seconds | 1.7 Seconds |
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| 10 | 17.3 Seconds | 2.1 Seconds | 1.8 Seconds |
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| 20 | 32.2 Seconds | 2.2 Seconds | 2.1 Seconds |
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| 30 | 57.3 Seconds | 2.22 Seconds | 2.12 Seconds |
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As the number of requests to the functions increases, you can see a
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significant reduction in execution times using the caching strategy. The
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following comparison chart depicts these results:
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The comparison results clearly show that using a caching strategy in
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your code can significantly improve overall performance and speed.
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Feel free to visit our [<u>blog</u>](https://oxylabs.io/blog) for an
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array of intriguing web scraping topics that will keep you hooked!

‎src/lru_caching.py

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# Import the required modules
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from functools import lru_cache
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import time
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import requests
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# Function to get the HTML Content
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def get_html_data(url):
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response = requests.get(url)
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return response.text
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# Memoized using LRU Cache
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@lru_cache(maxsize=None)
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def get_html_data_lru(url):
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response = requests.get(url)
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return response.text
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# Get the time it took for a normal function
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start_time = time.time()
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get_html_data('https://books.toscrape.com/')
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print('Time taken (normal function):', time.time() - start_time)
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# Get the time it took for a memoized function (LRU cache)
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start_time = time.time()
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get_html_data_lru('https://books.toscrape.com/')
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print('Time taken (memoized function with LRU cache):', time.time() - start_time)

‎src/manual_decorator_caching.py

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# Import the required modules
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from functools import lru_cache
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import time
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import requests
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# Function to get the HTML Content
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def get_html_data(url):
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response = requests.get(url)
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return response.text
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# Memoize function to cache the data
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def memoize(func):
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cache = {}
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# Inner wrapper function to store the data in the cache
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def wrapper(*args):
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if args in cache:
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return cache[args]
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else:
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result = func(*args)
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cache[args] = result
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return result
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return wrapper
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# Memoized function to get the HTML Content
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@memoize
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def get_html_data_cached(url):
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response = requests.get(url)
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return response.text
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# Get the time it took for a normal function
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start_time = time.time()
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get_html_data('https://books.toscrape.com/')
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print('Time taken (normal function):', time.time() - start_time)
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# Get the time it took for a memoized function (manual decorator)
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start_time = time.time()
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get_html_data_cached('https://books.toscrape.com/')
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print('Time taken (memoized function using manual decorator):', time.time() - start_time)

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