commonmark-java

Java library for parsing and rendering Markdown text according to the CommonMark specification (and some extensions).

Introduction

Provides classes for parsing input to an abstract syntax tree (AST), visiting and manipulating nodes, and rendering to HTML or back to Markdown. It started out as a port of commonmark.js, but has since evolved into an extensible library with the following features:

• Small (core has no dependencies, extensions in separate artifacts)
• Fast (10-20 times faster than pegdown which used to be a popular Markdown library, see benchmarks in repo)
• Flexible (manipulate the AST after parsing, customize HTML rendering)
• Extensible (tables, strikethrough, autolinking and more, see below)

The library is supported on Java 11 and later. It works on Android too, but that is on a best-effort basis, please report problems. For Android the minimum API level is 19, see the commonmark-android-test directory.

Coordinates for core library (see all on Maven Central):

<dependency>
    <groupId>org.commonmark</groupId>
    <artifactId>commonmark</artifactId>
    <version>0.24.0</version>
</dependency>

The module names to use in Java 9 are org.commonmark, org.commonmark.ext.autolink, etc, corresponding to package names.

Note that for 0.x releases of this library, the API is not considered stable yet and may break between minor releases. After 1.0, Semantic Versioning will be followed. A package containing beta means it's not subject to stable API guarantees yet; but for normal usage it should not be necessary to use.

See the spec.txt file if you're wondering which version of the spec is currently implemented. Also check out the CommonMark dingus for getting familiar with the syntax or trying out edge cases. If you clone the repository, you can also use the DingusApp class to try out things interactively.

Usage

Parse and render to HTML

import org.commonmark.node.*;
import org.commonmark.parser.Parser;
import org.commonmark.renderer.html.HtmlRenderer;

Parser parser = Parser.builder().build();
Node document = parser.parse("This is *Markdown*");
HtmlRenderer renderer = HtmlRenderer.builder().build();
renderer.render(document);  // "<p>This is <em>Markdown</em></p>\n"

This uses the parser and renderer with default options. Both builders have methods for configuring their behavior:

• escapeHtml(true) on HtmlRenderer will escape raw HTML tags and blocks.
• sanitizeUrls(true) on HtmlRenderer will strip potentially unsafe URLs from <a> and <img> tags
• For all available options, see methods on the builders.

Note that this library doesn't try to sanitize the resulting HTML with regards to which tags are allowed, etc. That is the responsibility of the caller, and if you expose the resulting HTML, you probably want to run a sanitizer on it after this.

Render to Markdown

import org.commonmark.node.*;
import org.commonmark.renderer.markdown.MarkdownRenderer;

MarkdownRenderer renderer = MarkdownRenderer.builder().build();
Node document = new Document();
Heading heading = new Heading();
heading.setLevel(2);
heading.appendChild(new Text("My title"));
document.appendChild(heading);

renderer.render(document);  // "## My title\n"

For rendering to plain text with minimal markup, there's also TextContentRenderer.

Use a visitor to process parsed nodes

After the source text has been parsed, the result is a tree of nodes. That tree can be modified before rendering, or just inspected without rendering:

Node node = parser.parse("Example\n=======\n\nSome more text");
WordCountVisitor visitor = new WordCountVisitor();
node.accept(visitor);
visitor.wordCount;  // 4

class WordCountVisitor extends AbstractVisitor {
    int wordCount = 0;

    @Override
    public void visit(Text text) {
        // This is called for all Text nodes. Override other visit methods for other node types.

        // Count words (this is just an example, don't actually do it this way for various reasons).
        wordCount += text.getLiteral().split("\\W+").length;

        // Descend into children (could be omitted in this case because Text nodes don't have children).
        visitChildren(text);
    }
}

Source positions

If you want to know where a parsed Node appeared in the input source text, you can request the parser to return source positions like this:

var parser = Parser.builder().includeSourceSpans(IncludeSourceSpans.BLOCKS_AND_INLINES).build();

Then parse nodes and inspect source positions:

var source = "foo\n\nbar *baz*";
var doc = parser.parse(source);
var emphasis = doc.getLastChild().getLastChild();
var s = emphasis.getSourceSpans().get(0);
s.getLineIndex();    // 2 (third line)
s.getColumnIndex();  // 4 (fifth column)
s.getInputIndex();   // 9 (string index 9)
s.getLength();       // 5
source.substring(s.getInputIndex(), s.getInputIndex() + s.getLength());  // "*baz*"

If you're only interested in blocks and not inlines, use IncludeSourceSpans.BLOCKS.

Add or change attributes of HTML elements

Sometimes you might want to customize how HTML is rendered. If all you want to do is add or change attributes on some elements, there's a simple way to do that.

In this example, we register a factory for an AttributeProvider on the renderer to set a class="border" attribute on img elements.

Parser parser = Parser.builder().build();
HtmlRenderer renderer = HtmlRenderer.builder()
        .attributeProviderFactory(new AttributeProviderFactory() {
            public AttributeProvider create(AttributeProviderContext context) {
                return new ImageAttributeProvider();
            }
        })
        .build();

Node document = parser.parse("![text](/url.png)");
renderer.render(document);
// "<p><img src=\"/url.png\" alt=\"text\" class=\"border\" /></p>\n"

class ImageAttributeProvider implements AttributeProvider {
    @Override
    public void setAttributes(Node node, String tagName, Map<String, String> attributes) {
        if (node instanceof Image) {
            attributes.put("class", "border");
        }
    }
}

Customize HTML rendering

If you want to do more than just change attributes, there's also a way to take complete control over how HTML is rendered.

In this example, we're changing the rendering of indented code blocks to only wrap them in pre instead of pre and code:

Parser parser = Parser.builder().build();
HtmlRenderer renderer = HtmlRenderer.builder()
        .nodeRendererFactory(new HtmlNodeRendererFactory() {
            public NodeRenderer create(HtmlNodeRendererContext context) {
                return new IndentedCodeBlockNodeRenderer(context);
            }
        })
        .build();

Node document = parser.parse("Example:\n\n    code");
renderer.render(document);
// "<p>Example:</p>\n<pre>code\n</pre>\n"

class IndentedCodeBlockNodeRenderer implements NodeRenderer {

    private final HtmlWriter html;

    IndentedCodeBlockNodeRenderer(HtmlNodeRendererContext context) {
        this.html = context.getWriter();
    }

    @Override
    public Set<Class<? extends Node>> getNodeTypes() {
        // Return the node types we want to use this renderer for.
        return Set.of(IndentedCodeBlock.class);
    }

    @Override
    public void render(Node node) {
        // We only handle one type as per getNodeTypes, so we can just cast it here.
        IndentedCodeBlock codeBlock = (IndentedCodeBlock) node;
        html.line();
        html.tag("pre");
        html.text(codeBlock.getLiteral());
        html.tag("/pre");
        html.line();
    }
}

Add your own node types

In case you want to store additional data in the document or have custom elements in the resulting HTML, you can create your own subclass of CustomNode and add instances as child nodes to existing nodes.

To define the HTML rendering for them, you can use a NodeRenderer as explained above.

Customize parsing

There are a few ways to extend parsing or even override built-in parsing, all of them via methods on Parser.Builder (see Blocks and inlines in the spec for an overview of blocks/inlines):

• Parsing of specific block types (e.g. headings, code blocks, etc) can be enabled/disabled with enabledBlockTypes
• Parsing of blocks can be extended/overridden with customBlockParserFactory
• Parsing of inline content can be extended/overridden with customInlineContentParserFactory
• Parsing of delimiters in inline content can be extended with customDelimiterProcessor
• Processing of links can be customized with linkProcessor and linkMarker

Thread-safety

Both the Parser and HtmlRenderer are designed so that you can configure them once using the builders and then use them multiple times/from multiple threads. This is done by separating the state for parsing/rendering from the configuration.

Having said that, there might be bugs of course. If you find one, please report an issue.

API documentation

Javadocs are available online on javadoc.io.

Extensions

Extensions need to extend the parser, or the HTML renderer, or both. To use an extension, the builder objects can be configured with a list of extensions. Because extensions are optional, they live in separate artifacts, so additional dependencies need to be added as well.

Let's look at how to enable tables from GitHub Flavored Markdown. First, add an additional dependency (see Maven Central for others):

<dependency>
    <groupId>org.commonmark</groupId>
    <artifactId>commonmark-ext-gfm-tables</artifactId>
    <version>0.24.0</version>
</dependency>

Then, configure the extension on the builders:

import org.commonmark.ext.gfm.tables.TablesExtension;

List<Extension> extensions = List.of(TablesExtension.create());
Parser parser = Parser.builder()
        .extensions(extensions)
        .build();
HtmlRenderer renderer = HtmlRenderer.builder()
        .extensions(extensions)
        .build();

To configure another extension in the above example, just add it to the list.

The following extensions are developed with this library, each in their own artifact.

Autolink

Turns plain links such as URLs and email addresses into links (based on autolink-java).

Use class AutolinkExtension from artifact commonmark-ext-autolink.

Strikethrough

Enables strikethrough of text by enclosing it in ~~. For example, in hey ~~you~~, you will be rendered as strikethrough text.

Use class StrikethroughExtension in artifact commonmark-ext-gfm-strikethrough.

Tables

Enables tables using pipes as in GitHub Flavored Markdown.

Use class TablesExtension in artifact commonmark-ext-gfm-tables.

Footnotes

Enables footnotes like in GitHub or Pandoc:

Main text[^1]

[^1]: Additional text in a footnote

Inline footnotes like ^[inline footnote] are also supported when enabled via FootnotesExtension.Builder#inlineFootnotes.

Use class FootnotesExtension in artifact commonmark-ext-footnotes.

Heading anchor

Enables adding auto generated "id" attributes to heading tags. The "id" is based on the text of the heading.

# Heading will be rendered as:

<h1 id="heading">Heading</h1>

Use class HeadingAnchorExtension in artifact commonmark-ext-heading-anchor.

In case you want custom rendering of the heading instead, you can use the IdGenerator class directly together with a HtmlNodeRendererFactory (see example above).

Ins

Enables underlining of text by enclosing it in ++. For example, in hey ++you++, you will be rendered as underline text. Uses the <ins> tag.

Use class InsExtension in artifact commonmark-ext-ins.

YAML front matter

Adds support for metadata through a YAML front matter block. This extension only supports a subset of YAML syntax. Here's an example of what's supported:

---
key: value
list:
  - value 1
  - value 2
literal: |
  this is literal value.

  literal values 2
---

document start here

Use class YamlFrontMatterExtension in artifact commonmark-ext-yaml-front-matter. To fetch metadata, use YamlFrontMatterVisitor.

Image Attributes

Adds support for specifying attributes (specifically height and width) for images.

The attribute elements are given as key=value pairs inside curly braces { } after the image node to which they apply, for example:

![text](/url.png){width=640 height=480}

will be rendered as:

<img src="/url.png" alt="text" width="640" height="480" />

Use class ImageAttributesExtension in artifact commonmark-ext-image-attributes.

Note: since this extension uses curly braces { } as its delimiters (in StylesDelimiterProcessor), this means that other delimiter processors cannot use curly braces for delimiting.

Task List Items

Adds support for tasks as list items.

A task can be represented as a list item where the first non-whitespace character is a left bracket [, then a single whitespace character or the letter x in lowercase or uppercase, then a right bracket ] followed by at least one whitespace before any other content.

For example:

- [ ] task #1
- [x] task #2

will be rendered as:

<ul>
<li><input type="checkbox" disabled=""> task #1</li>
<li><input type="checkbox" disabled="" checked=""> task #2</li>
</ul>

Use class TaskListItemsExtension in artifact commonmark-ext-task-list-items.

Third-party extensions

You can also find other extensions in the wild:

• commonmark-ext-notifications: this extension allows to easily create notifications/admonitions paragraphs like INFO, SUCCESS, WARNING or ERROR

Used by

Some users of this library (feel free to raise a PR if you want to be added):

• Atlassian (where the library was initially developed)
• Java (OpenJDK) (link)
• Gerrit code review/Gitiles (link)
• Clerk moldable live programming for Clojure
• Znai

See also

• Markwon: Android library for rendering markdown as system-native Spannables
• flexmark-java: Fork that added support for a lot more syntax and flexibility

Contributing

See CONTRIBUTING.md file.

License

Copyright (c) 2015, Robin Stocker

BSD (2-clause) licensed, see LICENSE.txt file.