.. index::
   single: Routing

Routing

Beautiful URLs are an absolute must for any serious web application. This means leaving behind ugly URLs like index.php?article_id=57 in favor of something like /read/intro-to-symfony.

Having flexibility is even more important. What if you need to change the URL of a page from /blog to /news? How many links should you need to hunt down and update to make the change? If you're using Symfony's router, the change is simple.

The Symfony router lets you define creative URLs that you map to different areas of your application. By the end of this chapter, you'll be able to:

Create complex routes that map to controllers
Generate URLs inside templates and controllers
Load routing resources from bundles (or anywhere else)
Debug your routes

.. index::
   single: Routing; Basics

Routing Examples

A route is a map from a URL path to a controller. For example, suppose you want to match any URL like /blog/my-post or /blog/all-about-symfony and send it to a controller that can look up and render that blog entry. The route is simple:

.. configuration-block::

    .. code-block:: php-annotations

        // src/AppBundle/Controller/BlogController.php
        namespace AppBundle\Controller;

        use Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Controller\Controller;
        use Sensio\Bundle\FrameworkExtraBundle\Configuration\Route;

        class BlogController extends Controller
        {
            /**
             * Matches /blog exactly
             *
             * @Route("/blog", name="blog_list")
             */
            public function listAction()
            {
                // ...
            }

            /**
             * Matches /blog/*
             *
             * @Route("/blog/{slug}", name="blog_show")
             */
            public function showAction($slug)
            {
                // $slug will equal the dynamic part of the URL
                // e.g. at /blog/yay-routing, then $slug='yay-routing'

                // ...
            }
        }

    .. code-block:: yaml

        # app/config/routing.yml
        blog_list:
            path:      /blog
            defaults:  { _controller: AppBundle:Blog:list }

        blog_show:
            path:      /blog/{slug}
            defaults:  { _controller: AppBundle:Blog:show }

    .. code-block:: xml

        <!-- app/config/routing.xml -->
        <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
        <routes xmlns="http://symfony.com/schema/routing"
            xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
            xsi:schemaLocation="http://symfony.com/schema/routing
                http://symfony.com/schema/routing/routing-1.0.xsd">

            <route id="blog_list" path="/blog">
                <default key="_controller">AppBundle:Blog:list</default>
            </route>

            <route id="blog_show" path="/blog/{slug}">
                <default key="_controller">AppBundle:Blog:show</default>
            </route>
        </routes>

    .. code-block:: php

        // app/config/routing.php
        use Symfony\Component\Routing\RouteCollection;
        use Symfony\Component\Routing\Route;

        $collection = new RouteCollection();
        $collection->add('blog_list', new Route('/blog', array(
            '_controller' => 'AppBundle:Blog:list',
        )));
        $collection->add('blog_show', new Route('/blog/{slug}', array(
            '_controller' => 'AppBundle:Blog:show',
        )));

        return $collection;

Thanks to these two routes:

If the user goes to /blog, the first route is matched and listAction() is executed;
If the user goes to /blog/*, the second route is matched and showAction() is executed. Because the route path is /blog/{slug}, a $slug variable is passed to showAction() matching that value. For example, if the user goes to /blog/yay-routing, then $slug will equal yay-routing.

Whenever you have a {placeholder} in your route path, that portion becomes a wildcard: it matches any value. Your controller can now also have an argument called $placeholder (the wildcard and argument names must match).

Each route also has an internal name: blog_list and blog_show. These can be anything (as long as each is unique) and don't have any meaning yet. Later, you'll use it to generate URLs.

Routing in Other Formats

The @Route above each method is called an annotation. If you'd rather configure your routes in YAML, XML or PHP, that's no problem!

In these formats, the _controller "defaults" value is a special key that tells Symfony which controller should be executed when a URL matches this route. The _controller string is called the :ref:`logical name <controller-string-syntax>`. It follows a pattern that points to a specific PHP class and method, in this case the AppBundle\Controller\BlogController::listAction and AppBundle\Controller\BlogController::showAction methods.

This is the goal of the Symfony router: to map the URL of a request to a controller. Along the way, you'll learn all sorts of tricks that make mapping even the most complex URLs easy.

Adding {wildcard} Requirements

Imagine the blog_list route will contain a paginated list of blog posts, with URLs like /blog/2 and /blog/3 for pages 2 and 3. If you change the route's path to /blog/{page}, you'll have a problem:

blog_list: /blog/{page} will match /blog/*;
blog_show: /blog/{slug} will also match /blog/*.

When two routes match the same URL, the first route that's loaded wins. Unfortunately, that means that /blog/yay-routing will match the blog_list. No good!

To fix this, add a requirement that the {page} wildcard can only match numbers (digits):

.. configuration-block::

    .. code-block:: php-annotations

        // src/AppBundle/Controller/BlogController.php
        namespace AppBundle\Controller;

        use Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Controller\Controller;
        use Sensio\Bundle\FrameworkExtraBundle\Configuration\Route;

        class BlogController extends Controller
        {
            /**
             * @Route("/blog/{page}", name="blog_list", requirements={"page": "\d+"})
             */
            public function listAction($page)
            {
                // ...
            }

            /**
             * @Route("/blog/{slug}", name="blog_show")
             */
            public function showAction($slug)
            {
                // ...
            }
        }

    .. code-block:: yaml

        # app/config/routing.yml
        blog_list:
            path:      /blog/{page}
            defaults:  { _controller: AppBundle:Blog:list }
            requirements:
                page: '\d+'

        blog_show:
            # ...

    .. code-block:: xml

        <!-- app/config/routing.xml -->
        <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
        <routes xmlns="http://symfony.com/schema/routing"
            xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
            xsi:schemaLocation="http://symfony.com/schema/routing
                http://symfony.com/schema/routing/routing-1.0.xsd">

            <route id="blog_list" path="/blog/{page}">
                <default key="_controller">AppBundle:Blog:list</default>
                <requirement key="page">\d+</requirement>
            </route>

            <!-- ... -->
        </routes>

    .. code-block:: php

        // app/config/routing.php
        use Symfony\Component\Routing\RouteCollection;
        use Symfony\Component\Routing\Route;

        $collection = new RouteCollection();
        $collection->add('blog_list', new Route('/blog/{page}', array(
            '_controller' => 'AppBundle:Blog:list',
        ), array(
            'page' => '\d+'
        )));

        // ...

        return $collection;

The \d+ is a regular expression that matches a digit of any length. Now:

URL	Route	Parameters
`/blog/2`	`blog_list`	`$page` = `2`
`/blog/yay-routing`	`blog_show`	`$slug` = `yay-routing`

To learn about other route requirements - like HTTP method, hostname and dynamic expressions - see :doc:`/routing/requirements`.

Giving {placeholders} a Default Value

In the previous example, the blog_list has a path of /blog/{page}. If the user visits /blog/1, it will match. But if they visit /blog, it will not match. As soon as you add a {placeholder} to a route, it must have a value.

So how can you make blog_list once again match when the user visits /blog? By adding a default value:

.. configuration-block::

    .. code-block:: php-annotations

        // src/AppBundle/Controller/BlogController.php
        namespace AppBundle\Controller;

        use Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Controller\Controller;
        use Sensio\Bundle\FrameworkExtraBundle\Configuration\Route;

        class BlogController extends Controller
        {
            /**
             * @Route("/blog/{page}", name="blog_list", requirements={"page": "\d+"})
             */
            public function listAction($page = 1)
            {
                // ...
            }
        }

    .. code-block:: yaml

        # app/config/routing.yml
        blog_list:
            path:      /blog/{page}
            defaults:  { _controller: AppBundle:Blog:list, page: 1 }
            requirements:
                page: '\d+'

        blog_show:
            # ...

    .. code-block:: xml

        <!-- app/config/routing.xml -->
        <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
        <routes xmlns="http://symfony.com/schema/routing"
            xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
            xsi:schemaLocation="http://symfony.com/schema/routing
                http://symfony.com/schema/routing/routing-1.0.xsd">

            <route id="blog_list" path="/blog/{page}">
                <default key="_controller">AppBundle:Blog:list</default>
                <default key="page">1</default>

                <requirement key="page">\d+</requirement>
            </route>

            <!-- ... -->
        </routes>

    .. code-block:: php

        // app/config/routing.php
        use Symfony\Component\Routing\RouteCollection;
        use Symfony\Component\Routing\Route;

        $collection = new RouteCollection();
        $collection->add('blog_list', new Route(
            '/blog/{page}',
            array(
                '_controller' => 'AppBundle:Blog:list',
                'page'        => 1,
            ),
            array(
                'page' => '\d+'
            )
        ));

        // ...

        return $collection;

Now, when the user visits /blog, the blog_list route will match and $page will default to a value of 1.

.. index::
   single: Routing; Advanced example
   single: Routing; _format parameter

Advanced Routing Example

With all of this in mind, check out this advanced example:

.. configuration-block::

    .. code-block:: php-annotations

        // src/AppBundle/Controller/ArticleController.php

        // ...
        class ArticleController extends Controller
        {
            /**
             * @Route(
             *     "/articles/{_locale}/{year}/{slug}.{_format}",
             *     defaults={"_format": "html"},
             *     requirements={
             *         "_locale": "en|fr",
             *         "_format": "html|rss",
             *         "year": "\d+"
             *     }
             * )
             */
            public function showAction($_locale, $year, $slug)
            {
            }
        }

    .. code-block:: yaml

        # app/config/routing.yml
        article_show:
          path:     /articles/{_locale}/{year}/{slug}.{_format}
          defaults: { _controller: AppBundle:Article:show, _format: html }
          requirements:
              _locale:  en|fr
              _format:  html|rss
              year:     \d+

    .. code-block:: xml

        <!-- app/config/routing.xml -->
        <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
        <routes xmlns="http://symfony.com/schema/routing"
            xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
            xsi:schemaLocation="http://symfony.com/schema/routing
                http://symfony.com/schema/routing/routing-1.0.xsd">

            <route id="article_show"
                path="/articles/{_locale}/{year}/{slug}.{_format}">

                <default key="_controller">AppBundle:Article:show</default>
                <default key="_format">html</default>
                <requirement key="_locale">en|fr</requirement>
                <requirement key="_format">html|rss</requirement>
                <requirement key="year">\d+</requirement>

            </route>
        </routes>

    .. code-block:: php

        // app/config/routing.php
        use Symfony\Component\Routing\RouteCollection;
        use Symfony\Component\Routing\Route;

        $collection = new RouteCollection();
        $collection->add(
            'article_show',
            new Route('/articles/{_locale}/{year}/{slug}.{_format}', array(
                '_controller' => 'AppBundle:Article:show',
                '_format'     => 'html',
            ), array(
                '_locale' => 'en|fr',
                '_format' => 'html|rss',
                'year'    => '\d+',
            ))
        );

        return $collection;

As you've seen, this route will only match if the {_locale} portion of the URL is either en or fr and if the {year} is a number. This route also shows how you can use a dot between placeholders instead of a slash. URLs matching this route might look like:

/articles/en/2010/my-post
/articles/fr/2010/my-post.rss
/articles/en/2013/my-latest-post.html

The Special _format Routing Parameter

This example also highlights the special _format routing parameter. When using this parameter, the matched value becomes the "request format" of the Request object.

Ultimately, the request format is used for such things as setting the Content-Type of the response (e.g. a json request format translates into a Content-Type of application/json). It can also be used in the controller to render a different template for each value of _format. The _format parameter is a very powerful way to render the same content in different formats.

In Symfony versions previous to 3.0, it is possible to override the request format by adding a query parameter named _format (for example: /foo/bar?_format=json). Relying on this behavior not only is considered a bad practice but it will complicate the upgrade of your applications to Symfony 3.

Note

Sometimes you want to make certain parts of your routes globally configurable. Symfony provides you with a way to do this by leveraging service container parameters. Read more about this in ":doc:`/routing/service_container_parameters`".

Special Routing Parameters

As you've seen, each routing parameter or default value is eventually available as an argument in the controller method. Additionally, there are three parameters that are special: each adds a unique piece of functionality inside your application:

_controller: As you've seen, this parameter is used to determine which controller is executed when the route is matched.
_format: Used to set the request format (:ref:`read more <routing-format-param>`).
_locale: Used to set the locale on the request (:ref:`read more <translation-locale-url>`).

.. index::
   single: Routing; Controllers
   single: Controller; String naming format

Controller Naming Pattern

If you use YAML, XML or PHP route configuration, then each route must have a _controller parameter, which dictates which controller should be executed when that route is matched. This parameter uses a simple string pattern called the logical controller name, which Symfony maps to a specific PHP method and class. The pattern has three parts, each separated by a colon:

bundle:controller:action

For example, a _controller value of AppBundle:Blog:show means:

Bundle	Controller Class	Method Name
`AppBundle`	`BlogController`	`showAction()`

The controller might look like this:

// src/AppBundle/Controller/BlogController.php
namespace AppBundle\Controller;

use Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Controller\Controller;

class BlogController extends Controller
{
    public function showAction($slug)
    {
        // ...
    }
}

Notice that Symfony adds the string Controller to the class name (Blog => BlogController) and Action to the method name (show => showAction()).

You could also refer to this controller using its fully-qualified class name and method: AppBundle\Controller\BlogController::showAction. But if you follow some simple conventions, the logical name is more concise and allows more flexibility.

Note

In addition to using the logical name or the fully-qualified class name, Symfony supports a third way of referring to a controller. This method uses just one colon separator (e.g. service_name:indexAction) and refers to the controller as a service (see :doc:`/controller/service`).

.. index::
   single: Routing; Creating routes

Loading Routes

Symfony loads all the routes for your application from a single routing configuration file: app/config/routing.yml. But from inside of this file, you can load any other routing files you want. In fact, by default, Symfony loads annotation route configuration from your AppBundle's Controller/ directory, which is how Symfony sees our annotation routes:

.. configuration-block::

    .. code-block:: yaml

        # app/config/routing.yml
        app:
            resource: "@AppBundle/Controller/"
            type:     annotation

    .. code-block:: xml

        <!-- app/config/routing.xml -->
        <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
        <routes xmlns="http://symfony.com/schema/routing"
            xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
            xsi:schemaLocation="http://symfony.com/schema/routing
                http://symfony.com/schema/routing/routing-1.0.xsd">

            <!-- the type is required to enable the annotation reader for this resource -->
            <import resource="@AppBundle/Controller/" type="annotation"/>
        </routes>

    .. code-block:: php

        // app/config/routing.php
        use Symfony\Component\Routing\RouteCollection;

        $collection = new RouteCollection();
        $collection->addCollection(
            // second argument is the type, which is required to enable
            // the annotation reader for this resource
            $loader->import("@AppBundle/Controller/", "annotation")
        );

        return $collection;

For more details on loading routes, including how to prefix the paths of loaded routes, see :doc:`/routing/external_resources`.

.. index::
   single: Routing; Generating URLs

Generating URLs

The routing system should also be used to generate URLs. In reality, routing is a bidirectional system: mapping the URL to a controller and a route back to a URL.

To generate a URL, you need to specify the name of the route (e.g. blog_show) and any wildcards (e.g. slug = my-blog-post) used in the path for that route. With this information, any URL can easily be generated:

class MainController extends Controller
{
    public function showAction($slug)
    {
        // ...

        // /blog/my-blog-post
        $url = $this->generateUrl(
            'blog_show',
            array('slug' => 'my-blog-post')
        );
    }
}

Note

The generateUrl() method defined in the base :class:`Symfony\\Bundle\\FrameworkBundle\\Controller\\Controller` class is just a shortcut for this code:

$url = $this->container->get('router')->generate(
    'blog_show',
    array('slug' => 'my-blog-post')
);

.. index::
   single: Routing; Generating URLs in a template

Generating URLs with Query Strings

The generate method takes an array of wildcard values to generate the URI. But if you pass extra ones, they will be added to the URI as a query string:

$this->get('router')->generate('blog', array(
    'page' => 2,
    'category' => 'Symfony'
));
// /blog/2?category=Symfony

Generating URLs from a Template

To generate URLs inside Twig, see the templating chapter: :ref:`templating-pages`. If you also need to generate URLs in JavaScript, see :doc:`/routing/generate_url_javascript`.

.. index::
   single: Routing; Absolute URLs

Generating Absolute URLs

By default, the router will generate relative URLs (e.g. /blog). From a controller, pass UrlGeneratorInterface::ABSOLUTE_URL to the third argument of the generateUrl() method:

use Symfony\Component\Routing\Generator\UrlGeneratorInterface;

$this->generateUrl('blog_show', array('slug' => 'my-blog-post'), UrlGeneratorInterface::ABSOLUTE_URL);
// http://www.example.com/blog/my-blog-post

Note

The host that's used when generating an absolute URL is automatically detected using the current Request object. When generating absolute URLs from outside the web context (for instance in a console command) this doesn't work. See :doc:`/console/request_context` to learn how to solve this problem.

Troubleshooting

Here are some common errors you might see while working with routing:

Controller "AppBundleControllerBlogController::showAction()" requires that you provide a value for the "$slug" argument.

This happens when your controller method has an argument (e.g. $slug):

public function showAction($slug)
{
    // ..
}

But your route path does not have a {slug} wildcard (e.g. it is /blog/show). Add a {slug} to your route path: /blog/show/{slug} or give the argument a default value (i.e. $slug = null).

Some mandatory parameters are missing ("slug") to generate a URL for route "blog_show".

This means that you're trying to generate a URL to the blog_show route but you are not passing a slug value (which is required, because it has a {slug}) wildcard in the route path. To fix this, pass a slug value when generating the route:

$this->generateUrl('blog_show', array('slug' => 'slug-value'));

// or, in Twig
// {{ path('blog_show', {'slug': 'slug-value'}) }}

Summary

Routing is a system for mapping the URL of incoming requests to the controller function that should be called to process the request. It both allows you to specify beautiful URLs and keeps the functionality of your application decoupled from those URLs. Routing is a bidirectional mechanism, meaning that it should also be used to generate URLs.

Keep Going!

Routing, check! Now, uncover the power of :doc:`controllers </controller>`.

Learn more about Routing

.. toctree::
    :hidden:

    controller

.. toctree::
    :maxdepth: 1
    :glob:

    routing/*