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Preparing Datasets

Below is a table of all datasets that are currently supported in LitGPT:

Name Task Size Reference Repo Paper / Blog Data License
Alpaca Finetuning 51,759 samples URL URL Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International, URL
Alpaca-2k Finetuning 2000 samples URL See Alpaca above See Alpaca Above
Alpaca-GPT4 Finetuning 52,002 samples URL URL Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International, URL
Alpaca Libre Finetuning 55,370 samples URL - CC0/MIT, URL
Deita Finetuning 9,500 samples URL URL MIT URL
Dolly Finetuning 15,011 samples URL URL CC-BY-SA, URL
FLAN Finetuning 1,753,240 samples UR URL Subset dependent
LongForm Finetuning 23,652 samples URL URL No information provided and subset-dependent, URL
LIMA Finetuning 1,084 samples URL URL "If the source data of LIMA has a stricter license than CC BY-NC-SA, the LIMA dataset follows the same. Otherwise, it follows the CC BY-NC-SA license", URL
OpenWeb Text Pretraining 8,013,769 documents URL URL Unspecified
TinyLlama Pretraining 1 T tokens URL URL
TinyStories Pretraining 4,967,871 stories URL URL CDLA-Sharing-1.0

 

Preparation

The steps here only need to be done once before preparing the finetuning datasets in the following subsections:

  1. Follow the instructions in the README to install the dependencies.
  2. Download and convert the weights following our guide.

For the following examples, we will focus on finetuning with the litgpt finetune_lora command and use a Falcon 7B model. However, the same steps apply to all other models and finetuning scripts. Please read the tutorials/finetune_*.md documents for more information about finetuning models.

 

Important

By default, the maximum sequence length is obtained from the model configuration file. In case you run into out-of-memory errors, especially in the cases of LIMA and Dolly, you can try to lower the context length by setting the --train.max_seq_length parameter, for example, litgpt finetune lora --train.max_seq_length 256. For more information on truncating datasets, see the Truncating datasets section in the Alpaca section near the top of this article.

 

Alpaca

The Alpaca dataset consists of 52,000 instructions and demonstrations produced by OpenAI's text-davinci-003 engine. This data is used in instruction-tuning, helping improve the performance of language models to follow instructions.

In its development, the creators leveraged the data generation methodology from the Self-Instruct framework.

The original Alpaca dataset can be used as follows:

litgpt finetune_lora tiiuae/falcon-7b \
  --data Alpaca

 

Tip

Use litgpt finetune --data.help Alpaca to list additional dataset-specific command line options.

 

Truncating datasets

By default, the finetuning scripts will determine the size of the longest tokenized sample in the dataset to determine the block size. However, if you are willing to truncate a few examples in the training set, you can reduce the computational resource requirements significantly. For instance you can set a sequence length threshold via --train.max_seq_length. We can determine an appropriate maximum sequence length by considering the distribution of the data sample lengths shown in the histogram below.

In this case, a cut-off of 256 may be a reasonable choice:

litgpt finetune_lora tiiuae/falcon-7b \
  --data Alpaca \
  --train.max_seq_length 256

For comparison, the Falcon 7B model requires 23.52 GB of memory for the original Alpaca dataset and 15.73 GB of memory for the truncated Alpaca dataset when finetuning with LoRA using a micro batchsize of 1 and bfloat-16 precision.

 

Alpaca-2k

Alpaca-2k is a smaller, 2000-sample subset of Alpaca described above.

litgpt finetune_lora "tiiuae/falcon-7b" \
  --data Alpaca2k

 

Tip

Use litgpt_finetune --data.help Alpaca2k to list additional dataset-specific command line options.

 

The Alpaca-2k dataset distribution is shown below.

Alpaca-GPT4

The Alpaca-GPT4 was built by using the prompts of the original Alpaca dataset and generate the responses via GPT 4. The dataset consists of 52,000 instructions and responses.

The original Alpaca-GPT4 dataset can be used as follows:

litgpt finetune lora "tiiuae/falcon-7b" \
  --data AlpacaGPT4

 

Tip

Use litgpt_finetune --data.help AlpacaGPT4 to list additional dataset-specific command line options.

 

The Alpaca-GPT4 dataset distribution is shown below.

 

Alpaca Libre

Alpaca Libre is a reimplementation or alternative to Alpaca using the same formatting.

To use Alpaca Libre instead of the original Alpaca dataset, use the following command:

litgpt finetune_lora tiiuae/falcon-7b \
  --data Alpaca \
  --data.file_url "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mobarski/alpaca-libre/main/data/output/alpaca_libre_ok_tasks_v4.json" \
  --data.file_name "alpaca_libre_data_cleaned_archive.json"

 

Tip

Use litgpt finetune --data.help Alpaca to list additional dataset-specific command line options.

 

The Alpaca Libre dataset distribution is shown below.

You may want to consider truncating the dataset (see the Truncating datasets discussion in the Alpaca section for more information.) For this dataset, a cut-off of 256 may be a good choice:

litgpt finetune_lora tiiuae/falcon-7b \
  --data Alpaca \
  --data.file_url "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/mobarski/alpaca-libre/main/data/output/alpaca_libre_ok_tasks_v4.json" \
  --data.file_name "alpaca_libre_data_cleaned_archive.json" \
  --train.max_seq_length 256

 

Deita

The Deita dataset (short for Data-Efficient Instruction Tuning for Alignment) is a collection of 9500 prompts and responses, as described in the What Makes Good Data for Alignment? A Comprehensive Study of Automatic Data Selection in Instruction Tuning paper. Using Falcon 7b as an example, we can use the dataset as follows:

litgpt finetune_lora tiiuae/falcon-7b \
  --data Deita

 

Tip

Use litgpt finetune --data.help Deita to list additional dataset-specific command line options.

 

Deita contains multiturn conversations. By default, only the first instruction-response pairs from each of these multiturn conversations are included. If you want to override this behavior and include the follow-up instructions and responses, set --data.include_multiturn_conversations True, which will include all multiturn conversations as regular prompt-response pairs. Considering the multiturn-answers, the dataset consists of 209,272 prompt-response pairs.

The Deita dataset distribution without including multit-turn conversations is shown below.

The Deita dataset distribution including multit-turn conversations is depicted in the following histogram.

You may want to consider truncating the dataset (see the Truncating datasets discussion in the Alpaca section for more information.) For this dataset, a cut-off of 512 may be a good choice:

litgpt finetune_lora tiiuae/falcon-7b \
  --data Deita \
  --train.max_seq_length 512

 

Dolly

The Dolly dataset is a publicly available collection of 15k instruction-following entries created by Databricks. It spans multiple behavioral domains, as described in the InstructGPT paper paper. These include areas like brainstorming, classification, closed QA, content creation, information retrieval, open QA, and summary generation.

The usage is similar to the Alpaca dataset described above. Using Falcon 7b as an example, we can use the dataset as follows:

litgpt finetune_lora tiiuae/falcon-7b \
  --data Dolly

 

Tip

Use litgpt finetune --data.help Dolly to list additional dataset-specific command line options.

 

The Dolly dataset distribution is shown below.

You may want to consider truncating the dataset (see the Truncating datasets discussion in the Alpaca section for more information.) For this dataset, a cut-off of 512 may be a good choice:

litgpt finetune_lora tiiuae/falcon-7b \
  --data Dolly \
  --train.max_seq_length 256

 

LongForm

LongForm is a semi-synthetic dataset based on raw text corpora for which the instructions were generated via an LLM. For more details about the instruction-generation process, please refer to the LongForm research paper by Köksal et al. According to the research paper, a Llama 7B model trained on LongForm achieves substantially better performance than the same Llama model trained on the 2x larger Alpaca dataset.

LongForm consists of 23,652 training samples, 2,042 validation samples, and 2,045 test samples. (In LitGPT, the validation samples are currently not used.)

The more detailed dataset composition is as follows based on a table taken from the dataset repository:

Type Source Number of Examples
Corpora C4 10,000
Wikipedia 5,000
Structured Corpora Stack Exchange 4,380
WikiHow 2,500
Tasks NIv2 3,684
Big Bench 600
BEA-GEC 1,203
Enron 372
Total 27,739
Train 23,652
Validation 2,042
Test 2,045

License information is not provided but would depend on the individual subsets listed above.

The LongForm dataset distribution is shown below.

You may want to consider truncating the dataset (see the Truncating datasets discussion in the Alpaca section for more information.) For this dataset, a cut-off of 1500 may be a good choice:

litgpt finetune_lora tiiuae/falcon-7b \
  --data LongForm \
  --train.max_seq_length 1500

 

Tip

Use litgpt finetune --data.help LongForm to list additional dataset-specific command line options.

 

 

LIMA

The LIMA dataset is a collection of 1,000 carefully curated prompts and responses, as described in the LIMA: Less Is More for Alignment paper. The dataset is sourced from three community Q&A websites: Stack Exchange, wikiHow, and the Pushshift Reddit Dataset. In addition, it also contains prompts and answers written and collected by the authors of the LIMA paper.

The usage is similar to the Dolly dataset described above except that it requires an Hugging Face access token that you need to copy & paste from your Hugging Face account. Using Falcon 7b as an example, we can use the dataset as follows:

export HF_TOKEN="insert_your_huggingface_token_here"

litgpt finetune lora \
  --data LIMA \
  --checkpoint_dir "tiiuae/falcon-7b"

 

Tip

Use litgpt finetune --data.help LIMA to list additional dataset-specific command line options.

 

LIMA contains a handful of multiturn conversations. By default, only the first instruction-response pairs from each of these multiturn conversations are included. If you want to override this behavior and include the follow-up instructions and responses, set --data.include_multiturn_conversations True.

The LIMA dataset distribution is shown below.

You may want to consider truncating the dataset (see the Truncating datasets discussion in the Alpaca section for more information.) For this dataset, a cut-off of 512 may be a good choice:

litgpt finetune_lora tiiuae/falcon-7b \
  --data LIMA \
  --train.max_seq_length 512

 

FLAN

FLAN is a collection of several datset subsets by Google. In particular, the provided script in LitGPT loads the subsets from here.

By default, all subsets (1,386,050 samples) and validations sets (367,190 subsets) are combined into a single dataset:

litgpt finetune_lora tiiuae/falcon-7b \
  --data FLAN

However, you can also select individual subsets via comma-separated strings as follows:

litgpt finetune lora tiiuae/falcon-7b \
  --data FLAN \
  --data.subsets "aeslc_10templates,ag_news_subset_10templates,anli_r1_10templates"

 

Tip

Use litgpt finetune --data.help FLAN to list additional dataset-specific command line options.

 

You can find a list of all 66 supported subsets here.

 

Preparing Custom Datasets for Instruction Finetuning

The models in LitGPT expect datasets for instruction finetuning in the following format:

[
    {
        "instruction": "Write a limerick about a
                        pelican.”,
        "input": "",
        "output": "There once was a pelican so fine,
                   \nHis beak was as colorful as
                   sunshine,\nHe would fish all day,\nIn
                   a very unique way,\nThis pelican was
                   truly divine!\n\n\n"
    },
    {
        "instruction": "Identify the odd one out from
                        the group.",
        "input": "Carrot, Apple, Banana, Grape",
        "output": "Carrot\n\n"
    },
]

(Note that depending on the task, the "input" text can be an empty string, as shown above.)

You can use your own data in LitGPT by either reading in a JSON file in the format shown above or by implementing a custom DataModule.

 

Preparing Custom Datasets From a JSON File

You can prepare custom dataset using a JSON file where each row is a dictionary with these keys:

  • instruction: Column which will describe the task.
  • input: A string holding a special input value for the instruction. This applies to some samples, and in others, this is empty (empty string).
  • output: The expected response

If any of the fields are missing, then the script will fail to read the dataset.

Then simply run any of the finetuning scripts with this input:

litgpt finetune_lora tiiuae/falcon-7b \
  --data JSON \
  --data.json_path path/to/your/data.json \
  --data.val_split_fraction 0.1

You can also customize how the dataset is read by using these additional parameters

  • val_split_fraction: The fraction of the data to split. Defaults to 0.1

  • seed: The seed value to reproduce the same random splits for train and test data.

  • mask_inputs: Whether to mask the prompt section from the label (with ignore_index).

  • ignore_index: The index to use for labels that should be ignored. Defaults to -100 (used when mask_inputs is True).

To use the settings described above, you can add the respective command line arguments when calling the finetuning scripts as shown in the example below:

litgpt finetune_lora tiiuae/falcon-7b \
  --data JSON \
  --data.json_path path/to/your/data.json \
  --data.val_split_fraction 0.1 \
  --data.seed 42 \
  --data.mask_inputs False \
  --data.ignore_index -100

You can also pass a directory containing a train.json and val.json to --data.json_path to define a fixed train/val split.

 

Tip

Use litgpt finetune --data.help JSON to list additional dataset-specific command line options.

 

Preparing Custom Datasets Using DataModule

If you don't have a JSON file following the format described in the previous section, the easiest way to prepare a new dataset is to copy and modify one of the existing data modules in LitGPT:

Note that you only need to modify a small fraction of the code file, namely the portion that downloads and formats the training data (see the prepare_data and setup() methods).

 

Preparing Pretraining Datasets

In addition to the finetuning dataset described above, LitGPT also supports several datasets for pretraining. The pretraining datasets are described in more detail in the following separate tutorial documents: