Programming Paradigms Comparison

Imperative Programming
- Characteristics: statements mutate program state directly (let, loops, assignments)
- Architecture Influence: stateful services, command-driven architecture
Procedural Programming
- Characteristics: step-by-step, linear control flow, mutable state
- Architecture Influence: transaction script, single responsibility units, shallow call graphs
Object-Oriented Programming
- Characteristics: classes/objects, encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism
- Architecture Influence: DDD, layered architecture, clean architecture, hexagonal
Prototype-based Programming
- Characteristics: objects inherit from other objects, delegation over inheritance
- Architecture Influence: flexible object composition, dynamic plugin systems
Functional Programming
- Characteristics: pure functions, immutability, no shared state, higher-order functions, pattern matching, curry, single argument functions, composition
- Architecture Influence: functional pipelines, stateless services, async stream processing
Closure-based Programming
- Characteristics: functions hold private state via closures, encapsulated behavior
- Architecture Influence: lightweight encapsulation, reactive units, factory patterns
Actor Model
- Characteristics: message passing, no shared memory, isolated context, transparent concurrency units
- Architecture Influence: distributed systems, concurrency-safe services, microservices
Structural Programming
- Blocks, No goto
Declarative Programming
- Characteristics: emphasizes what over how, side-effect free, high-level code, DSLs, self-descriptive
- Architecture Influence: configuration-over-code, rule engines
Contract programming
- Characteristics: difine contracts
- Architecture Influence: stable and clear, self-descriptive
Reactive Programming
- Characteristics: observable streams, event-driven, push-based, backpressure-aware
- Architecture Influence: UIs, data stream processing, feedback loops, real-time pipelines
Finite-State Machines / Automata
- Characteristics: explicit states, transitions, events, deterministic flow
- Architecture Influence: workflow engines
Metaprogramming
- Characteristics: code generation, reflection, macros, introspection
- Architecture Influence: high flexibility, scaffolding

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