Don't block the event loop

Node handles the Event Loop mostly on a single thread rotating through multiple queues. Operations with high complexity, large json parsing, applying logic over huge arrays, unsafe regex queries, and large IO operations are some of the operations that can cause the Event Loop to stall. Avoid this off-loading CPU intensive tasks to a dedicated service (e.g. job server), or breaking long tasks into small steps then using the Worker Pool are some examples of how to avoid blocking the Event Loop.

Example: blocking the event loop

Let's take a look at an example from Node Clinic.

function sleep (ms) {
  const future = Date.now() + ms
  while (Date.now() < future);
}

server.get('/', (req, res, next) => {
  sleep(30)
  res.send({})
  next()
})

And when we benchmark this app, we start to see the latency caused by the long while loop.

Run the benchmark

clinic doctor --on-port 'autocannon localhost:$PORT' -- node slow-event-loop

The results

─────────┬────────┬────────┬────────┬────────┬───────────┬──────────┬───────────┐
│ Stat    │ 2.5%   │ 50%    │ 97.5%  │ 99%    │ Avg       │ Stdev    │ Max       │
├─────────┼────────┼────────┼────────┼────────┼───────────┼──────────┼───────────┤
│ Latency │ 270 ms │ 300 ms │ 328 ms │ 331 ms │ 300.56 ms │ 38.55 ms │ 577.05 ms │
└─────────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴────────┴───────────┴──────────┴───────────┘
┌───────────┬─────────┬─────────┬─────────┬────────┬─────────┬───────┬─────────┐
│ Stat      │ 1%      │ 2.5%    │ 50%     │ 97.5%  │ Avg     │ Stdev │ Min     │
├───────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┼────────┼─────────┼───────┼─────────┤
│ Req/Sec   │ 31      │ 31      │ 33      │ 34     │ 32.71   │ 1.01  │ 31      │
├───────────┼─────────┼─────────┼─────────┼────────┼─────────┼───────┼─────────┤

Image of the Event Loop

Here's a good rule of thumb for keeping your Node server speedy: Node is fast when the work associated with each client at any given time is "small". Don't Block the Event Loop (or the Worker Pool) | Node.js

Most people fail their first few NodeJS apps merely due to the lack of understanding of the concepts such as the Event Loop, Error handling and asynchrony Event Loop Best Practices — NodeJS Event Loop Part 5