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Colonial and Post-colonial Language Policies in Africa Historical and

Emerging Landscapes
Sinfree Makoni, Busi Makoni, Ashraf Abdelhay and Pedzisai Mashiri

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+;< ‫= א‬->?‫"! א‬# ,‫"و‬S 74.D !;@ Z P> ‫ \ ول‬1" ‫ א‬0‫"א א ل‬# ‫;ع‬G; ;#‫ و‬0 +;< ‫= א‬->?‫ א‬0 =# (" A
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K =->?‫ א‬O 6$.= ‫ א‬+;< ‫א‬
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Abstract:The period of military colonization was followed by another period of
colonialism: culture, politics and language, which was characterized by a period of cultural
hegemony, political hegemony and linguistic hegemony. The trace of the historical roots of
this period is clearly seen as an extension of what was planned and planned in the first
phase of colonialism. This is the subject of this article, in which the authors attempt to
trace the roots of this linguistic dominance, or the imperialist language imposed by the

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colonizing countries on the African countries. , Through an analysis of the dominant

language policies of hegemony
Keywords: Africa, Language Policy, Language Planning, Colonialism, Postcolonialism.

M9 ‫ل‬ L ‫* و‬e M9 fI A L 0fg ‫;ع‬G;-( $> 9 h= ‫ א‬+‫ א < وزאو‬T‫א‬, 4.5‫ د א‬.D WdS/ ‫א‬
‫ول‬N‫ א‬YI L 2i‫ و‬K $@>j;D‫ و‬$. ‫א‬,‫ ; (>@> د‬#‫ و‬0 *e ‫ د‬D 0k‫ د‬. ‫ "א א‬# 7 4.+‫ و‬0) * M9 + l L ‫* و‬e
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$> 9 h=. > ‫א‬ 0 ># ‫"! א‬# ‫ ود‬I O $ X . ‫ א‬rs‫ و‬0‫ن‬ 3‫ א‬$> d2n.+ > >4t # h(‫و‬
O ' g ‫ول‬N‫ א‬,;Y. ‫ _ א‬5 '>=uA . ‫ א‬T ‫א‬, K‫ن‬ 3‫ א‬O d2n.D $=2 0 > >4t # j $ _ 5 v "(
‫ א‬,;Y. ‫ _ א‬5 '>=A . ‫ א‬T ‫א‬, ‫א‬ 0 # + + . ‫ א‬w% j; ‫ א‬+‫د‬x. ‫دא‬N‫"! א‬# O ‫ن‬ 3‫ א‬d2W >@>(
T ‫א‬,‫ د‬T‫ ز‬A y C= ‫ "א א‬# L ‫ و‬0T -. ‫ א‬O‫ن و‬ 3‫ א‬O d2n. ‫دא‬x ( < ‫ א‬w >j;D >@>( O ' n4
+;< ‫א‬ > ‫ א‬$-# + 5 ‫@ وع‬A A -> ' 5 > 2Uz‫"! א‬# O‫ل و‬ ‫"א א‬# O fn4D + 5 >
. ‫ א‬+;< ‫= א‬->?‫ ل א‬2U O fg 0 *N A 0;#‫ و‬Kfn4 ‫"א א‬# ‫ج‬, =+ ‫ل‬ ‫"א א‬# L-G‫ و‬1;< ‫>` א‬C . ‫وא‬
‫ ل‬2U O w>j;. ‫"א א‬# _ 6.+‫ و‬K‫"א‬# = ;+ M9 #, |e '> A . ‫ وא‬0 - . ‫ אن א‬4 ‫ _ א‬5 , - . 3‫ א‬$G
O 0 +;< P F . ;# } ~JC ‫ א‬- . ‫ א‬#" .+ T >6>D‫א‬/ ‫ وא‬T \ YD L-G $hD >@* ) * ‫= و‬
v ‫لذ‬ ‫ و‬0P + @D P> 5 X$ > 0 I‫ وא‬7-. 2q ‫ א‬T < ‫ א‬mA ;6 L+;2D 0‫ א ل‬X>4 _ 5‫ و‬0PD‫ א‬- .
mA ;6 €‫ א‬I‫ א‬L ~JC ‫ א‬A^ ‫ א • وא‬mA y+ @. $D‫ א‬- . O $D" D‫ א‬. ‫ א‬+;< ‫א‬ > ‫א‬
! G ‫;א‬A, I A^ ‫‚ א‬3Z# m5 O >A ‫ א‬X ƒ ?K #3‫= א‬S I 0 t;> ‫= אل‬V‫ ;ل א‬+ ><+‫ ز‬N‫> وא‬A ‫א‬
$=5 ‫<=;א‬. ‫ א = س א‬L T 5;- >A ‫ א‬d ‫ >= ن‬5 †> 0KKK 0 A ‫ج א‬ 3‫ א‬1 ~ q5 |J| "=
‫ون‬,;C.+ A^ ‫ א‬X ‡ ‫ >= ن‬5 ‫@ ض‬. =.n Y ‫ و‬K‫ن‬e A L D $ ;2 0 - Y=5 >A ‫ن א‬9 K -%‫دא‬
‫ ج‬.‰ ‫ و "א‬K > @ ‫ א‬M9 + A^ ‫ א‬L U 4 ,‫ א و‬M9 ‫ع‬b= ‫ >= ن‬5 01;< ‫ א‬,;h= ‫ א‬L K‫م‬J z‫ א‬, t9 ‫ج‬, *
Paul F ?K + A^ ‫ א‬T 6$ ‫א‬ ‫א‬,‫ _ د‬5 ‫م‬b A ‫;א‬42=+ ‫= ن‬D‫ א‬A ‹ ‫ ط‬4G _ 5 rS;.+‫ و‬0 + A^ A m , 5 M9
. ‫ > א‬+^ 3‫ א‬+;< ‫ א‬T > ‫ א‬fn4 ‫"א א‬# Ž + +‫אو‬b ‫"! א‬# L ‫ و‬KEMarty 1925/P 338-359
> ‫و‬N‫ א‬#‫ و ;אد‬T > ‫ "! א‬# T >6>D‫א‬/ ‫ א‬X n K! A‫ و‬, - . 3‫ א‬/ ‫ل‬J * 0 > + 9 _ 5 ' =->#
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-$ ‫ א‬T ‫א‬, ‫"! א‬# X =>5 ‫;ن‬2> P.‘ D =+xD,‫ א‬v " KP~ t‫ و‬, tz‫"א א‬# y>4CD ‫;אل‬I ‫> ن‬4D O W > |‫و‬
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196
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‫אم‬ . ‫ א‬w~;.+ 3 … -. X2qA $ >2qD d.+ +;< ‫ א‬T , - ‫ א ~> وא‬T +;?‫ن א‬9 Wm@ Z ‫א‬
m5 q- F - ‫ א‬w~;.+ L BY ‫• א‬+, . ‫ א‬O J I y ~ , Y -“ %‫ دא‬G ‫ وא‬KKK 0B><. ‫ א‬L5 ‫ ًא‬A < ‫א‬
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> > ‫א‬T ‫ل א‬J * L #BtxD E KEWallersteinF E1986F L+ . U ‫ وא‬X -5 $> 5 L-> $+
T +‫ د‬Y.~3‫ א‬, - . 3‫ א‬X2U w>(‫ و‬+, - . 3‫™ > א‬ ? > 2>?‫ _ ?א >;د א‬5 Tb(, . ‫ א‬+‫ د‬Y.~3‫وא‬
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• I _ 5 P• Y œ+‫ و‬. ‫ א‬M9 _ + I; ‫> ن‬2( b ( ‫ א‬Btx D $> E . ‫; ; > > א‬2 ‫ א‬T ‫א‬, ‫א‬
+;< ‫ > א‬+^ z‫ وא‬S, •‫א›>` א‬Lb( ‫ א‬2 ‫ ن‬L dl ‫ _ א‬5 P + B ‫ א‬L K S, •‫א›>` א‬
, tz‫ א‬X Ÿ >=>Y ‫ א‬L+, ‫ < א‬, q. ‫ > وא‬+ O mY ‫( א ;א‬, q ‫ ن א‬39 0 $.>~‫ א‬Y T ~
K1;< ‫>` א‬C . ‫ א‬O B2@. + C( 4“ =
d $ _ 5 ~, N‫ ;ل א‬I ,; YD L+; 2D‫~ و‬, N‫ א‬M9 >A‫و‬,‫و‬N‫ א‬h= ‫ ق א‬t _ 5 > ‫ א‬I ‫ א‬b 2D D‫و‬
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L A‫و‬,‫ ?א—* ? و و‬mA ‫ دل‬4. ‫ وא‬X5 @. ‫ א‬X> W E f n4 ‫"א א‬# O K£~ =. ;‰ _ 5 A‫و‬,‫ ' و‬2U E1994
d$D , - ~, N‫ א‬œ ‫ض (>@> د‬/ @+ P N I‫ وא‬r S L m6$. 0v ‫ ذ‬7 ‫ و‬K?m6$. ‫ ?א‬f >I
K +b> ‡z‫ א < א‬L >+ ‫ ج ;אع‬. 9‫ و‬0 < ‫ א‬f >I L 0m> A‫و‬,‫و‬N‫ א‬T , } O +;< ‫> وא‬5 -.S3‫א‬
ETjolotjoF;Ÿ; ;Ÿ X ‫>;ن‬A‫و‬,‫و‬N‫ א‬$6. . ‫ > א‬+ N‫ א‬T < ‫ א‬L >A‫و‬,‫= ً و‬¤ X ƒ 3 $ 0v " ‫و‬
rs 0‫ د‬Y ‫"א א‬# O‫ و‬K1;A 4i‫ ز‬X ‫ دول‬O 0EGweruF ‫ و‬+;V EGweloF ; ‫;א‬S‫ و‬ETsholotshoF ;qD; ;q.
‫و‬J5‫ و‬K ‫د‬ ‫ א‬+ h= ‫ א‬T >2 ‫ א‬L 3 A > @ ‫ א‬+;< ‫ א‬T , - ‫ א‬XA +;< ‫א‬ > ‫ א‬T‫א‬,‫ د‬4 d>> D
T < ˜ =# ‫ض ن‬/ @+‫ و‬K > + 9 O +;< ‫ א‬T > ‫ א‬Btx . + C( ‫ ود‬I P m6$. ‫ ¡ن א‬v ‫ _ ذ‬5
K C .‹ ‫ ل‬2U X>2q. D‫@ و‬. T S, A ‫ن ( ن‬9‫ و‬0 $> $ ‫ د‬d.+ >A‫و‬,‫ و‬+;< 5‫ > ? > ? و~;א‬+
P +b=D M9 _ D 0 < ‫ א‬+‫ د‬I >S; ;+ + # 0 > + N‫ א < א‬T , - >“ > W S
“ ‫;ذ‬¥ $@¤;A =->?
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/ ‫ل‬J * d$ G‫ ;ل و‬I m p~ =. ‫;ن‬+ Y ‫ ( ن א‬K‫ א ;دאن‬7 $.~J5 O Y I L o p.+ -(
m> C+^ ‫ وא‬m+ Y ‫ א‬mA ˜‫א‬/U3 A ‫ א ;دאن‬$> d2uI . ‫ א‬/@ ‫א‬F ECondominiumF (/q ‫א > د א‬
L+ - . ‫ذא ( ;א‬9 } L+ (x. B l ‫;ن‬+ Y ‫ ( ن א‬0 / @ ‫ "! א‬# @ KE1956 M9 1899 ‫ م‬5 L
~J ‫> א‬4t _ 5 |Z + ‫ زאل‬£~ =D ; #‫ و‬0 > C+ A X 4~ L ‫ وא‬- .u ‫ א‬0m> ‫ א ;دא‬X 0d $ ‫;دאن م‬
_ 5 Y 7 ‫ ًא‬+ 1, - . 3‫ א‬7G; ‫ א‬O £~ =. ‫ א‬L2+ ‫ و‬KEPowell 2003F ‫ א >;م‬M9 + Y ‫א ;دא > א‬
L 3
ً A - . ‫ وא‬- . ‫ א‬mA b>>-. ‫ א‬B @D ‫م‬b +‫ و‬K > ‫א‬,‫ د‬x ‫"! א‬# ' S + Y ‫> א‬p ‫ ن א‬L dl ‫א‬
KEP @ 7S ‫א‬F P= ًl‫ًא @ و‬ !, 4.5‫א‬
‚; K > ; ‫ א و א‬# 0, - . 3‫א‬ A >+ O , 2. X2 qA $ ‫א‬ . ‫ א‬E 0) * § ˜ =#
d.+ +;< ‫ א‬T > 4 = A $.>-# ‫ ¡ن‬0 > W ‫ د‬U,¡( > ; ‫> א و א‬-# L dl ‫ _ א‬5‫ و‬0H•‫א‬
T > ‫ א‬$> ‫ د‬W ‫ ز‬2D,‫ א‬C =( > ; ‫ א و א‬X - D K1; < ‫ >` א‬C . ‫ א‬T > O ~ A $ >W
+/+,z‫ א‬+;< ‫א‬ > ‫ وא‬0 +B6>= ‫ א‬+;< ‫א‬ > ‫ א‬f >I L ;$@ ‫ א—ن‬+;< ‫ א‬T > K +;< ‫א‬
OT < ‫א‬T > d>> D‫ و‬$ ;$@ ‫ ن‬39 0 > ; ‫;م א و א‬$@ X> W >-# L dl ‫ _ א‬5‫ و‬K¨9 > ‫א‬b=. ‫وא‬
F ‡) ‫ن‬9 K %bS X2qA 1;< ‫>` א‬C . ‫ א‬T > y>4CD ) f>I L L+ ‫; ن‬2+ –; > + 9
,‫ א‬. 3‫ א‬S,‫د ود‬,‫ > وא ;א‬. ‫ وא‬d 6•‫ א‬f >I L w .Q > ; ‫ن א ول א‬N T > ‫=@> " א‬D
K > ‫א‬
!"# > D >@ * _ 5 P->> D d.+ ‫ ن‬rs nS > X2q+ ‫ ¡ن‬0w .Q > ; ‫و© ن א ول א‬
@ً .‹ ;S;D‫ و‬l X ‫ אن‬A O +;< ‫ א‬T > ‫א‬, 0J 0‫;ن‬2+ K > ‫ א‬$K, D‫א ول و‬
‫ض‬/@ ‫ ن‬L2i v " K1 ‫و‬,;A‫وא א و‬,‫; <; و‬2 ‫ א ;دאن وא‬X T 5‫ א‬Y ‫ א‬L D . ‫ אن א‬4 ‫ א‬, L5
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Y ‫ و‬+B6> X T < ‫ وא‬T >~ ‫ א‬f>I L ‫ دא‬D (N‫ א ول א‬L5 @ً .‹ ‫;ن‬2> 0 +/+,9‫ و‬J+‫;אز‬
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K‫ ود‬n ‫ وز‬6. ‫ ون א‬. ‫ א‬L5 '6. . ‫ א‬nS = ‫ א < א‬T , - ¤
“ T S‫ و‬0‫= א‬l‫ א ;دאن و و‬O > ;UN‫وא‬
‫ وع‬q ‫ و‬ESIL InternationalF T +;< @> Y ‫ א‬$ ‫ א‬X ENGOF > ;2•‫ א‬B l T -h= ‫' א‬-$
O ECASASF + N‫ א‬7 -.6- . ‫ א‬T ‫א‬, ‫ א‬b ( ‫ و‬0EPRAESAF > + 9 •; =S O X+ 4 ‫ א‬d> . ‫א‬
T -h= ‫' א‬4 mI O 0v ‫ ذ‬7 ‫ و‬K > + O 1;< ‫>` א‬C . ‫ א‬O B4( X2qA 0‫ ون‬D r>( O ! ‫>و‬+

198
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‫ًא‬,‫د‬ $ N T .¦ ‫ א‬$ 39 0 > + O +;< ‫ א‬T > ‫=@> " א‬D‫ و‬+; CD X>$ D O ً # ‫ًא‬,‫; > دو‬2•‫ א‬B l
‫ن‬xA F‫א‬/~‫ א‬P _ 5 ‫"א‬# M9 h= ‫< א‬4=+ 3‫ و‬K $. * M9 _ D . ‫ א‬T -. ‫م א‬ ‚ - G 5' (
L ;- ‫ א‬+; ‫; > א‬2•‫ א‬Bl T -h= ‫"! א‬# ‫ن‬9‫ و‬K $> ;} ‫م‬ ` ‫و‬Z > ;2•‫ א‬Bl T -h= ‫;ن א‬2D
@ D X2 qA " @=D‫ ;غ و‬YD $=2 ‫` و‬ $> ;} L 5 . ‫> ن‬IN‫ א‬£ A O ‫ ;ن‬2D 3 ,‫ د‬Y ‫ א‬L + ‫א‬
K > ›‫( א‬, q ‫=;אن א‬5 'W •;6« w D ;#‫ و‬K $ Q . ‫ א› > א‬T -. ‫ א˜ א‬U9 ‫ دون‬+;< T >
w¤‫ و‬O T n CY ‫ א‬L 5;- ‫אم‬ . ‫ א‬E W 5 -.S3‫ א < א‬d 5 T n CY £ A T + W J1
yt = ‫ א‬w¤; ‫م‬ . D T A C* ' 2q 0 > ; ‫ وא ;ز‬0 > ; ;2 ‫ وא @ א‬0 > ; ; ‡N‫ א‬$-# K ¤ ‫ > א‬+
T n CY # #;S O 0' 2q K ‫;א‬. ‫ _ א‬5 > <D^ ‫> وא‬ @ ‫ > وא‬C+^ ‫ א‬5‫ ;א‬A C4D ‫< א > א‬V‫א‬
T n CY ‫"! א‬# ‫אم‬ . ‫( א‬Z+ 0XA ‫ א‬O‫ و‬K > + N 1;< ‫ א‬œ> = ‫ ل א‬2UN‫ א‬L X2U 1xA †2 D 3 >@¤‫و‬
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K2009 ‫ م‬5 O r S²
r+, . m> ›‫~ א‬, N‫ א‬L 5, A 5; ‚ =A ; # > ‫ >=> א و‬Y ‫ א‬+;< ‫א‬ > *—‫وא? – א‬
7 ‫ ون‬. ‫>;س‬U;@ ;( $ `CK 0E2020 J2010F + q ‫> א‬-=. ‫ א‬C* O K >=>Y ‫ א‬m- ‫א‬
C D ‫ >;س‬U;@ ;( # K >=> Y ‫ א < א‬- r+, . # ‚ q 9 O ‫ج‬, •‫ א‬O >-> . ‫ א‬T Z‫א‬
‫ دل‬4D‫ و‬, 2 N‫ دل א‬4D b +b . ‫ >;س‬U;@ ;( T‫ א‬ƒZ r >D D d. + 0 . A‫ و‬K ‫ وא و‬-> ~z‫ دل א‬4. +; ‫و‬
KT , - ‫ א‬Xp
‫ل‬J * L ‫ >;س‬U;@ ;( # ‚ q 90 ‫ א‬L ) * ‚‫א‬b S O ‫ ; א• ل‬# -( 0 > + O 0d. +
>A;>|9‫ و‬Y ‫ون و‬B 2 ‫ ;א وא‬D;A‫ و‬L= A O ‫ >;س‬U;@ ;( # S;D K +‫ א @ د‬T V‫ א‬m A ‫ ون‬. ‫א‬
K1;A 4i‫; † وز‬D‫; و‬l;D‫ > وא ;دאن و‬+ 9 •;=S‫وא א و‬,‫ و‬+B6> ‫وא < • و‬ ‫ و‬ql ‫ و‬+B4> ‫و(>=> و‬

214
 J W‫ص‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ ‫א‬ W‫د‬ ‫א‬

‫ א < وא‬d D‫† و‬+, D ‫ن‬x qA >5 U >=t‫و‬ > $+ †> ‫ א ول‬7 >‘ ‫ "( ن‬A + V‫وא‬
‚b6( >S X2qA # +;CD d.+ ~ >=>Y ‫ א‬v ‫ ذ‬O © >™ ‫ א‬+;< ‫א‬ > ‫ ن א‬M9 Bq+ } 0 >=>Y ‫א‬
K >= ‫ אن א‬4 ‫ وא‬mY ‫ א‬mA >% = ‫ א‬T ~J ‫ א‬L
T > 2 ‫;) א‬. _ 5 T‫א‬,‫ دو‬d+ D d.+ 0‫ א ل‬X>4 _ 5 K > + N‫ א‬T V‫ א‬O >4 qA >=>Y ‫_ א‬hW
1;A 4i‫ز‬ S ‫ م‬D K‫;م‬t •‫> وא‬ ‫ א‬1 ‫ و‬+ ‫;ش‬4=> >. ‫ و‬A‫و‬B ‫ و‬1;A 4i‫ ز‬T S O >=>Y ‫ < א‬A
K +; ‫س א‬,‫ א א‬O >4=S < ( >=>Y ‫د* ل א < א‬9 M9 Gz A K ‫ د‬$q ‫;) א‬. _.I >=>Y ‫א < א‬
L+" ‫• א‬JC #; ~‫ ‚ و‬p>4 ‫ א‬4 = ‫س א‬,‫א‬ L m. , O >=>Y ‫د* ل א < א‬9 E 0‫ א ل‬X>4 _ 5
m>=>Y ‫ א‬m- ‫ א‬m> D d.+ KT S‫ن و‬9 > + N‫ ن « ود < א‬D9 7 0‫م‬N‫ א‬d$.< +b> ‡z‫( ' א < א‬
) ‫ _ א‬5 m>=>Y ‫ א‬m- ‫ א‬w>j;D XS L 0P N X+;C ‫ _ א ) א‬5 †> ‫ و‬XSN‫ א‬BY~ 5‫س‬ _5
< ‫† א‬+, D ' - I‫ א‬¤ . ‫ وא‬mY ‫ وא‬1;A 4i‫ ز‬mA >% =| ~J5 ‫;د‬S‫ و‬1,‫ و‬p ‫ א‬L ‫;ن‬2> 0X+;C ‫א‬
K >=>Y ‫† א < א‬+, D X-q. +;< ‫ א‬$. > 7> ;D M9 p
“ + 1;A 4i‫ ج ز‬.n. #,‫ و‬A K >=>Y ‫א‬
_ 5 d#‫ و‬K >=>Y ‫ א < א‬O T‫א‬,‫ دو‬01;A 4i‫ ز‬O 0 > ›‫>=> א‬Y ‫ א‬T -. ‫ א‬L , <Y ‫@ ل א‬tN‫ א‬p
u \
L ‫@ د‬. 3‫ א‬d$=2i . A‫ و‬0 > ‫ن ( ' و‬9‫ و‬0 >=>Y ‫ < א‬A ‫ א‬£ A d$+ 0 ~, N‫ א‬d$%‫ א‬h †25
‫ ¡ن‬0 >@ ‫ אض‬lN >=>Y ‫;ن א < א‬- .+ ~, N‫ א‬d h ‫ذא ( ن‬9‫ و‬K < ‫ א‬d D O >=>Y A d$% Ae
K >D‫ א "א‬+;? A d#,; U b+b D XS L v ‫@ ;ن ذ‬+ + X¤ L m>=>Y ‫• א‬JC ‫א‬
;# -( P N ‫ > א = ل‬A +, - . 3‫ א‬A ‫ و‬+, - . 3‫ א‬+;< ‫ א‬T > ‫ א‬F ‡ d>> D ‫ن‬9 W ¤J*
7 ‫ و‬Kr = ;‰ _ 5 +/+,9‫> و‬A;>|9 I oG;D -( 0‫م‬J5z‫ א‬X% ; X> W ‚‫ א‬S9 d.+ 0 ‫ א‬O ,;("
% =|‫ و‬0 $-> D‫ א < و‬,; Y+ $-h - 0 @ . ‫ א‬+;< ‫ א‬T > ‫ א‬m A T J.*3‫ א‬L dl ‫ _ א‬5 0v ‫ذ‬
T< ‫ د א‬. ‫ א‬T -. ‫ א‬O 0‫ אد‬N‫ א‬mA ‫=;ع‬. ‫"א א‬# X +;< ‫ א‬T > ‫ א‬PS‫;א‬D K | } ‫ ق‬CA < ‫א‬
‫ ن‬0X@ M9 _ 5 L ‫;ن‬2D =5 ¤ * 0 +;< ‫א‬ > ‫ض א‬/@D Kd#‫د و‬ ‫ אد‬N‫ א‬mA >6$= ‫^ א‬. D
‫ א‬T3 •‫ ¡ن א‬0v ‫ _ ذ‬5 ‫و‬J5 Kdh.= ‫ אد‬N‫ א‬mA –J.*3‫ و ن א‬.A |‫و‬ 6. >~ ‫ א‬T 5 -V‫א‬
X$ ‫ א‬N A †> $=>A XY@ ‫ א‬X Ÿ S,‫ د‬M9 > + N‫ א‬T < ‫ א‬£ A ' ‫> ~ د‬+ OT< ‫ د א‬. ‫א‬
‫ م‬5 ‫ و‬F ‡ d>> D d.+ v " K +,; œ% . 7~;.+‫• و‬+, . ‫ א‬7 ,;4¤ Bl > + 9 O 1;< ‫>` א‬C . ‫א‬
> 2Uz‫> א‬4C ‫ א‬E377 W2008F 13;2> oG;+ K > ~‫ وא‬Bl >= ‫ ز‬tN ً ‫ > و‬+ 9 O 1;< ‫>` א‬C . ‫א‬
h• †> G •‫ ‘א‬Wv ‫ _ ذ‬5 y> . ‫= א‬5 ~;. ‫ א‬œ% .= ‫ א‬y> W XS L ¤ ‫ א‬w~‫ _ א ;א‬5 r <.
K'y C ‫ א‬O U 4 ‫ = א‬4 . X* +‫ و‬G ‫( א‬, q _ 5 H \ P 9 K,;45 ‫ ن‬2 ‫ و‬0 Y * ‫و‬b

215
 > + O > > ; ;2 ‫א‬ A ‫; ; > > و‬2 ‫ א‬+;< ‫ א‬T > ‫א‬

Wš ‫ وא?;א‬T3 Iz‫ א‬-

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