sudah

Indonesian

Alternative forms

• udah (colloquial)
• dah (colloquial)

Etymology

From Malay sudah, borrowed from Sanskrit शुद्ध (śuddha).

Pronunciation

• (Standard Indonesian) IPA^(key): /ˈsudah/ [ˈsu.dah]
• Rhymes: -udah
• Syllabification: su‧dah

Verb

sudah

1. perfective aspect, indicating that the process has been accomplished.

   Sudah berapa lama kamu belajar bahasa indonesia?

   How long have you been learning Indonesian?

Usage notes

Sudah is often translated as already in Indonesian and Malay language textbooks to convey its meaning in the languages which express perfective aspect through inflection.

Derived terms

Affixed terms and other derivations

Regular affixed derivations:

• kesudahan [abstract / locative] (ke-an)
• sudah-sudah [reduplication] (redup)
• sesudah [comparability] (se-)

Irregular affixed derivations, other derivations and compound words:

• sesudahnya
• berkesudahan
• menyudahi

See also

• belum
• telah
• telanjur

Further reading

• “sudah” in Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia, Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation – Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology of the Republic of Indonesia, 2016.

Malay

Alternative forms

• da (slang)
• dah (slang)

Etymology

Borrowed from Sanskrit शुद्ध (śuddha).

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /sudah/
• Rhymes: -udah, -dah, -ah

Adjective

sudah (Jawi spelling سوده)

1. done, finished, completed
2. enough, sufficient

Adverb

sudah (Jawi spelling سوده)

1. already

   Kamu sudah makan kah?

   Have you eaten yet?

Usage notes

Sudah is often translated as already in Indonesian and Malay language textbooks to convey its meaning in the languages which express perfective aspect through inflection. The word is often shortened to dah in casual speech.

Descendants

• Indonesian: sudah
• ⇒ North Moluccan Malay: so

See also

• telah

Further reading

• “sudah” in Pusat Rujukan Persuratan Melayu | Malay Literary Reference Centre, Kuala Lumpur: Dewan Bahasa dan Pustaka, 2017.