natura

See also: natură, natüra, and nátura

Catalan

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin natūra.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): (Central, Balearic) [nəˈtu.ɾə]
• IPA^(key): (Valencia) [naˈtu.ɾa]

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -uɾa

Noun

natura f (plural natures)

1. nature

Related terms

• natural

Further reading

• “natura” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.

Esperanto

Etymology

From naturo +‎ -a.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): [naˈtura]

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ura
• Hyphenation: na‧tu‧ra

Adjective

natura (accusative singular naturan, plural naturaj, accusative plural naturajn)

1. natural

   Antonyms: kontraŭnatura, nenatura

Galician

Alternative forms

• netura

Etymology

Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese natura, borrowed from Latin nātūra.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /naˈtura̝/

Noun

natura f (plural naturas)

1. vulva of a female mammal
2. nature
3. manner, way
4. essence
5. (archaic) type, kind, lineage

Related terms

• natural
• naturalmente
• natureza

References

• “natura”, in Dicionario da Real Academia Galega (in Galician), A Coruña: Royal Galician Academy, 2012–2024
• Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, Ana Isabel Boullón Agrelo (2006–2022) “natura”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Xavier Varela Barreiro, Xavier Gómez Guinovart (2006–2018) “natura”, in Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: ILG
• Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “natura”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “natura”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
• Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “natura”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN

Italian

Etymology

From Latin nātūra.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /naˈtu.ra/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ura
• Hyphenation: na‧tù‧ra

Noun

natura f (plural nature)

1. nature
2. essence, character

Related terms

• nascere
• natura morta
• naturaccia
• naturale
• naturare
• naturismo
• naturista

 

Ladin

Noun

natura f (plural natures)

1. nature

Ladino

Etymology

From Old Spanish natura, borrowed from Latin nātūra (compare Spanish natura).

Noun

natura f (Latin spelling, Hebrew spelling נאטורה)

1. nature

Related terms

• natural

Latin

Etymology

From nāscor (“be born”) +‎ -tūra.

Pronunciation

• (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /naːˈtuː.ra/, [näːˈt̪uːrä]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /naˈtu.ra/, [näˈt̪uːrä]

Noun

nātūra f (genitive nātūrae); first declension

1. nature, quality, substance or essence of a thing

   Synonyms: habitus, ingenium, character

2. character, temperament, inclination, disposition

   Synonyms: mēns, indolēs, character

3. the natural world
   • Nātūra non facit saltūs

     Nature does not make leaps.

4. penis, organs of generation, the natural parts
   • Apuleius, The Golden Ass, translated P.G. Walsh

     nec ūllum miserae refōrmātiōnis videō sōlācium, nisi quod mihi iam nequeuntī tenēre Photidem nātūra crēscēbat.

     The sole consolation I could see in this wretched transformation was the swelling of my penis - though now I could not embrace Photis.

5. (rare) birth

Declension

First-declension noun.

Case	Singular	Plural
Nominative	nātūra	nātūrae
Genitive	nātūrae	nātūrārum
Dative	nātūrae	nātūrīs
Accusative	nātūram	nātūrās
Ablative	nātūrā	nātūrīs
Vocative	nātūra	nātūrae

Related terms

• nātūrābilis
• nātūrālis
• nātūrālitās
• nātūrāliter

 

Descendants

• Inherited forms meaning 'vagina':
  • Franco-Provençal: [ɲyra], [ˈnɔːra], [ˈɲœːrə]
  • Romansch: nadüra, nadira

Borrowings meaning 'nature':

• → Albanian: natyrë
• → Catalan: natura
• → Irish: nádúr
• → Italian: natura
• → Old French: nature
  • Middle French: nature
    • French: nature
  • → Middle Dutch: nature (see there for further descendants)
  • → Middle English: nature (see there for further descendants)
    • English: nature
• → Old Spanish: natura
  • Ladino: natura (Latin spelling), נאטורה (Hebrew spelling)
  • Spanish: natura
• → Old Galician-Portuguese: natura
  • Galician: natura
• → Polish: natura
• → Portuguese: natura
• → Romanian: natură
• → Romansch: natüra
• → Russian: нату́ра (natúra)
• → Swedish: natur
• → Sicilian: natura

References

• Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002) “nātūra”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch, volumes 7: N–Pas, page 45

Further reading

• “natura”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “natura”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• natura in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• Carl Meißner, Henry William Auden (1894) Latin Phrase-Book‎^[1], London: Macmillan and Co.
  • to die a natural death: debitum naturae reddere (Nep. Reg. 1)
    
  • to devote oneself to the study of a natural science: se conferre ad naturae investigationem
    
  • innate goodness, kindness: naturae bonitas (Off. 1. 32. 118)
    
  • natural advantages: naturae bona
    
  • (ambiguous) creation; nature: rerum natura or simply natura
    
  • (ambiguous) climate: caelum or natura caeli
    
  • (ambiguous) the natural position of a place: natura loci
    
  • (ambiguous) natural gifts: natura et ingenium
    
  • (ambiguous) to do a thing which is not one's vocation, which goes against the grain: adversante et repugnante natura or invitā Minervā (ut aiunt) aliquid facere (Off. 1. 31. 110)
    
  • (ambiguous) to have a natural propensity to vice: natura proclivem esse ad vitia
    
  • (ambiguous) character: natura et mores; vita moresque; indoles animi ingeniique; or simply ingenium, indoles, natura, mores
    
  • (ambiguous) Nature has implanted in all men the idea of a God: natura in omnium animis notionem dei impressit (N. D. 1. 16. 43)
    
  • (ambiguous) to reconnoitre the ground: loca, regiones, loci naturam explorare
    
  • (ambiguous) a town with a strong natural position: oppidum natura loci munitum (B. G. 1. 38)
    
• “natura”, in William Smith et al., editor (1890), A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities, London: William Wayte. G. E. Marindin

Maltese

Etymology

Borrowed from Italian natura.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /naˈtuː.ra/

Noun

natura f (plural naturi)

1. nature
2. disposition
3. (euphemistic) genitals

Related terms

• natural
• naturalezza (naturalizza)
• naturali
• naturalista
• naturalistiku
• naturaliżmu
• naturalizzazzjoni
• naturalment
• nnaturalizza (naturalizza)

 

Old Galician-Portuguese

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin nātūra. Compare Old Spanish and Old Occitan natura.

Noun

natura f (plural naturas)

1. nature, essence (essential characteristics)

   Synonym: natureza

2. lineage

Related terms

• irmão (through PIE)
• nacença
• nacer
• nada
• nado
• Natal
• natural
• natureza

 

Descendants

• Galician: natura

Further reading

• Universo Cantigas - "natura"

Old Occitan

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin nātūra.

Noun

natura f (nominative singular natura)

1. nature

Related terms

• natural

Old Spanish

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin nātūra.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /naˈtuɾa/

Noun

natura f (plural naturas)

1. nature, quality
   • c. 1250, Alfonso X, Lapidario, f. 7v:

     […] aquella tierra o son falladas otras piedras de muchas naturas ⁊ muy nobles de que fablaremos adelante en eſte libro […]

     […] that land where other stones with many and very noble natures are found, of which we will speak later in this book […]

   • Idem, f. 45r.

     De natura es fria et ſeca. ⁊ las ſus uertudes son contrarias a ſu natura. […]

     And it is cold and dry in nature, and its virtues are contrary to its nature; […]

2. (anatomy) vulva, female genitals
   • c. 1250, Alfonso X, Lapidario, f. 9r:

     Et aun a otra uertud muy eſtranna. que ſi la molierẽ ⁊ la amaſſaren cõ uino ⁊ fizierẽ della como bellota. ⁊ la puſieren en la natura dela mugier, uieda que no enprenne.

     And it has yet another very strange virtue; that if it were to be ground and mixed with wine and shaped like an acorn, and put inside the vulva of the woman, it would prevent her from not becoming pregnant.

Related terms

• natural

Descendants

• Ladino: natura (Latin spelling), נאטורה (Hebrew spelling)
• Spanish: natura

Piedmontese

Alternative forms

• natüra

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /naˈtyra/

Noun

natura f (plural nature)

1. nature

Polish

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin nātūra.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /naˈtu.ra/

• Audio:

  (file)

• Rhymes: -ura
• Syllabification: na‧tu‧ra

Noun

natura f

1. nature (entirety of the natural world)

   Synonym: przyroda

2. nature (key characteristics of something or something's natural behavior)

   On jest dość miły z natury. ― He's quite nice by nature.

Declension

Declension of natura

	singular
nominative	natura
genitive	natury
dative	naturze
accusative	naturę
instrumental	naturą
locative	naturze
vocative	naturo

Derived terms

adjectives

• antynaturalistyczny
• nadnaturalny
• naturalistyczny
• naturalny
• naturystyczny

 

adverbs

• nadnaturalnie
• naturalistycznie
• naturalnie

 

nouns

• antynaturalizm
• druga natura
• nadnaturalność
• naturalia
• naturalista
• naturalistka
• naturalizacja
• naturalizm
• naturalność
• naturoterapeuta
• naturszczyk
• naturysta
• naturystka
• naturyzm
• prawo natury

 

verbs

• naturalizować
• znaturalizować

 

Further reading

• natura in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
• natura in Polish dictionaries at PWN

Portuguese

Etymology

Learned borrowing from Latin nātūra. Compare Galician and Old Galician-Portuguese natura.

Pronunciation

 

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /naˈtu.ɾɐ/

• (Brazil) IPA^(key): /naˈtu.ɾɐ/
  • (Southern Brazil) IPA^(key): /naˈtu.ɾa/

• (Portugal) IPA^(key): /nɐˈtu.ɾɐ/

Noun

natura f (plural naturas)

1. (poetic) nature

   Synonym: natureza

Derived terms

• contranatura

Spanish

Etymology

Inherited from Old Spanish natura, borrowed from Latin nātūra.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /naˈtuɾa/ [naˈt̪u.ɾa]
• Rhymes: -uɾa
• Syllabification: na‧tu‧ra

Noun

natura f (plural naturas)

1. nature

   Synonym: naturaleza

Verb

natura

1. inflection of naturar:
   1. third-person singular present indicative
   2. second-person singular imperative

Further reading

• “natura”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014

Swedish

Etymology

From Latin in natura, used since the 17th century.

Pronunciation

• Rhymes: -²ʉːra

Noun

natura c (uncountable)

1. in-kind (non-monetary payment), most often used in the adverbial postfix phrase in natura, sometimes i natura, and in compounds

   betalning i natura ― in-kind payment

Usage notes

• The form "i natura," which is only mentioned in SAOB, appears to be more common in practice when comparing "lön i/in natura" and "betalt i/in natura" on Google.
• Often (jocularly) of being paid in sexual favors, especially in the form "betalt i(n) natura."

Related terms

• naturaförmån
• naturahushållning
• naturalön
• naturaväghållning

 

References

• natura in Svensk ordbok (SO)
• natura in Svenska Akademiens ordlista (SAOL)
• natura in Svenska Akademiens ordbok (SAOB)