ler
Danish
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Old Norse leir, from Proto-Germanic *laizą, cognate with Norwegian leir, Swedish ler. Probably from the Indo-European root *h₂leyH- (“to smear”).
Noun
[edit]ler n (singular definite leret, not used in plural form)
Declension
[edit]neuter gender |
Singular | |
---|---|---|
indefinite | definite | |
nominative | ler | leret |
genitive | lers | lerets |
See also
[edit]- “ler” in Den Danske Ordbog
ler on the Danish Wikipedia.Wikipedia da
Etymology 2
[edit]See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Verb
[edit]ler
Galician
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese leer, from Latin legere. Compare Portuguese ler.
Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]ler (first-person singular present leo, first-person singular preterite lín, past participle lido)
ler (first-person singular present leio, first-person singular preterite lim or li, past participle lido, reintegrationist norm)
- to read
Conjugation
[edit]Singular | Plural | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
First-person (eu) |
Second-person (ti) |
Third-person (el / ela / Vde.) |
First-person (nós) |
Second-person (vós) |
Third-person (eles / elas / Vdes.) | |
Infinitive | ||||||
Impersonal | ler | |||||
Personal | ler | leres | ler | lermos | lerdes | leren |
Gerund | ||||||
lendo | ||||||
Past participle | ||||||
Masculine | lido | lidos | ||||
Feminine | lida | lidas | ||||
Indicative | ||||||
Present | leo | les | le | lemos | ledes | len |
Imperfect | lía | lías | lía | liamos | liades | lían |
Preterite | lín | liches | leu | lin | lestes | leron |
Pluperfect | lera | leras | lera | leramos | lerades | leran |
Future | lerei | lerás | lerá | leremos | leredes | lerán |
Conditional | lería | lerías | lería | leriamos | leriades | lerían |
Subjunctive | ||||||
Present | lea | leas | lea | leamos | leades | lean |
Imperfect | lese | leses | lese | lésemos | lésedes | lesen |
Future | ler | leres | ler | lermos | lerdes | leren |
Imperative | ||||||
Affirmative | le | lea | leamos | lede | lean | |
Negative (non) | non leas | non lea | non leamos | non leades | non lean |
1Less recommended.
Related terms
[edit]References
[edit]- Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, Ana Isabel Boullón Agrelo (2006–2022) “leer”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
- Xavier Varela Barreiro, Xavier Gómez Guinovart (2006–2018) “leer”, in Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: ILG
- Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, editor (2006–2013), “ler”, in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega [Dictionary of Dictionaries of the Galician language] (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
- Antón Luís Santamarina Fernández, Ernesto Xosé González Seoane, María Álvarez de la Granja, editors (2003–2018), “ler”, in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega
- Rosario Álvarez Blanco, editor (2014–2024), “ler”, in Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués (in Galician), Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega, →ISSN
Japanese
[edit]Etymology
[edit](This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “whence r?”)
Pronunciation
[edit]Suffix
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]Mirandese
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Verb
[edit]ler
- to read
Norwegian Bokmål
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Verb
[edit]ler
Norwegian Nynorsk
[edit]Verb
[edit]ler
Old Galician-Portuguese
[edit]Alternative forms
[edit]- lez (likely a misspelling)
Etymology
[edit]Unknown. Likely from Proto-Celtic *liros.
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]ler m
- sea, beach, shore
- 13th century, Cancioneiro da Biblioteca Nacional, Nuno Fernandes Torneol, B 645: Vi eu mia madr'andar (facsimile)
- Foy eu madre veer / As barcas eno lez (sic) / E moirome damor
- I went, mother, to see / the boats at the shore, / and I'm dying of love.
- 13th century, Cancioneiro da Biblioteca Nacional, Nuno Fernandes Torneol, B 645: Vi eu mia madr'andar (facsimile)
Usage notes
[edit]- Do not confuse with leer (“to read”).
Old Irish
[edit]Etymology
[edit]From Proto-Celtic *liros, either borrowed from an unknown substrate language or from Proto-Indo-European *leyH-.[1] Cognate with Welsh llŷr.
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]ler m or n (genitive lir)
Inflection
[edit]As a masculine noun meaning "sea, ocean":
Masculine o-stem | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | ler | lerL | lirL |
Vocative | lir | lerL | liruH |
Accusative | lerN | lerL | liruH |
Genitive | lirL | ler | lerN |
Dative | liurL | leraib | leraib |
Initial mutations of a following adjective:
|
As a neuter noun meaning "a lot, large number, multitude":
Neuter o-stem | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singular | Dual | Plural | |
Nominative | lerN | lerN | lerL, lera |
Vocative | lerN | lerN | lerL, lera |
Accusative | lerN | lerN | lerL, lera |
Genitive | lirL | ler | lerN |
Dative | liurL | leraib | leraib |
Initial mutations of a following adjective:
|
Descendants
[edit]Mutation
[edit]Old Irish mutation | ||
---|---|---|
Radical | Lenition | Nasalization |
ler also ller after a proclitic ending in a vowel |
ler pronounced with /l(ʲ)-/ |
unchanged |
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. |
References
[edit]- ^ Matasović, Ranko (2009) “*liro-”, in Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 241
Further reading
[edit]- (sea, ocean): Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “1 ler”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
- (a lot, multitude): Gregory Toner, Sharon Arbuthnot, Máire Ní Mhaonaigh, Marie-Luise Theuerkauf, Dagmar Wodtko, editors (2019), “2 ler”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
Portuguese
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese leer, from Latin legere (“to read”). Compare Galician ler and Spanish leer.
Pronunciation
[edit]
Verb
[edit]ler (first-person singular present leio, first-person singular preterite li, past participle lido)
- to read (to look at and interpret written information)
- to read (to speak aloud written information)
- (computing) to read (to fetch data from)
- (reflexive, of text) to read (to be interpreted or read in a particular way)
Conjugation
[edit]Singular | Plural | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
First-person (eu) |
Second-person (tu) |
Third-person (ele / ela / você) |
First-person (nós) |
Second-person (vós) |
Third-person (eles / elas / vocês) | |
Infinitive | ||||||
Impersonal | ler | |||||
Personal | ler | leres | ler | lermos | lerdes | lerem |
Gerund | ||||||
lendo | ||||||
Past participle | ||||||
Masculine | lido | lidos | ||||
Feminine | lida | lidas | ||||
Indicative | ||||||
Present | leio | lês | lê | lemos | ledes | leem, lêem1 |
Imperfect | lia | lias | lia | líamos | líeis | liam |
Preterite | li | leste | leu | lemos | lestes | leram |
Pluperfect | lera | leras | lera | lêramos | lêreis | leram |
Future | lerei | lerás | lerá | leremos | lereis | lerão |
Conditional | leria | lerias | leria | leríamos | leríeis | leriam |
Subjunctive | ||||||
Present | leia | leias | leia | leiamos | leiais | leiam |
Imperfect | lesse | lesses | lesse | lêssemos | lêsseis | lessem |
Future | ler | leres | ler | lermos | lerdes | lerem |
Imperative | ||||||
Affirmative | lê | leia | leiamos | lede | leiam | |
Negative (não) | não leias | não leia | não leiamos | não leiais | não leiam |
1Superseded.
Quotations
[edit]For quotations using this term, see Citations:ler.
Derived terms
[edit]Related terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]Romansch
[edit]Etymology 1
[edit]From Latin legō, legere.
Verb
[edit]ler
Alternative forms
[edit]Etymology 2
[edit]Verb
[edit]ler
Serbo-Croatian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]lȇr m (Cyrillic spelling ле̑р)
Declension
[edit]References
[edit]- “ler” in Hrvatski jezični portal
Swedish
[edit]Noun
[edit]ler c
- clay; Contraction of lera., in the expression ler och långhalm
Verb
[edit]ler
- present indicative of le
Anagrams
[edit]- Danish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Danish terms derived from Old Norse
- Danish terms inherited from Proto-Germanic
- Danish terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Danish lemmas
- Danish nouns
- Danish neuter nouns
- Danish non-lemma forms
- Danish verb forms
- Galician terms inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese
- Galician terms derived from Old Galician-Portuguese
- Galician terms inherited from Latin
- Galician terms derived from Latin
- Galician terms with IPA pronunciation
- Galician lemmas
- Galician verbs
- Galician verbs ending in -er
- Galician irregular verbs
- Japanese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Japanese lemmas
- Japanese suffixes
- Japanese terms with multiple readings
- Japanese terms written in foreign scripts
- Mirandese terms inherited from Latin
- Mirandese terms derived from Latin
- Mirandese lemmas
- Mirandese verbs
- Norwegian Bokmål terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Norwegian Bokmål/eːr
- Norwegian Bokmål non-lemma forms
- Norwegian Bokmål verb forms
- Norwegian Nynorsk non-lemma forms
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- Old Galician-Portuguese terms with unknown etymologies
- Old Galician-Portuguese terms derived from Proto-Celtic
- Old Galician-Portuguese terms with IPA pronunciation
- Old Galician-Portuguese lemmas
- Old Galician-Portuguese nouns
- Old Galician-Portuguese masculine nouns
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- Old Irish terms inherited from Proto-Celtic
- Old Irish terms derived from Proto-Celtic
- Old Irish terms derived from substrate languages
- Old Irish terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Old Irish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Old Irish lemmas
- Old Irish nouns
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- Old Irish masculine o-stem nouns
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- Portuguese terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
- Portuguese terms derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *leǵ-
- Portuguese terms inherited from Old Galician-Portuguese
- Portuguese terms derived from Old Galician-Portuguese
- Portuguese terms inherited from Latin
- Portuguese terms derived from Latin
- Portuguese 1-syllable words
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- Portuguese 2-syllable words
- Portuguese terms with homophones
- Portuguese lemmas
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- Portuguese verbs ending in -er
- Portuguese irregular verbs
- pt:Computing
- Portuguese reflexive verbs
- Romansch terms inherited from Latin
- Romansch terms derived from Latin
- Romansch lemmas
- Romansch verbs
- Puter Romansch
- Sutsilvan Romansch
- Serbo-Croatian terms derived from German
- Serbo-Croatian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Serbo-Croatian lemmas
- Serbo-Croatian nouns
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- Regional Serbo-Croatian
- sh:Automotive
- Swedish lemmas
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- Swedish contractions
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