król
Kashubian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Slavic *korľь.
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]król m pers (female equivalent królewô, augmentative królëszcze, related adjective królewsczi)
- king (male monarch; a man who heads a monarchy)
Declension
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]- królowac impf
Related terms
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- Stefan Ramułt (1893) “kròl”, in Słownik języka pomorskiego czyli kaszubskiego (in Kashubian), page 80
- Jan Trepczyk (1994) “król”, in Słownik polsko-kaszubski (in Kashubian), volumes 1–2
- Eùgeniusz Gòłąbk (2011) “król”, in Słownik Polsko-Kaszubski / Słowôrz Pòlskò-Kaszëbsczi[1]
- “król”, in Internetowi Słowôrz Kaszëbsczégò Jãzëka [Internet Dictionary of the Kashubian Language], Fundacja Kaszuby, 2022
Masurian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Old Polish król.
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]król m pers (female equivalent królowá, related adjective królewski)
- king (male monarch; a man who heads a monarchy)
- (figuratively) king; champion (winner of a competition)
Derived terms
[edit]- królowacz impf
Further reading
[edit]- Zofia Stamirowska (1987-2024) “król”, in Anna Basara, editor, Słownik gwar Ostródzkiego, Warmii i Mazur, volume 3, Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich Wydawnictwo Polskiej Akademii Nauk, →ISBN, pages 337-338
Old Polish
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Slavic *korľь. First attested in c. 1300–1350.
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]król m animacy unattested (female equivalent królowa, diminutive królik, related adjective królewski or królowy)
- (attested in Lesser Poland) king (male monarch; a man who heads a monarchy)
- c. 1301-1350, Kazania świętokrzyskie[2], Miechów, page ar 2:
- [Mowi krol pogań]sky do crola Ezehiasa, crola zidouskego
- [[Mówi król pogań]ski do króla Ezechyjasza, króla żydowskiego]
- (figuratively, attested in Lesser Poland) God
- c. 1301-1350, Kazania świętokrzyskie[3], Miechów, page ar 1:
- Slaua crola usemogøcego
- [Sława króla wszemogącego]
- substitute king
- Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa[4], page 757:
- I kazal krol Pylat vnydz mylemv Iesucristovy vtore
- [I kazał król Piłat wnić miłemu Jesukrystowi wtóre]
- leader
- Middle of the 15th century, Rozmyślanie o żywocie Pana Jezusa[5], page 114:
- Tez za Yordanem, rzeka, yeden Symon, yen byl sluga krolyesky *chy prze mąstwo yego zyvota od zboyecz vybran krolyem (a latronibus rex creatus est). Pastuschy na granyczach zyemye israelskey yednego począstnego pastucha vstavyly krolyem (regem sibi statuerant)
- [Też za Jordanem rzeką, jeden Szymon, jen był z sług[a] kroleskich[y] prze męstwo jego żywota od zbojec wybran królem (a latronibus rex creatus est). Pastuszy na granicach ziemie israelskiej jednego poczestnego pastucha ustawili królem (regem sibi statuerant)]
- rabbit (mammal of the family Leporidae, with long ears, long hind legs, and a short, fluffy tail)
- 1900 [1472], Józef Rostafiński, editor, Symbola ad historiam naturalem medii aevi = Średniowieczna historya naturalna w Polsce. Ps 2[6], number 1869:
- Krol rex herbarum
- [Król rex herbarum]
Derived terms
[edit]- królować impf
Related terms
[edit]Descendants
[edit]References
[edit]- Boryś, Wiesław (2005) “król”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN
- Sławski, Franciszek (1958-1965) “król”, in Jan Safarewicz, Andrzej Siudut, editors, Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego [Etymological dictionary of the Polish language] (in Polish), Kraków: Towarzystwo Miłośników Języka Polskiego
- Mańczak, Witold (2017) “król”, in Polski słownik etymologiczny (in Polish), Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności, →ISBN
- Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “król”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego [Etymological Dictionary of the Polish Language] (in Polish)
- B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “król”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego [Conceptual Dictionary of Old Polish] (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN
Polish
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Old Polish król. Sense 2, sense 3, and sense 4 and are an internationalism semantic loan; compare English king, French roi and German König. Doublet of Karol.
Pronunciation
[edit]- IPA(key): /krul/
Audio 1: (file) Audio 2: (file) - Rhymes: -ul
- Syllabification: król
- Homophones: Król, krul, Krul
Noun
[edit]król m pers (female equivalent królowa, diminutive (derogatory) królik, augmentative królisko, related adjective królewski)
- king (male monarch; a man who heads a monarchy)
- king (person that is the best within a given group)
- king (tycoon or magnate of a particular industry)
- Synonym: potentat
- (obsolete) a term of endearment for a romantic partner
- (obsolete) bridegroom
- Synonym: pan młody
- (Middle Polish) character of a comedy
- (Middle Polish) The meaning of this term is uncertain.
- 1511-1540, Metryka Koronna[7], page 46/47:
- y też vtakowich rzeczach do wyegierſkyey ziemye krolya ſtarſſego wmeſiaſſowey wyerze Janvſch krolya poſlalem ſwoy wielky liſth.
- [i też w takowych rzeczach do wiegierskiej ziemie króla starszego wmesiaszowey wierze Janusz króla posłałem swój wielki list.]
- (Middle Polish) The meaning of this term is uncertain.
- (Middle Polish, beekeeping) queen bee
- Synonym: królowa
- (Middle Polish) The meaning of this term is uncertain. Possibilities include:
Declension
[edit]Noun
[edit]król m animal
- king (thing that is the best within a given group)
- (chess) king (principal chess piece, that players seek to threaten with unavoidable capture to result in a victory by checkmate)
- (card games) king (playing card with the letter "K" and the image of a king on it, the thirteenth card in a given suit)
- król karo ― king of diamonds
- król kier ― king of hearts
- król pik ― king of spades
- król trefl ― king of clubs
- (bowling) king (central pin or skittle in bowling games)
- (colloquial) Augmentative of królik.
- (obsolete, building) main column of a tent or tower
- (obsolete, card games) a type of card game
- (obsolete, children's games) a type of children's ball game.
- (obsolete, engineering) bevel shaft in a smock mill
- Synonym: wałek królewski
Declension
[edit]Derived terms
[edit]See also
[edit]Chess pieces in Polish · bierki szachowe (layout · text) | |||||
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król | hetman, królowa, królówka, dama | wieża | goniec, laufer, giermek | skoczek, koń, konik | pion, pionek |
Playing cards in Polish · karty do gry (layout · text) | ||||||
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as | dwójka | trójka | czwórka | piątka | szóstka | siódemka |
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ósemka | dziewiątka | dziesiątka | walet | dama | król | dżoker |
Trivia
[edit]According to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), król is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 27 times in scientific texts, 8 times in news, 0 times in essays, 19 times in fiction, and 25 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 79 times, making it the 815th most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.[1]
References
[edit]Further reading
[edit]- król in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
- król in Polish dictionaries at PWN
- Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “król”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku [A Dictionary of 16th Century Polish]
- “KRÓL”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku [Electronic Dictionary of the Polish Language of the XVII and XVIII Century], 28.06.2016
- Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “król”, in Słownik języka polskiego
- Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “król”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
- J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1902), “król”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 2, Warsaw, page 566
Slovincian
[edit]Etymology
[edit]Inherited from Proto-Slavic *korľь.
Pronunciation
[edit]Noun
[edit]król m pers
- king
- A type rare fish, with only one specimen having been caught. (Is there an English equivalent to this definition?)
References
[edit]- Lorentz, Friedrich (1908) “krȯ́u̯l”, in Slovinzisches Wörterbuch[9] (in German), volume 1, Saint Petersburg: ОРЯС ИАН, page 493
- Kashubian terms derived from Old High German
- Kashubian terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Kashubian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Kashubian terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Kashubian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Kashubian/ol
- Rhymes:Kashubian/ol/1 syllable
- Kashubian lemmas
- Kashubian nouns
- Kashubian masculine nouns
- Kashubian personal nouns
- csb:Heads of state
- csb:Male people
- csb:Monarchy
- csb:Nobility
- Masurian terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Masurian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Masurian terms derived from Old High German
- Masurian terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Masurian terms inherited from Old Polish
- Masurian terms derived from Old Polish
- Masurian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Masurian/ol
- Rhymes:Masurian/ol/1 syllable
- Masurian lemmas
- Masurian nouns
- Masurian masculine nouns
- Masurian personal nouns
- zlw-mas:Heads of state
- zlw-mas:Male people
- zlw-mas:Monarchy
- zlw-mas:Nobility
- Old Polish terms derived from Old High German
- Old Polish terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Old Polish terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Old Polish terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Old Polish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Old Polish lemmas
- Old Polish nouns
- Old Polish masculine nouns
- Lesser Poland Old Polish
- Old Polish terms with quotations
- zlw-opl:Heads of state
- zlw-opl:Male people
- zlw-opl:Monarchy
- zlw-opl:Nobility
- zlw-opl:Rabbits
- Polish terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Polish terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Polish terms derived from Old High German
- Polish terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Polish terms inherited from Old Polish
- Polish terms derived from Old Polish
- Polish internationalisms
- Polish doublets
- Polish 1-syllable words
- Polish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Polish terms with audio links
- Rhymes:Polish/ul
- Rhymes:Polish/ul/1 syllable
- Polish terms with homophones
- Polish lemmas
- Polish nouns
- Polish masculine nouns
- Polish personal nouns
- Polish terms with obsolete senses
- Middle Polish
- Polish terms with uncertain meaning
- Polish terms with quotations
- pl:Beekeeping
- Polish animal nouns
- pl:Chess
- pl:Card games
- Polish terms with collocations
- pl:Bowling
- Polish colloquialisms
- Polish augmentative nouns
- pl:Children's games
- pl:Engineering
- Polish semantic loans
- pl:Ball games
- pl:Heads of state
- pl:Male animals
- pl:Male people
- pl:Monarchy
- pl:Nobility
- pl:Rabbits
- Slovincian terms derived from Old High German
- Slovincian terms derived from Proto-Germanic
- Slovincian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Slovincian terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Slovincian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Slovincian/krol
- Rhymes:Slovincian/krol/1 syllable
- Slovincian lemmas
- Slovincian nouns
- Slovincian masculine nouns
- Slovincian personal nouns
- zlw-slv:Fish
- zlw-slv:Heads of state
- zlw-slv:Male people
- zlw-slv:Monarchy
- zlw-slv:Nobility