-ua

See also: Appendix:Variations of "ua"

Finnish

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *-udak, from Proto-Uralic *-w-. Cognates include Estonian -uma/-uda.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /-uɑˣ/, [-uɑ̝(ʔ)]

Suffix

-ua (front vowel harmony variant -yä, stem -u-, linguistic notation -U- or -UA)

1. Forms passive (including stative) or translative (including inchoative) intransitive verbs from transitive verbs.

   ‎nähdä (“to see”) + ‎-ua → ‎näkyä (“to be visible”)

   ‎kastaa (“to dip, make wet”) + ‎-ua → ‎kastua (“to become wet”)

Conjugation

Inflection of -ua (Kotus type 52/sanoa, no gradation)
indicative mood
present tense				perfect
person		positive	negative	person	positive	negative
1st sing.		-un	en -u	1st sing.	olen -unut	en ole -unut
2nd sing.		-ut	et -u	2nd sing.	olet -unut	et ole -unut
3rd sing.		-uu	ei -u	3rd sing.	on -unut	ei ole -unut
1st plur.		-umme	emme -u	1st plur.	olemme -uneet	emme ole -uneet
2nd plur.		-utte	ette -u	2nd plur.	olette -uneet	ette ole -uneet
3rd plur.		-uvat	eivät -u	3rd plur.	ovat -uneet	eivät ole -uneet
passive		-utaan	ei -uta	passive	on -uttu	ei ole -uttu
past tense				pluperfect
person		positive	negative	person	positive	negative
1st sing.		-uin	en -unut	1st sing.	olin -unut	en ollut -unut
2nd sing.		-uit	et -unut	2nd sing.	olit -unut	et ollut -unut
3rd sing.		-ui	ei -unut	3rd sing.	oli -unut	ei ollut -unut
1st plur.		-uimme	emme -uneet	1st plur.	olimme -uneet	emme olleet -uneet
2nd plur.		-uitte	ette -uneet	2nd plur.	olitte -uneet	ette olleet -uneet
3rd plur.		-uivat	eivät -uneet	3rd plur.	olivat -uneet	eivät olleet -uneet
passive		-uttiin	ei -uttu	passive	oli -uttu	ei ollut -uttu
conditional mood
present				perfect
person		positive	negative	person	positive	negative
1st sing.		-uisin	en -uisi	1st sing.	olisin -unut	en olisi -unut
2nd sing.		-uisit	et -uisi	2nd sing.	olisit -unut	et olisi -unut
3rd sing.		-uisi	ei -uisi	3rd sing.	olisi -unut	ei olisi -unut
1st plur.		-uisimme	emme -uisi	1st plur.	olisimme -uneet	emme olisi -uneet
2nd plur.		-uisitte	ette -uisi	2nd plur.	olisitte -uneet	ette olisi -uneet
3rd plur.		-uisivat	eivät -uisi	3rd plur.	olisivat -uneet	eivät olisi -uneet
passive		-uttaisiin	ei -uttaisi	passive	olisi -uttu	ei olisi -uttu
imperative mood
present				perfect
person		positive	negative	person	positive	negative
1st sing.		—	—	1st sing.	—	—
2nd sing.		-u	älä -u	2nd sing.	—	—
3rd sing.		-ukoon	älköön -uko	3rd sing.	olkoon -unut	älköön olko -unut
1st plur.		-ukaamme	älkäämme -uko	1st plur.	—	—
2nd plur.		-ukaa	älkää -uko	2nd plur.	—	—
3rd plur.		-ukoot	älkööt -uko	3rd plur.	olkoot -uneet	älkööt olko -uneet
passive		-uttakoon	älköön -uttako	passive	olkoon -uttu	älköön olko -uttu
potential mood
present				perfect
person		positive	negative	person	positive	negative
1st sing.		-unen	en -une	1st sing.	lienen -unut	en liene -unut
2nd sing.		-unet	et -une	2nd sing.	lienet -unut	et liene -unut
3rd sing.		-unee	ei -une	3rd sing.	lienee -unut	ei liene -unut
1st plur.		-unemme	emme -une	1st plur.	lienemme -uneet	emme liene -uneet
2nd plur.		-unette	ette -une	2nd plur.	lienette -uneet	ette liene -uneet
3rd plur.		-unevat	eivät -une	3rd plur.	lienevät -uneet	eivät liene -uneet
passive		-uttaneen	ei -uttane	passive	lienee -uttu	ei liene -uttu
Nominal forms
infinitives				participles
		active	passive		active	passive
1st		-ua		present	-uva	-uttava
long 1st1		Possessive forms Person sing. plur. 1st -uakseni -uaksemme 2nd -uaksesi -uaksenne 3rd -uakseen -uaksensa		past	-unut	-uttu
2nd	inessive2	-uessa	-uttaessa	agent4	-uma
		Possessive forms Person sing. plur. 1st -uessani -uessamme 2nd -uessasi -uessanne 3rd -uessaan -uessansa		negative	-umaton
	instructive	-uen	—	1) Used only with a possessive suffix. 2) Usually with a possessive suffix (active only). 3) Some uses of the verbal noun are called the 'fourth infinitive' by certain sources (more details). 4) Usually with a possessive suffix. Not used with intransitive verbs. Distinct from nouns with the -ma suffix and third infinitive forms.
3rd	inessive	-umassa	—
	elative	-umasta	—
	illative	-umaan	—
	adessive	-umalla	—
	abessive	-umatta	—
	instructive	-uman	-uttaman
4th3	verbal noun	-uminen
5th1		Possessive forms Person sing. plur. 1st -umaisillani -umaisillamme 2nd -umaisillasi -umaisillanne 3rd -umaisillaan -umaisillansa

Note that if the stem has gradation, it is (almost always) preserved.

Derived terms

Finnish terms suffixed with -ua

• -uma
• -uttaa
• -utua
• -Vntua

 

References

• Räisänen, Alpo. 1988. Suomen kielen u-johtimiset verbit. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. →ISBN

Anagrams

• au

Ingrian

Etymology

From Proto-Finnic *-udak. Cognates include Finnish -ua and Karelian -uo.

Pronunciation

• (Ala-Laukaa) IPA^(key): /-uɑ/, [-uɑ]
• (Soikkola) IPA^(key): /-uɑ/, [-uɑ]

Suffix

-ua (front vowel variant -yä)

1. Used to form inchoative verbs.

   ‎nähä (“to see”) + ‎-ua → ‎näkkyä (“to be visible”)

Conjugation

Conjugation of -ua (type 1/ampua, no gradation)
Indikativa
Preesens			Perfekta
	positive	negative		positive	negative
1st singular	-un	en -u	1st singular	oon -unt, oon -unut	en oo -unt, en oo -unut
2nd singular	-ut	et -u	2nd singular	oot -unt, oot -unut	et oo -unt, et oo -unut
3rd singular	-uu	ei -u	3rd singular	ono -unt, ono -unut	ei oo -unt, ei oo -unut
1st plural	-umma	emmä -u	1st plural	oomma -uneet	emmä oo -uneet
2nd plural	-utta	että -u	2nd plural	ootta -uneet	että oo -uneet
3rd plural	-uut1), -uvat2), -utaa	evät -u, ei -uta	3rd plural	ovat -uneet	evät oo -uneet, ei oo -uttu
impersonal	-utaa	ei -uta	impersonal	ono -uttu	ei oo -uttu
Imperfekta			Pluskvamperfekta
	positive	negative		positive	negative
1st singular	-uin	en -unt, en -unut	1st singular	olin -unt, olin -unut	en olt -unt, en olt -unut
2nd singular	-uit	et -unt, et -unut	2nd singular	olit -unt, olit -unut	et olt -unt, et olt -unut
3rd singular	-ui	ei -unt, ei -unut	3rd singular	oli -unt, oli -unut	ei olt -unt, ei olt -unut
1st plural	-uimma	emmä -uneet	1st plural	olimma -uneet	emmä olleet -uneet
2nd plural	-uitta	että -uneet	2nd plural	olitta -uneet	että olleet -uneet
3rd plural	-uit1), -uivat2), -uttii	evät -uneet, ei -uttu	3rd plural	olivat -uneet	evät olleet -uneet, ei olt -uttu
impersonal	-uttii	ei -uttu	impersonal	oli -uttu	ei olt -uttu
Konditsionala
Preesens			Perfekta
	positive	negative		positive	negative
1st singular	-uisin	en -uis	1st singular	olisin -unt, olisin -unut	en olis -unt, en olis -unut
2nd singular	-uisit, -uist1)	et -uis	2nd singular	olisit -unt, olisit -unut	et olis -unt, et olis -unut
3rd singular	-uis	ei -uis	3rd singular	olis -unt, olis -unut	ei olis -unt, ei olis -unut
1st plural	-uisimma	emmä -uis	1st plural	olisimma -uneet	emmä olis -uneet
2nd plural	-uisitta	että -uis	2nd plural	olisitta -uneet	että olis -uneet
3rd plural	-uisiit1), -uisivat2), -uttais	evät -uis, ei -uttais	3rd plural	olisivat -uneet	evät olis -uneet, ei olis -uttu
impersonal	-uttais	ei -uttais	impersonal	olis -uttu	ei olis -uttu
Imperativa
Preesens			Perfekta
	positive	negative		positive	negative
1st singular	—	—	1st singular	—	—
2nd singular	-u	elä -u	2nd singular	oo -unt, oo -unut	elä oo -unt, elä oo -unut
3rd singular	-ukoo	elköö -uko	3rd singular	olkoo -unt, olkoo -unut	elköö olko -unt, elköö olko -unut
1st plural	—	—	1st plural	—	—
2nd plural	-ukaa	elkää -uko	2nd plural	olkaa -uneet	elkää olko -uneet
3rd plural	-ukoot	elkööt -uko, elköö -uttako	3rd plural	olkoot -uneet	elkööt olko -uneet, elköö olko -uttu
impersonal	-uttakkoo	elköö -uttako	impersonal	olkoo -uttu	elköö olko -uttu
Potentsiala
Preesens
	positive	negative
1st singular	-unen	en -une
2nd singular	-unet	et -une
3rd singular	-unoo	ei -une
1st plural	-unemma	emmä -une
2nd plural	-unetta	että -une
3rd plural	-unoot	evät -une, ei -uttane
impersonal	-uttannoo	ei -uttane
Nominal forms
Infinitivat			Partisipat
				active	passive
1st		-ua	present	-uva	-uttava
2nd	inessive	-ujees	past	-unt, -unut	-uttu
	instructive	-uen	1) Chiefly in the Soikkola dialect. 2) Chiefly in the Ala-Laukaa dialect. *) For the imperative, the 2nd plural (-ukaa) may be used for the 3rd person as well. **) The interrogative is formed by adding the suffix -k (-ka?/-kä?) to the indicative ***) The deliberative is formed by adding the suffix -k (-ka?/-kä?) or -kse to either the indicative or the potential ****) In folk poetry, a long first infinitive can be formed by adding the suffix -kse-, followed by possessive suffixes, to the first infinitive. Note that sometimes gemination may be undone by this addition.
3rd	illative	-umaa
	inessive	-umaas
	elative	-umast
	abessive	-umata
4th	nominative	-umiin
	partitive	-umista, -umist

Derived terms

Ingrian terms suffixed with -ua

Latin

Pronunciation

• -ua: (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /u.a/, [uä]
• -ua: (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /u.a/, [uä] (stress falls on the antepenult)
• -ua: (Classical Latin, in ⟨-qua⟩) IPA^(key): /kʷa/, [kʷä]
• -ua: (Classical Latin, in ⟨-qua⟩) IPA^(key): /kwa/, [kwä] (stress falls in accordance with the paenultima law)
• -uā: (Classical Latin) IPA^(key): /u.aː/, [uäː]
• -uā: (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /u.a/, [uä] (stress falls on the antepenult)
• -uā: (Classical Latin, in ⟨-quā⟩) IPA^(key): /kʷaː/, [kʷäː]
• -uā: (Classical Latin, in ⟨-quā⟩) IPA^(key): /kwa/, [kwä] (stress falls in accordance with the paenultima law)

Suffix

-ua

1. inflection of -uus:
   1. nominative/vocative feminine singular
   2. nominative/accusative/vocative neuter plural

Suffix

-uā

1. ablative feminine singular of -uus

Romanian

Alternative forms

• -a — used for feminine nouns in the nominative and plural cases which do not end in a stressed vowel or diphthong

Etymology

Inherited from Latin illa.

Pronunciation

• IPA^(key): /wa/

Suffix

-ua f

1. variant of -a

   the (definite article)

Usage notes

• This form of the definite article is used for feminine nouns in the nominative and accusative cases which end in a stressed vowel or diphthong:

  basmaua, from basma, fem.

  cafeaua, from cafea, fem.

  steaua, from stea, fem.

• Monosyllables ending in vowels also take this suffix:

  ziua, from zi, fem.

Swahili

Suffix

-ua (mid vowel harmony variant -oa)

1. (nonproductive) conversive suffix; reverses the meaning of the verb

   ‎-funga (“to close”) + ‎-ua → ‎-fungua (“to open”)

   ‎-choma (“to pierce”) + ‎-oa → ‎-chomoa (“to draw out”)

Derived terms

Swahili terms suffixed with -ua

• Swahili conversive verbs