-to

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See also: Appendix:Variations of "to"

Afar

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Pronunciation

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Suffix

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-tó

  1. Form of -ytó used after nouns ending in consonants.

Declension

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Declension of -tó
absolutive -tó
predicative -tó
subjective -tó
genitive -tó
Postpositioned forms
l-case -tól
k-case -tók
t-case -tót
h-case -tóh

References

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  • E. M. Parker, R. J. Hayward (1985) An Afar-English-French dictionary (with Grammatical Notes in English), University of London, →ISBN, page 228
  • Mohamed Hassan Kamil (2015) L’afar: description grammaticale d’une langue couchitique (Djibouti, Erythrée et Ethiopie)‎[1], Paris: Université Sorbonne Paris Cité (doctoral thesis)

Basque

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Etymology 1

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Unknown, probably attested in Aquitanian *nescato.[1]

Suffix

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-to

  1. Diminutive suffix.
  2. (rare, non-productive) Augmentative suffix.
Derived terms
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Basque terms suffixed with -to

Etymology 2

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Unknown.[2]

Suffix

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-to

  1. (Biscayan) Forms adverbs from adjectives.
    Synonym: -ki
Derived terms
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Basque terms suffixed with -to

References

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  1. ^ “-to [1]” in Etymological Dictionary of Basque by R. L. Trask, sussex.ac.uk
  2. ^ “-to [2]” in Etymological Dictionary of Basque by R. L. Trask, sussex.ac.uk

Further reading

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  • “-to” in Labayru Hiztegia

Chuukese

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Suffix

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-to

  1. here; used to modify verb direction

Ingrian

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Etymology

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Borrowed from Russian -то (-to).

Pronunciation

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Particle

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-to

  1. Used to give contrastive emphasis to a preceding word.
    Miä veel en tohi viinaa ostaa, miul-to ono vaa viistoist vootta!
    I'm not allowed to buy alcohol yet, I am still fifteen years old, after all!

References

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  • Elena Markus (2022) “Diskursusepartiklid isuri keele Soikkola murdes”, in Keel ja kirjandus, page 86

Kalo Finnish Romani

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Suffix

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-to

  1. Used to form ordinal numbers.

Usage notes

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The first two ordinal numbers have irregular forms in addition to the regular forms, iekto and duito: vaaguno and vauro. The third and fourth are somewhat irregular: tritto and startto instead of the expected *triinto and *staarto.

Latin

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The Tea room(+) is discussing this entry at the moment.
Please come along and share your opinions on this and the other topics being discussed there. The user who started this topic summarised the issue as: “I think saying t-starting suffixes are in latin added to the supine form is inherently wrong, see also Wiktionary:Etymology scriptorium at 'Latin cursim, passim, sparsim, etc.' ”

Etymology 1

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Likely originally denominatives in -ō formed from the past participle.

Suffix

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-tō (present infinitive -tāre, perfect active -tāvī, supine -tātum); first conjugation

  1. Forms frequentative verbs from existing verbs. In Latin, this means repeated or intense action.[1] For examples, see here.
Usage notes
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The suffix uses the past participle/supine stem as the base, see the usage notes at -tus for more. It is not used for first conjugation verbs, the variant -itō appears there instead.

Conjugation
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   Conjugation of -tō (first conjugation)
indicative singular plural
first second third first second third
active present -tō -tās -tat -tāmus -tātis -tant
imperfect -tābam -tābās -tābat -tābāmus -tābātis -tābant
future -tābō -tābis -tābit -tābimus -tābitis -tābunt
perfect -tāvī -tāvistī -tāvit -tāvimus -tāvistis -tāvērunt,
-tāvēre
pluperfect -tāveram -tāverās -tāverat -tāverāmus -tāverātis -tāverant
future perfect -tāverō -tāveris -tāverit -tāverimus -tāveritis -tāverint
sigmatic future1 -tāssō -tāssis -tāssit -tāssimus -tāssitis -tāssint
passive present -tor -tāris,
-tāre 		-tātur -tāmur -tāminī -tantur
imperfect -tābar -tābāris,
-tābāre 		-tābātur -tābāmur -tābāminī -tābantur
future -tābor -tāberis,
-tābere 		-tābitur -tābimur -tābiminī -tābuntur
perfect -tātus + present active indicative of sum
pluperfect -tātus + imperfect active indicative of sum
future perfect -tātus + future active indicative of sum
sigmatic future1 -tāssor -tāsseris -tāssitur — — —
subjunctive singular plural
first second third first second third
active present -tem -tēs -tet -tēmus -tētis -tent
imperfect -tārem -tārēs -tāret -tārēmus -tārētis -tārent
perfect -tāverim -tāverīs -tāverit -tāverīmus -tāverītis -tāverint
pluperfect -tāvissem -tāvissēs -tāvisset -tāvissēmus -tāvissētis -tāvissent
sigmatic aorist1 -tāssim -tāssīs -tāssīt -tāssīmus -tāssītis -tāssint
passive present -ter -tēris,
-tēre 		-tētur -tēmur -tēminī -tentur
imperfect -tārer -tārēris,
-tārēre 		-tārētur -tārēmur -tārēminī -tārentur
perfect -tātus + present active subjunctive of sum
pluperfect -tātus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum
imperative singular plural
first second third first second third
active present — -tā — — -tāte —
future — -tātō -tātō — -tātōte -tantō
passive present — -tāre — — -tāminī —
future — -tātor -tātor — — -tantor
non-finite forms active passive
present perfect future present perfect future
infinitives -tāre -tāvisse -tātūrum esse -tārī,
-tārier2 		-tātum esse -tātum īrī
participles -tāns — -tātūrus — -tātus -tandus
verbal nouns gerund supine
genitive dative accusative ablative accusative ablative
-tandī -tandō -tandum -tandō -tātum -tātū

1At least one use of the archaic "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to"). It is also attested as having a rare sigmatic future passive indicative form ("will have been"), which is not attested in the plural for any verb.
2The present passive infinitive in -ier is a rare poetic form which is attested.

Derived terms
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Latin terms suffixed with -to

Etymology 2

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See the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.

Suffix

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-tō

  1. masculine/neuter dative/ablative singular of -tus

References

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  1. ^ B. L. Gildersleeve and Gonzalez Lodge (1895), Gildersleeve's Latin Grammar, §191 A.

Taos

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Pronunciation

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Postposition

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-to

  1. in, within, on, at
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Ye'kwana

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Etymology 1

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Alternative forms

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  • -cho (allomorph after i)

Pronunciation

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Suffix

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-to

  1. Forms the plural of nonpast tenses.
  2. Forms the plural of the recent past tense. (When used alone, forms the plural of the recent past perfective tense when the arguments of the verb are first- or second-person.)
  3. Forms the plural of the distant past tense when at least one of the arguments of the verb is third-person.
Usage notes
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This suffix can cause syllable reduction.

Derived terms
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Etymology 2

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Pronunciation

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Suffix

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-to

  1. Allomorph of -ato (adverb/postposition nominalizing suffix) used after all vowels but e and i.

References

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  • Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “⸗to”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana‎[2], Lyon, pages 124, 213–222
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