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William Lombardy

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William Lombardy
William Lombardy (Leipzig, 1960)
Full nameWilliam James Joseph Lombardy
CountryUnited States
Born(1937-12-04)December 4, 1937
New York City, U.S.
DiedOctober 13, 2017(2017-10-13) (aged 79)
Martinez, California, U.S.
TitleGrandmaster (1960)
Peak rating2540 (January 1978)[1][2]
Peak rankingNo. 46 (January 1978)

William James Joseph Lombardy (December 4, 1937 – October 13, 2017)[3] was an American chess grandmaster, chess writer, teacher, and former Catholic priest. He was one of the leading American chess players during the 1950s and 1960s, and a contemporary of Bobby Fischer, whom he seconded during the World Chess Championship 1972. He won the World Junior Chess Championship in 1957, the only person to win that tournament with a perfect score.[4][5] Lombardy led the U.S. Student Team to Gold in the 1960 World Student Team Championship in Leningrad.[6][7]

Formative years

[edit]

Lombardy was born to an Italian-American father and Polish-American mother.[8] Lombardy grew up at 838 Beck Street, Bronx, New York City, in an apartment with his parents and two other families.[9] "Bill recalls that his family had financial problems when he was young. His parents both worked and they all shared an apartment with his grandmother, an aunt and a cousin, until his second year in grammar school, when they moved to their own apartment."[10] Shortly after World War II, Lombardy and his family moved to 961 Faile Street. Lombardy recalled of his new apartment:[11]

I remember the winters were very tough in that apartment. My room used to sweat from the cold. The moisture used to seep through one wall. I used to have to get extra blankets to cover me at night so I wouldn't wake up with pneumonia in the morning.

It was at his new home that Lombardy became friends with an Orthodox Jewish boy named Eddie Garlerter who taught Lombardy how to play chess.[12] When Lombardy was about 10 he went to Lion's Square Den Park to play stronger chess players. It was there that a kind, old, Jewish man gave Lombardy a booklet "that would change [his] life."[13] Lombardy elaborated on this:[13]

He took out a marble design notebook from a brown paper bag. "Here," he said, "I'm finished with it." I thanked him for the book, put it in the bag and played chess with the man. When I got home, I looked at my book ... Back in those days, there were five or six newspapers that carried a chess column. Over many, many years the old man had studiously pasted some two thousand of those chess clippings into his book. I had never asked him whether he had actually played over the games in those clippings. I was about to do what he himself may not entirely have done.

Bill Lombardy and Bobby Fischer analyzing, with Jack Collins watching them

Lombardy did not become a member of the Marshall Chess Club until several years later (at the age of 14), when he started to get serious about his chess playing.[14]

After attending the City College of New York for three years,[15] Lombardy received his B.A. in philosophy, an M.A. in ethics, and an M.Div., all from Saint Joseph's Seminary (Dunwoodie).[16][17][18][19] He also studied educational psychology at Saint Louis University.[20]

Early career

[edit]

According to Jack Collins, "Bill's chess ability developed rapidly."[21] Lombardy won the 1954 New York State Championship with a score of 9/11 (+7−0=4),[22] and tied for first with Larry Evans at the 1956 Canadian Open Chess Championship.[23] He then played and lost a match versus grandmaster Samuel Reshevsky by the score of 3½–2½, and, in the same year, played second board for the World Student Team Championship in Uppsala, Sweden, going undefeated, and scoring 7/9.[24]

In 1957, Lombardy became the first American to win the World Junior Chess Championship. He won the tournament in Toronto with a perfect score of 11–0.[25] He was the first U.S. citizen since Steinitz to win an individual world chess title. Based on his performance,[26] he was automatically awarded the International Master title.[27]

In 1958, he played in the Mar del Plata tournament and went "undefeated in second place",[28] scoring 11/15.[29]

In 1959, he took first place in the U.S. Log Cabin Invitational,[30] scoring 7/10.[31]

In 1960, he was awarded the title of International Grandmaster.[32]

Semi-retirement from chess

[edit]

Lombardy finished second in the 1960–61 U.S. Championship behind Bobby Fischer and ahead of Raymond Weinstein in a star-studded field.[33] With this result, Lombardy qualified to compete in the Interzonal tournament to be held in Stockholm for the right to advance to a match for the world championship. However, Lombardy decided to retire from tournament competition and become a Roman Catholic priest.[34][35] Before retiring, he lost a match to Larry Evans by the score of 5½–4½.[36] At the 1961 Zurich Chess Tournament, Lombardy tied for fourth place with Svetozar Gligorić, scoring 6½/11.[37]

In 1962, Lombardy tied for second at the U.S. Open,[38] then won the New England Championship,[39] and, shortly thereafter, gave a lecture at the Manhattan Chess Club[18] in which he analyzed the game: Lombardy–Lyman, New England Championship, Haverhill, September 1962 Ruy Lopez [C93](1–0).[40]

In 1963, Lombardy won the U.S. Open Chess Championship, along with Robert Byrne, scoring 11/13.[41] Lombardy also became U.S. Speed champion.[42]

In 1965, Lombardy tied with Byrne for first at the Western Open in St. Louis,[43] and shared first place with Pal Benko at the USA Open Championship in Puerto Rico.[44][45]

In 1966, Lombardy took clear first at the Southern Open in Atlanta,[46] and tied with Ivkov for second at the Canadian Open.[47]

Lombardy was ordained as a Roman Catholic priest in June 1967.[16]

In 1969, Lombardy tied for second with Vlastimil Hort, going undefeated at Monte Carlo,[48] scoring 7/11.[49] In the same year, Lombardy tied for second with Benko and Mato Damjanović at Netanya, Israel.[50]

Team competitions

[edit]

Lombardy played first board for the U.S. Team that won the 1960 World Student Team Championship in Leningrad, USSR.[30] Lombardy defeated future world champion Boris Spassky in their individual game. Lombardy won a gold medal for best result on first board in that event with a score of 12–1,[51] and led the team to a Student Team winning percentage of 78.8, the highest winning percentage in the history of the World Student Team Championships.[52]

Lombardy (seated) and Fischer at the 14th Chess Olympiad in Leipzig

His seven times representing the USA at the World Student Team Championship is an American record.[53]

In 1976, Lombardy was on the U.S. team that won a gold medal at the 22nd Chess Olympiad in Haifa.[54]

In total, Lombardy won three individual gold medals, between the Men's Chess Olympiads and the World Student Team Tournament (Under 26-Years-Old):[55] [56]

Men's Olympiad Board No. Individual result percentage U.S. team result percentage[57]
Munich 1958 2 11/17 (Seventh) 64.7% Fourth,[58] 61.8%
Leipzig 1960 2 11½/17 (Fifth) 67.6% Silver,[59] 72.5%
Lugano 1968 reserve 7½/11 (Silver) 68.2% Fourth 61.8%
Siegen 1970 reserve 11/14 (Gold) 78.6% Fourth,[60] 67.8%
Nice 1974 reserve 11/16 (Silver) 68.8% Bronze,[30] 68.2%
Haifa 1976 reserve 7/9 (Silver) 77.8% Gold 71.2%
Buenos Aires 1978 2nd res. 4/7 (Sixteenth) 57.1% Bronze 62.5%
Student Team U26 Board No. Individual result percentage U.S. team result percentage[61]
Uppsala 1956 2 7/9 (Gold)[24] 77.8% Eighth 43.8%
Reykjavik 1957 1 7/12 58.3% Silver 59.6%
Varna 1958 1 5½/10 55% Silver 55%
Leningrad 1960 1 12/13 (Gold) 92.3% Gold[62] 78.8%
Helsinki 1961 1 9/11 (Silver) 81.8% Silver[63] 71.9%
Budva 1963 1 7½/11 (Fifth) 68.2% Fifth 60.4%
Kraków 1964 1 7½/13 (Eighth) 57.7% Fourth 61.6%

Later career

[edit]

In 1971, Lombardy gave a simultaneous exhibition and lecture at the U.S. Military Academy at West Point.[64]

In 1974, Lombardy tied for second in The USA Open Championship, with 9½/12, going undefeated.[65]

Lombardy tied for first with Pal Benko in The USA Open Championship in Lincoln, Nebraska, in 1975.[66]

Lombardy tied for fifth–sixth place with 6/9 in The Lone Pine Open in 1977.[67]

In 1978 and 1979, Lombardy served as the lead instructor at an "all day", week-long chess camp at Michigan State University. This was perhaps the first camp of its type in the United States and attracted juniors from all over the country.

In 1979 Lombardy equaled his earlier score at Lone Pine, tying for fifth–tenth,[68] and winning an upset against tournament favorite (and then World Number 2 player)[69] Victor Korchnoi.[70]

In 1980, Lombardy renounced the priesthood.[71]

In 1982, Lombardy took "equal first in Caracas", Venezuela.[72][73]

In 1984, Lombardy took second place in Neskaupstaður, Iceland, scoring 7/11.[74]

By 2010, Lombardy was retired from chess and lived in the East Village of New York City, where he focused on his writing and offered chess lessons by appointment.[17]

In November 2011 Lombardy self-published his autobiographical game collection: Understanding Chess: My System, My Games, My Life.

Contributions to chess

[edit]

Opening theory

[edit]
This section uses algebraic notation to describe chess moves.
abcdefgh
8
a8 black rook
c8 black bishop
d8 black queen
f8 black rook
g8 black king
e7 black bishop
f7 black pawn
g7 black pawn
h7 black pawn
a6 black pawn
c6 black pawn
d6 black pawn
f6 black knight
a5 black knight
b5 black pawn
e5 black pawn
e4 white pawn
c3 white pawn
f3 white knight
h3 white pawn
a2 white pawn
b2 white pawn
c2 white bishop
d2 white pawn
f2 white pawn
g2 white pawn
a1 white rook
b1 white knight
c1 white bishop
d1 white queen
e1 white rook
g1 white king
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
Lombardy's Ruy Lopez novelty 10...c6

In the first round of the 1957 World Junior Championship, Lombardy defeated the Soviet representative Vladimir Selimanov in a variation of the Ruy Lopez that Lombardy invented:[75] 1.e4 e5 2.Nf3 Nc6 3.Bb5 a6 4.Ba4 Nf6 5.0-0 Be7 6.Re1 b5 7.Bb3 d6 8.c3 0-0 9.h3 Na5 10.Bc2 c6.[76] Lombardy essayed the move in at least nine official tournament games, scoring three wins, two losses, and four draws:

1972 Spassky–Fischer World Championship Match

[edit]

Fischer was scheduled to play a match against Spassky for the World Chess Championship 1972. However, Fischer had a falling out with Larry Evans, who had been Fischer's second in his successful matches against Bent Larsen and Tigran Petrosian.

At the last minute, Fischer called upon Lombardy to help him with the match. Although Lombardy was still a priest, he was allowed to take time off from the priesthood to go to Reykjavík, Iceland, to serve as the official second[77][72][78] to Fischer.[79] Lombardy may have kept Fischer from forfeiting the match.[80]

In film

[edit]

On September 16, 2015, the American biographical film Pawn Sacrifice was released, starring Tobey Maguire as Bobby Fischer, Liev Schreiber as Boris Spassky, Lily Rabe as Joan Fischer, and Peter Sarsgaard as Lombardy.[81]

Later years and death

[edit]

Lombardy left the priesthood in 1980. In 1982, he met a woman at a chess tournament in the Netherlands whom he married and with whom he later had a son.[15][71][82]

In March 2016, The New York Times reported that Lombardy was embroiled in an eviction battle against his landlord, allegedly being several thousand dollars behind in rent.[83][8] In 2016 he was evicted and left homeless, living on the subways and in various chess clubs.[71] The Archdiocese of New York was made aware of his plight and agreed to house him and provide long-term care even though he had left the priesthood.[71] Lombardy accepted the offer but soon thereafter he left New York to live with a friend, Ralph Palmieri, in Martinez, California. He died of a suspected heart attack at Palmieri's home on October 13, 2017.[84][85][82][86][87]

Writings

[edit]
  • Lombardy, William (1972). Modern Chess Opening Traps (1st ed.). David McKay. ISBN 4871879763.
  • Lombardy, William (1973). Snatched Opportunities on the Chessboard: Quick Victories in 200 Recent Master Games. Batsford. ISBN 0713403659.
  • Daniels, David; Koltanowski, George; Lombardy, William (1975). US Championship Chess, with the Games of the 1973 Tournament. David McKay. ISBN 4871879771.
  • Daniels, David; Lombardy, William (1975). Chess Panorama. Chilton. ISBN 4871879720.
  • Lombardy, William (1977). Chess for Children, Step by Step: A New, Easy Way to Learn the Game. Little Brown & Co. ISBN 4871879739.
  • Lombardy, William (1978). Modern Chess Opening Traps (2nd ed.). David McKay. ISBN 4871879763.
  • Lombardy, William (1978). Guide to Tournament Chess. David McKay. ISBN 0679130497.
  • Lombardy, William; Verhoeven, R. G. P. (1983). 6e Interpolis schaaktoernooi 1982 (6th Interpolis Chess Tournament). Interpolis.
  • Lombardy, William (2011). Understanding Chess: My System, My Games, My Life. Russell Enterprises. ISBN 978-1-93649-022-6.

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Elo 1978, p. 183.
  2. ^ "Lombardy, William J." olimpbase.com. Retrieved September 16, 2015.
  3. ^ Klein, Mike. "GM William Lombardy, 1937-2017". Chess.com. Retrieved October 13, 2017.
  4. ^ Kažić 1974, pp. 273–74.
  5. ^ Lombardy 2011, p. 66.
  6. ^ Edmonds & Eidinow 2004, p. 43.
  7. ^ "7th World Student Team Chess Championship: Leningrad 1960". OlimpBase. Retrieved March 8, 2018.
  8. ^ a b Chaban, Matt A. V. (March 14, 2016). "An End to a Chess Grandmaster's Eviction Battle Could be Near". The New York Times.
  9. ^ Lombardy 2011, p. 11.
  10. ^ Collins 1974, p. 129.
  11. ^ Collins 1974, pp. 129–130.
  12. ^ Lombardy 2011, pp. 12–13.
  13. ^ a b Lombardy 2011, p. 14.
  14. ^ Chess Life, September 5, 1957, p. 3. Also available on DVD (p. 139 in "Chess Life 1957" PDF file").
  15. ^ a b McClain, Dylan Loeb (October 14, 2017). "William Lombardy, Chess Grandmaster Turned Priest, Dies at 79". The New York Times.
  16. ^ a b Lombardy 2011, p. 150.
  17. ^ a b "World Renowned Chess Grandmaster to Visit UConn". University of Connecticut. April 28, 2010. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
  18. ^ a b Lombardy 2011, p. 149.
  19. ^ Chess Champion Bronxite, Enters Jesuit Novitiate, The Catholic News, August 20, 1960
  20. ^ Lombardy 2011, p. 157.
  21. ^ Collins 1974, p. 136.
  22. ^ Collins 1974, p. 141.
  23. ^ Di Felice 2010, p. 46.
  24. ^ a b Lombardy 2011, p. 54.
  25. ^ Lombardy 2011, p. 67.
  26. ^ Sunnucks 1970, p. 292.
  27. ^ Sunnucks 1970, pp. 239, and 538.
  28. ^ Lombardy 2011, p. 85.
  29. ^ Sunnucks 1970, p. 473.
  30. ^ a b c Collins 1974, p. 127.
  31. ^ Di Felice 2010, p. 369.
  32. ^ Sunnucks 1970, p. 512.
  33. ^ Di Felice 2013a, p. 4.
  34. ^ "His decision to enter the priesthood in 1963 necessarily limited his chess ambition..." Hooper & Whyld 1992, pp. 232–33.
  35. ^ "(one could hardly believe that the witty and vivacious Lombardy was preparing to be ordained a Catholic priest)." Plisetsky & Voronkov 2005, p. 26.
  36. ^ Di Felice 2013a, p. 242.
  37. ^ Di Felice 2013a, p. 124.
  38. ^ Di Felice 2013a, p. 214.
  39. ^ Di Felice 2013a, p. 200.
  40. ^ Lombardy 2011, pp. 141–42.
  41. ^ Di Felice 2013a, p. 301.
  42. ^ Lardner, Rex (August 3, 1964). "Point Of Fact". Sports Illustrated. Retrieved September 19, 2015.
  43. ^ Di Felice 2013b, p. 178.
  44. ^ Di Felice 2013b, p. 176.
  45. ^ Hooper & Whyld 1992, p. 232.
  46. ^ Di Felice 2013b, p. 229.
  47. ^ Di Felice 2013b, p. 260.
  48. ^ Di Felice 2013c, p. 178.
  49. ^ "With three wins and 8 draws (out of 11 rounds) I shared third behind Smyslov and Portisch." Lombardy 2011, p. 197.
  50. ^ Di Felice 2013c, p. 181.
  51. ^ Lombardy 2011, p. 116.
  52. ^ "United States (USA) World Student Team Chess Championships". olimpbase. 2015. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
  53. ^ olimpbase.org, the U.S.A. results files
  54. ^ Lombardy 2011, p. 240.
  55. ^ "Lombardy, William James, Men's Chess Olympiads". olimpbase. 2015. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
  56. ^ "Lombardy, William James, World Student Team Chess Championship". olimpbase. 2015. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
  57. ^ "United States (USA) Men's Chess Olympiads". olimpbase. 2015. Retrieved September 23, 2015.
  58. ^ Di Felice 2010, p. 282.
  59. ^ Di Felice 2010, p. 485.
  60. ^ Brady 1973, p. 172.
  61. ^ "United States (USA) World Student Team Chess Championship". olimpbase. 2015. Retrieved September 23, 2015.[permanent dead link‍]
  62. ^ Di Felice 2010, p. 490.
  63. ^ Di Felice 2013a, p. 128.
  64. ^ Lombardy, 2011, p. 152.
  65. ^ Di Felice 2014a, p. 335.
  66. ^ Di Felice 2014b, p. 38.
  67. ^ Di Felice 2014b, p. 289.
  68. ^ Di Felice 2014c, p. 162.
  69. ^ "FIDE Rating List :: January 1979". olimpbase.com. Retrieved September 18, 2015.
  70. ^ Lombardy, 2011, pp. 260–63.
  71. ^ a b c d Di Camillo, Kevin (January 15, 2018). "The Strange Tale of the Chess Grandmaster Who Became a Priest". National Catholic Register.
  72. ^ a b Hooper & Whyld 1992, p. 233.
  73. ^ "Lombardy William James". Archived from the original on September 23, 2015.
  74. ^ "Neskaupstad 1984 - 365Chess.com Tournaments".
  75. ^ Lombardy 2011, p. 86.
  76. ^ "This is the stem position that should bear my name. i created it quite by accident. The thought was 'What would happen if Black decided to play the c-pawn only one square forward instead of to c5 as in the Chigorin Defense?' After all, on its first turn a pawn may moves two squares forward, but it is not obliged to do so! I had given credit to Rossolimo for the idea as together we worked briefly on the strategies. But basically I am the author and the only one who has been brave enough to play the 'thing!' I also did about 95% of the homework or analysis. Grandmaster Nicholas Rossolimo and I did enjoy working together. We both eventually got too busy with life's chores to give much detailed time to chess analysis. But we did spend much time together developing some novelties. How often did I play my Ruy idea? Not very often. But not because I did not trust the idea, rather because in general I had no time to play chess." Lombardy 2011, p. 67.
  77. ^ "Fischer had not yet chosen a second; grandmaster William Lombardy took the position at the last moment." Edmonds & Eidinow 2004, p. 133.
  78. ^ Schonberg 1973, p. 283.
  79. ^ Brady 2011, p. 98.
  80. ^ "Fischer lodged a formal protest [over the second-game-forfeit] less than six hours after the forfeiture. It was overruled by the match committee. Everyone knew that Fischer wouldn't accept it lightly. And he didn't. His instant reaction was to make a reservation to fly home immediately. He was dissuaded by Lombardy." Brady 2011, p. 193.
  81. ^ "Pawn Sacrifice". The Internet Movie Database. Retrieved September 16, 2015.
  82. ^ a b Sands, David R. (October 17, 2017). "'Father Bill' Lombardy, Bobby Fischer's Great Contemporary, dies at 79". The Washington Times.
  83. ^ "Fischer second Lombardy faces eviction | ChessBase". March 16, 2016.
  84. ^ Peterson, Macaulay (October 14, 2017). "RIP 'Father Bill'". Chessbase. Retrieved May 26, 2018.
  85. ^ "Grandmaster, Priest, Fischer Coach William Lombardy (1937-2017) Dies". US Chess Federation. October 14, 2017.
  86. ^ Hannigan, Dave (October 18, 2017). "Chess, the church and the Cold War: The life of Fr Bill Lombardy". The Irish Times.
  87. ^ Barden, Leonard (October 20, 2017). "William Lombardy's exceptional performance in 1960 is often overlooked". The Guardian.

References

[edit]
  • Brady, Frank (1965). Profile of a Prodigy (1st ed.). David McKay. OCLC 2574422.
  • Brady, Frank (1973). Profile of a Prodigy (2nd ed.). David McKay. OCLC 724113.
  • Brady, Frank (2011). Endgame: Bobby Fischer's Remarkable Rise and Fall – from America's Brightest Prodigy to the Edge of Madness (1st ed.). Crown. ISBN 978-0-307-46390-6.
  • Collins, John W. (1974). My Seven Chess Prodigies. Simon and Schuster. ISBN 4-87187-962-3.
  • Di Felice, Gino (2010). Chess Results, 1956–1960: A Comprehensive Record With 1,390 Tournament Crosstables and 142 Match Scores, With Sources. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-786-44803-6.
  • Di Felice, Gino (2013a). Chess Results, 1961–1963: A Comprehensive Record with 938 Tournament Crosstables and 108 Match Scores, with Sources. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-786-47572-8.
  • Di Felice, Gino (2013b). Chess Results, 1964–1967: A Comprehensive Record with 1,204 Tournament Crosstables and 158 Match Scores, with Sources. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-786-47573-5.
  • Di Felice, Gino (2013c). Chess Results, 1968–1970: A Comprehensive Record with 854 Tournament Crosstables and 161 Match Scores, with Sources. McFarland. ISBN 978-0-786-47574-2.
  • Di Felice, Gino (2014a). Chess Results, 1971–1974: A Comprehensive Record with 966 Tournament Crosstables and 148 Match Scores, with Sources. McFarland. ISBN 978-1-476-61891-3.
  • Di Felice, Gino (2014b). Chess Results, 1975–1977: A Comprehensive Record with 872 Tournament Crosstables and 147 Match Scores, with Sources. McFarland. ISBN 978-1-476-61892-0.
  • Di Felice, Gino (2014c). Chess Results, 1978–1980 : A Comprehensive Record with 855 Tournament Crosstables and 90 Match Scores, with Sources. McFarland. ISBN 978-1-476-61893-7.
  • Donaldson, John; Tangborn, Eric (1999). The Unknown Bobby Fischer. International Chess Enterprises. ISBN 1-879479-85-0.
  • Edmonds, David; Eidinow, John (2004). Bobby Fischer Goes to War: How the Soviets Lost the Most Extraordinary Chess Match of All Time. HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-051025-1.
  • Elo, Arpad (1978). The Rating of Chess Players, Past and Present. Batsford. ISBN 0-923891-27-7.
  • Hooper, David; Whyld, Kenneth (1992) [1984]. The Oxford Companion to Chess (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-280049-3.
  • Kažić, B. M. (1974). International Championship Chess: A Complete Record of FIDE Events. Pitman. ISBN 0-273-07078-9.
  • Lombardy, William (2011). Understanding Chess: My System, My Games, My Life. Russell Enterprises. ISBN 978-1-936490-22-6.
  • Plisetsky, Dmitry; Voronkov, Sergey (2005). Russians versus Fischer (2nd ed.). Everyman Chess. ISBN 1-85744-380-2.
  • Ponterotto, Joseph G. (2012). A Psychobiography of Bobby Fischer. Charles C. Thomas. ISBN 978-0-398-08742-5.
  • Schonberg, Harold C. (1973). Grandmasters of Chess. J. B. Lippincott. ISBN 4-87187-567-9.
  • Sloan, Peter Julius Aravena; Aravena, Anda (2012). NY Chess Since 1972: A Guide Book Of Places To Go And People You Will See Around NY Chess (Volume 1). CreateSpace. ISBN 978-1-460961-41-4.
  • Sunnucks, Anne (1976) [1970]. The Encyclopaedia of Chess (2nd ed.). St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-0-7091-4697-1.
[edit]
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