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Solar power in Hawaii

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MicroCSP collectors on the Big Island of Hawaii

The energy sector in Hawaii has rapidly adopted solar power due to the high costs of electricity, and good solar resources, and has one of the highest per capita rates of solar power in the United States.[1] Hawaii's imported energy costs, mostly for imported petroleum and coal, are three to four times higher[2] than the mainland, so Hawaii has motivation to become one of the highest users of solar energy. Hawaii was the first state in the United States to reach grid parity for photovoltaics. Its tropical location provides abundant ambient energy.

Much of Hawaii's solar capacity is distributed solar panels on individual homes and businesses. Hawaii's grid has had to deal with this unique situation by developing new technology for balancing the energy flows in areas with large amounts of solar power. In 2023, distributed solar produced 1,408 GWh while utility-scale solar produced 643 GWh.[3] Hawaii had 1,808 MW of installed solar capacity in 2023.[4] The largest utility-scale solar farm in Hawaii is the 60 MW Kuihelani Solar on Maui, which opened in 2024, and includes 240 MWhr of battery storage[5] As of 2024, solar power produced 19.5% of Hawaii's electricity.[6]

History

[edit]
Commercial rooftop solar installation in Honolulu

Hawaii has a renewable portfolio standard of 40% renewable energy by 2030 and 100% by 2045.[7] Hawaii had almost 200 MW of grid-connected photovoltaics in 2012. 16 MW of PV were installed in 2010, 40 MW in 2011, and 109 MW in 2012.[8][9]

The electrical grids of the Hawaiian islands are each separate and relatively small. "Overbuilding" distributed solar in some areas has led to issues such as partial duck curve, although time-of-use pricing has reduced disadvantages.[10] Such overbuilding led the Hawaiian Electrical Company (HECO) to stop its net metering program, which reimbursed solar consumers generously for the excess electricity they exported back to the grid, in 2015.[11] As a result, residential solar installations fell as homeowners could no longer justify the costs because the payback time of the rooftop solar system made it cost-prohibitive.[12] Two successor programs - customer grid supply (CGS) and customer self-supply - have proved less successful than net-metering did in promoting the growth of the industry.[13] HECO has made connecting to the grid more difficult, leading to layoffs among the solar installation industry.[14] In 2014, there were over 40,000 rooftop systems, over 10 percent of customers.[15] A proposed grid interconnection between Oahu and Maui would have allowed more renewable energy but was rejected as too costly.[16] By 2022, nearly a third of single family homes have solar panels.[1]

HECO has limited homeowners' ability to install solar and connect to the grid. As of 2022, the only program available for private systems to supply power to the grid, Customer Grid Supply Plus, has limited capacity and requires inverters that meet HECO specifications. Approved inverters must allow the company to remotely turn off power transmission to the grid as needed.[17] The utility has gone full steam ahead with its own plans to build utility-scale solar, approving 110 MW on July 27, 2017.[18]

Cyanotech has a 0.5 MW solar array on its algae farm at the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii.[19]

In October, 2018, Hawaii Electric Companies announced they were negotiating contracts on 7 new solar farms to total 260 MW, each incorporating 4 hours of battery storage:[20] These would be three projects on Oahu, two projects on Maui and two projects on Hawaii. In March 2019, six projects (totalling 247 MW and almost 1 GWh of battery storage) were approved, priced at 8-10c/kWh.[21]

Sunrun is establishing a virtual power plant on Oahu which would use the energy stored in 1000 batteries located in individual houses with rooftop solar panels to deliver power in times of high energy demand on the grid. This system is expected to be online in 2020.[22] These types of services provide not only additional power to the power grid but also add grid stability.

Kauai

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Kauai has rapidly adopted solar. In 2009, oil provided 91% of the island's electricity. In 2015, solar provided 15% with other renewables providing another 22% with oil providing 63%.[23] Diesel usage was expected to be reduced by 10 million U.S. gallons (38 thousand cubic meters) in 2016 compared to 2008. On some days in 2016, solar power provided 77% of the electricity generation on Kauai.[24]

When it opened on November 2, 2015 on Kauai, the 12MW Anahola project was the largest solar project in Hawaii. It has 59,000 panels on 60 acres (24 hectares) of land and is expected to supply up to 20% of the island's momentary electricity demand and up to 5% of the annual demand.[25] The Anahola project also incorporates a 6MW lithium-ion battery.[26][4] The 12 MW Kapaia solar plant is connected to a 13 MW / 52 MWh battery,[27][28] and the power is priced at 13.9 c/kWh.[29] A 2018 project for 28 MW solar with 20 MW / 100 MWh batteries is priced at 11 c/kWh.[30] A 44MW solar farm with batteries to be completed in 2019 will bring the island to 70% renewable electricity while a pumped-storage hydro facility is under consideration which could bring the island to 90% renewable by 2023.

Statistics

[edit]
Hawaii electricity production by type

In 2012 a typical solar system in Hawaii paid for itself in only 4 years, and returned a profit of over 4 times the cost over its life.[31] Hawaii's 35% ($5000.00 Maximum) state tax credit is the second highest in the country, behind Louisiana.[32] Hawaii offers a feed-in tariff, but it does not meet the normal definition of a feed-in tariff, as it is less than the retail cost of electricity, and is therefore simply a Power Purchase Agreement. The Oahu Wind Integration Study[33] released a report detailing the impact on the Oahu grid and found that 500 MW of wind and 100 MW of solar power could provide Oahu up to 25% of its electricity while eliminating the need to burn approximately 2.8 million barrels of low sulfur fuel oil and 132,000 tons of coal each year.[34]

In 2010 Hawaii generated 56 GWh of energy by photovoltaics; this had risen to 2051 GWh in 2023.[3][35]

Grid-Connected PV Capacity (MW)[36][37][38][39][40][41][6]
Year Capacity Installed % Change
2007 4.5 2.9 181%
2008 13.5 8.6 200%
2009 26.2 12.7 94%
2010 44.7 18.5 71%
2011 85.2 40.5 91%
2012 200 114 134%
2013 358 159 80%
2014 447 151 25%
2015 564 117 26%
2016 674 110 20%
2017 819 145 21.5%
2018 944 125 15.2%
2019 1,311.7 367.7 38.8%
2020 1,413.2 101.5 7.7%
2021 1,468.2 55 3.8%
2022 1,560 91.8 6.3%
2023 1,808 248 15.9%

This was only 0.07% of the state's total electricity generation in 2007 but had risen to 19.5% by 2024.[6][42][43][44]

Utility Scale Solar Generation in Hawaii (GWh)[3]
Year Total Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
2015 55 2 3 4 5 5 5 5 7 6 5 4 4
2016 88 3 7 6 6 8 8 10 10 9 8 7 6
2017 174 8 9 15 14 19 19 18 18 16 15 12 11
2018 185 13 12 14 15 18 20 18 18 16 16 13 12
2019 267 13 14 18 22 22 22 23 23 26 29 30 25
2020 483 24 30 34 43 49 47 46 49 50 40 35 36
2021 520 34 32 39 48 53 54 50 50 48 43 39 30
2022 556 38 41 45 43 39 48 48 62 54 54 47 37
2023 643 42 35 47 49 59 66 68 70 64 59 44 40
Small Scale Solar Generation in Hawaii (GWh)[3]
Year Total Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
2015 633 42 43 51 55 59 59 61 60 56 53 46 48
2016 760 52 54 62 66 71 71 72 73 67 63 54 55
2017 971 69 67 81 85 92 91 94 92 85 78 68 69
2018 1,029 74 71 86 90 96 98 99 96 89 83 73 74
2019 1,111 78 76 92 98 104 100 109 106 97 92 79 80
2020 1,210 84 87 99 107 114 113 115 115 106 97 86 87
2021 1,273 92 90 107 115 122 122 123 120 109 100 91 82
2022 1,329 97 95 112 117 125 125 127 125 114 106 93 93
2023 1,408 98 95 115 120 132 131 132 136 124 118 104 103

Major solar installations in Hawaii

[edit]
See also: List of power stations in Hawaii § Solar photovoltaic
  • December 2008: DuPont completed a solar power installation on Kauai that was expected to average 80 kW.[45]
  • December 2008: Sunetric, the largest solar installation company in the state,[46] completed the largest roof-mount solar power installation in Hawaii at Kona Commons shopping mall.[47]
  • 2009: Sopogy completed construction on Hawaii's first concentrating solar power project. The project located at the Natural Energy Laboratories of Hawaii is a 2 MW solar thermal project interconnected into the Hawaiian Electric Industries grid under a Power Purchase Agreement.
  • 2009: La Ola Solar Farm on Lanai was dedicated in January, with a design capacity of 1.5 MW (1.2 MWAC).[48] After operating at 600KW due to variable cloud cover, in September 2010 Xtreme Power announced plans to incorporate their battery storage technology to bring the system up to design capacity.[49] It is the first photovoltaic power plant in the world to include battery storage.[50]
  • 2011: The Kapaa Solar Farm was completed, a 1.21 MW photovoltaic array, the largest in Hawaii, and the first on the island of Kauai.[51][52][53]
  • 2011: Kapolei Sustainable Energy Park on Oahu, 1.18 MW [54]
  • 2012: Port Allen Solar Facility on Kauai, 6 MW photovoltaic array with 3 MW battery storage.[54][55]
  • 2012: Pearl City Peninsula Solar, Pearl Harbor Navy Base, 1.23 MW
  • 2012: Kalaeloa Solar Power II, 5 MW, a photovoltaic array on Oahu.[56]
  • 2013: Kalaeloa Renewable Energy Park, 5 MW, a photovoltaic array on Oahu.[57][58]
  • 2014: Koloa (Grove Farm) 12 MW photovoltaic array, opened in July 2014 on Kauai.[4][59][60]
  • 2015: Anahola, 12 MW photovoltaic array with 6 MW battery storage on Kauai, can produce 20% of Kauai's power during peak production.[59]
  • 2016: Waihonu Solar Farm North, 5MW and Waihonu Solar Farm South, 1.5 MW, Oahu[61]
  • 2017: Waianae Solar, 40 MWDC (27.6 MWAC), Oahu[62][63]
  • 2017: Kapaia solar project, 13 MW, with 52 MWh Tesla battery, on Kauai, to provide electricity only during the evenings[23][64]
  • 2017: Waipio Solar, Pearl Harbor Navy Base, 13.3 MWDC (11 MW(AC))[65][66]
  • 2017: Aloha Solar, 5 MWAC, at Nanakuli, Oahu[67]
  • 2018: Kihei Solar Farm, 2.9 MW, Maui[68]
  • 2018: Ku'ia Solar, 2.8 MW, Maui [69][70]
  • 2019: Lāwa’i Solar (AES), 28 MW with 100 MWh storage, Kauai[71][72]
  • 2019: Waipio Solar project, 45.9 MW, Oahu[73][62][74]
  • 2019: West Loch Solar, 20 MW, Oahu[75]
  • 2019: Kawailoa Solar project, 49 MW, Oahu[73][62][74]
  • 2019: Lanikuhana Solar, 15 MW, Oahu, with 150 sheep in an agrivoltaic project[76][62][74][73]
  • 2020: Mililani Tech Solar I, 0.27MW, Oahu, first community solar project in Hawaii[77]
  • 2021: Kekaha Solar + Storage project, Kauai, 19 MW, with 70 MWh battery storage, on U.S. Navy Missile Range facility, can operate as a separate microgrid[78][79]
  • 2022 - Mililani I Solar, 39MW with 156MWhr storage[21][80]
  • 2023: Waiawa Solar, 36 MW, Oahu with 36 MW battery
  • 2023: Waikoloa Solar, 30MW with 120MWhr storage, Hawaii[21][81]
  • 2024: West O‘ahu Solar, 12.5 MW solar and 12.5MW (50 MWh) battery [82]
  • 2024: Kūpono Solar, 42 MW + 168 MWh storage, Oahu[82]
  • 2024: Kuihelani Solar, Maui , 60MW with 240MWhr storage,[21] the largest solar farm in the state, provides 15% of Maui's electricity[83]
Sheep used for weed control at La Ola solar farm on Lanai. An example of agrivoltaics

Projects under development

[edit]
  • Molokai – Pālā‘au Solar, 2.2 MW with a 10.1 MWhr battery[84]
  • Molokai – Kualapu‘u Solar, 0.250 MW with a 1 MWh battery
  • Oahu - Ho'ohana Solar 1, 52MW with 208MWhr storage[21]
  • Oahu - Mahi Solar and Storage, 120 MW solar + battery, expected completion 2027[85]
  • Oahu - Makana La Oahu, 80 MW solar + battery, expected completion 2027[85]
  • Oahu - Waiawa Phase 2 Solar, 30 MW + 240 MWh storage[82]
  • Oahu - Mountain View Solar, 7 MW + 35 MWh storage[82]
  • Oahu - Puuloa Solar 6MW solar + battery, expected completion 2026[85]
  • Hawaii - Hale Kuawehi, 30MW with 120MWhr storage[21]
  • Hawaii - Keamuku Solar, 86 MW solar + battery, expected completion 2030[85]
  • Hawaii - Puako Solar, 60 MW, solar + battery, expected completion 2028[85]
  • Hawaii - Kaiwiki Solar, 55 MW solar + battery, expected completion 2028[85]
  • Maui - Kuihelani Phase 2 Solar, 40 MW solar + battery, expected completion 2027[85]
  • Maui - Pulehu Solar & Storage, 20 MW solar + battery, expected completion 2027[85]

Canceled projects

[edit]
  • Lanai - Lānaʻi Solar, 17.6 megawatts of solar energy with 3 MW reserved for the shared solar program, paired with a 73 megawatt-hour battery[86]
  • Molokai - Molokai New Energy Partners, 2.7 MW with 3 MWh battery, to be completed in 2019[87]
  • Oahu – Ka La Nui Solar Farm, 15 MW[88]
  • Oahu – Waiawa Solar, 50 MW[62]
  • Oahu – Mililani South Solar Park, 20 MW[89][90][91][92]
  • Oahu – IC Sunshine, 5 MW[93]
  • Oahu – Hoohana Solar, 20 MW[62]

Source:[94][95]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
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  2. ^ "PUC issues interim decision in Hawaiian Electric rate case" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 16, 2011.
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  20. ^ Hawaiian Electric plans 7 solar+storage projects, adding 260 MW solar, UtilityDive, October 11, 2018
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  59. ^ a b REC Solar and KIUC Connect Hawaii's Largest Solar Project
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