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Snow-White and Rose-Red

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Snow-White and Rose-Red
Snow-White and Rose-Red by
Jessie Willcox Smith, 1911
Folk tale
NameSnow-White and Rose-Red
Aarne–Thompson groupingATU 426 (The Two Girls, the Bear and the Dwarf)
RegionGermany
Published inKinder- und Hausmärchen, by the Brothers Grimm

"Snow-White and Rose-Red" (German: Schneeweißchen und Rosenrot) is a German fairy tale. The best-known version is the one collected by the Brothers Grimm in 1837 in the third edition of their collection Grimm's Fairy Tales (KHM 161).[1] It was first published by Wilhelm Grimm in 1827 in Wilhelm Hauff's Märchen-Almanach.[2] An older, somewhat shorter version, "The Ungrateful Dwarf", was written by Caroline Stahl (1776–1837). Indeed, that appears to be the oldest variant; no previous oral version is known, although several have been collected since its publication in 1818.[3] Oral versions are very limited regionally.[4] The tale is of Aarne-Thompson type 426 ("The Two Girls, the Bear, and the Dwarf").[1]

Despite the presence of one dwarf, this story is not related to the Brothers Grimm fairy tale "Snow White" that provided the basis for the 1937 Walt Disney animated film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. The modern German name of that heroine is Schneewittchen rather than Schneeweißchen. This story has little in common but the similar name of its fair-skinned girl.

Plot

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Snow-White and Rose-Red are two little girls living with their mother, a poor widow, in a small cottage by the woods. Snow-White is quiet and shy and prefers to spend her time indoors, doing housework and reading. Rose-Red is outspoken, lively and cheerful, and prefers to be outside. They are both very good girls who love each other and their mother dearly, and their mother is very fond of them as well.

One winter night, there is a knock at the door. Rose-Red opens the door to find a bear. At first, she is terrified, but the bear tells her not to be afraid. "I'm half frozen and I merely want to warm up a little at your place," he says. They let the bear in, and he lies down in front of the fire. Snow-White and Rose-Red beat the snow off the bear, and they quickly become quite friendly with him. They play with the bear and roll him around playfully. They let the bear spend the night in front of the fire. In the morning, he leaves trotting out into the woods. The bear comes back every night for the rest of that winter and the family grows used to him.

Illustration for Josephine Pollard's book Hours in Fairy Land, published in 1883

When summer comes, the bear tells them that he must go away for a while to guard his treasure from a wicked dwarf. During the summer, when the girls are walking through the forest, they find a dwarf whose beard is stuck in a tree. The girls rescue him by cutting his beard free, but the dwarf is ungrateful and yells at them for cutting his beautiful beard. The girls encounter the dwarf several times that summer and rescue him from some peril each time, for which he is ungrateful.

Then one day, they meet the dwarf once again. This time, he is terrified because the bear is about to kill him. The dwarf pleads with the bear and begs it to eat the girls. Instead, the bear pays no heed to his plea and kills the dwarf with one swipe of his paw. Instantly, the bear turns into a prince. The dwarf had previously put a spell on the prince by stealing his precious stones and turning him into a bear. The curse is broken with the death of the dwarf. Snow-White marries the prince and Rose-Red marries the prince's brother.

Analysis

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Tale type

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The tale is classified in the international Aarne-Thompson-Uther Index as tale type ATU 426, "The Two Girls, the Bear, and the Dwarf": a pair of sisters welcome a bear into their house; the next summer, the girls rescue an ungrateful dwarf three times; at the end of the tale, the bear defeats the dwarf (who cursed him in the first place) and becomes a human prince.[5][6][7]

According to scholars Johannes Bolte, Jiri Polívka, Stith Thompson, and Hans-Jörg Uther, the tale, in the Grimm's compilation, originated from a story written by author Karoline Stahl and published in 1818.[8][9][7]

Variants

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In an early analysis, German scholar Kurt Ranke noted that the existing variants originated from "Central Europe": Flanders, France, Germany and Switzerland.[10]

Germanic languages

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German folklorist Hans-Jörg Uther, in the Folktale Catalogue of the German-speaking Area, classifies the tale as type ATU 426, Schneeweißchen und Rosenrot ("Snow-White and Rose-Red"), which is sparsely attested in Germanophone areas.[11][12] In addition, Kurt Ranke argued that the Grimm's tale influenced variants collected later, such as Wittrösken und Rautrösken.[13]

According to Frisian scholar Jurjen van der Kooi, in the Catalogue of Frisian Folktales, the tale type is also attested in Friesland, but the heroines are named Blauwoogje ("Blue-Eyes") and Bruin-oogje ("Brown-Eyes").[14] In addition, Dutch scholar Theo Meder published a Dutch tale titled Rozerood en Lelieblank ("Rose-Red and Lily-White"), from a storyteller from Driebergen, Utrecht, who sent it in 1892 to linguist Gerrit Jacob Boekenoogen [nl].[15][16]

Johannes Bolte and Jiří Polívka cited a tale titled Rozenroodje, collected by J. F. Vincx from Hageland (Flanders).[8]

Slavic languages

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The tale type is also attested in the East Slavic Folktale Classification (Russian: СУС, romanized: SUS), indexed as type SUS 426, "Две девушки, медведь (волк) и карлик" ("Two Girls, the Bear/Wolf and the Dwarf"), but only in Russia and Ukraine.[17]

Philologist and folklorist Julian Krzyżanowski, establisher of the Polish Folktale Catalogue according to the international index, located a single Polish variant of type 426, Narzeczony niedźwiedź ("The Bear Groom"). However, Krzyżanowski indicated that the tale was a literary reworking that excised the dwarf and introduced other characters.[18]

Other areas

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According to the Latvian Folktale Catalogue, a similar story is found in Latvia, indexed as tale type 426, Lācis — princis ("Bear Prince"): two girls shelter a bear and rescue a dwarf; the bear defeats the dwarf and regains human form.[19]

French scholars Paul Delarue and Marie-Louise Thèneze, establishers of the French folktale catalogue, reported only two variants in France of tale type ATU 426, Les deux fillettes, l'ours et le nain ("The Two Little Girls, the Bear and the Dwarf"), which they considered to be retellings of the Grimm's story.[20]

Other versions

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Stories

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  • "Schneeweißchen und Rosenrot" by the Brothers Grimm (German language)
  • "Snow-White and Rose-Red"; May Sellar, transl., Andrew Lang, ed., The Blue Fairy Book, 1889
  • Snow-White and Rose-Red and the Big Black Bear, by Clifton Johnson (1913)[21]
  • "Snow-White and Rose-Red"; Margaret Hunt, transl., Grimm's Household Tales, Vol. 2, No. 161
  • "Snow-White and Rose-Red" by Edith Wyatt – short story
  • Forsyth, Kate, and Lorena Carrington. Snow-White & Rose-Red & Other Tales of Kind Young Women. Serenity Press, 2020.

Novels

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Children's theatre

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RashDash.  ‘Snow White & Rose Red.’ https://www.rashdash.co.uk/snowwhiterosered

Poetry

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  • Enszer, Julie (9 April 2014). "Five Feminist Poems for National Poetry Month: 2. "Rose and Snow Tell the Field Their Troubles"". Ms. Magazine.
  • Welliver, Kim (2021). "Snow White, Rose Red". Fairy Tale Review. 17 (1): 99–103. doi:10.13110/fairtalerevi.17.1.0099. S2CID 234203231. Project MUSE 812771 ProQuest 2538408847.

Graphic novella

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Willingham, Bill.  Fables. Vertigo (DC Comics). American comic book series.

Films

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  • Schneeweisschen und Rosenrot (1955) West German film directed by Erich Kobler.
  • Schneeweißchen und Rosenrot (1979) East German film directed by Siegfried Hartmann.
  • Schneeweißchen und Rosenrot (1984) West German film directed by Rita-Maria Nowotny.

Television

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  • Grimm's Fairy Tale Classics (1987-1989), episode 9.
  • Simsala Grimm (1999-2010), season 3, episode 44.
  • Schneeweißchen und Rosenrot (2012) TV movie directed by Sebastian Grobler, part of the series Sechs auf einen Streich.
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  • Snow-white and Rose-red, by Alexander Zick
    Snow-white and Rose-red, by Alexander Zick
  • Illustration by Alexander Zick
    Illustration by Alexander Zick
  • Illustration by Alexander Zick
    Illustration by Alexander Zick

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b Ashliman, D. L. (2020). "Grimm Brothers' Children's and Household Tales (Grimms' Fairy Tales)". University of Pittsburgh.
  2. ^ "Schneeweißchen und Rosenrot". Märchenatlas.de. 7 April 2010. Retrieved 2024-05-04.
  3. ^ Zipes, Jack (2001). The Great Fairy Tale Tradition: From Straparola and Basile to the Brothers Grimm. W. W Norton. p. 772. ISBN 0-393-97636-X.
  4. ^ Stith Thompson, The Folktale, p. 100, University of California Press, Berkeley Los Angeles London, 1977.
  5. ^ Aarne, Antti; Thompson, Stith. The types of the folktale: a classification and bibliography. Folklore Fellows Communications FFC no. 184. Helsinki: Academia Scientiarum Fennica, 1961. p. 145.
  6. ^ Ashliman, D. L. A Guide to Folktales in the English Language: Based on the Aarne-Thompson Classification System. Bibliographies and Indexes in World Literature, vol. 11. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1987. p. 91. ISBN 0-313-25961-5.
  7. ^ a b Uther, Hans-Jörg (2004). The Types of International Folktales: A Classification and Bibliography, Based on the System of Antti Aarne and Stith Thompson. Suomalainen Tiedeakatemia, Academia Scientiarum Fennica. p. 256. ISBN 978-951-41-0963-8.
  8. ^ a b Bolte, Johannes; Polívka, Jiri. Anmerkungen zu den Kinder- u. hausmärchen der brüder Grimm. Dritter Band (NR. 121–225). Germany, Leipzig: Dieterich'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, 1918. p. 259.
  9. ^ Thompson, Stith (1977). The Folktale. University of California Press. p. 121. ISBN 0-520-03537-2.
  10. ^ Ranke, Kurt (1957). Schleswig-Holsteinische Volksmärchen (in German). Vol. 2. F. Hirt. p. 52. ISBN 9783880428164.
  11. ^ Uther, Hans-Jörg (2015). Deutscher Märchenkatalog. Ein Typenverzeichnis (in German). Waxmann Verlag. p. 104. ISBN 9783830983323.
  12. ^ Schneeweißchen und Rosenrot, pp. 84–89 in: Neumann, Siegfried (1974). "Märchen". Eine Mecklenburgische Märchenfrau. pp. 53–180. doi:10.1515/9783112563168-008. ISBN 978-3-11-256316-8.
  13. ^ Ranke, Kurt (1957). Schleswig-Holsteinische Volksmärchen (in German). Vol. 2. F. Hirt. p. 53. ISBN 9783880428164.
  14. ^ Kooi, Jurjen van der (1984). Volksverhalen in Friesland: lectuur en mondelinge overlevering: een typencatalogus (in Dutch). Stichting Ffyrug/Stichting Sasland. p. 326.
  15. ^ Meder, Theo (2000). De Magische Vlucht: Nederlandse volksverhalen (in Dutch). Amsterdam: Uitgeverij Bert Bakker. pp. 66–68 (text), 260 (source for tale nr. 9).
  16. ^ Meder, Theo (2008). The Flying Dutchman and Other Folktales from the Netherlands. Westport, Connecticut; London: Libraries Unlimited. pp. 38–39.
  17. ^ Barag, Lev. "Сравнительный указатель сюжетов. Восточнославянская сказка". Leningrad: НАУКА, 1979. p. 132.
  18. ^ Krzyżanowski, Julian. Polska bajka ludowa w ukìadzie systematycznym: Wa̜tki 1-999. Wydawn. Polskiej Akademii Nauk, 1962. p. 137.
  19. ^ Arājs, Kārlis; Medne, A. Latviešu pasaku tipu rādītājs. Zinātne, 1977. p. 67.
  20. ^ Delarue, Paul. Le conte populaire français: catalogue raisonné des versions de France et des pays de langue française d'outre-mer: Canada, Louisiane, îlots français des États-Unis, Antilles françaises, Haïti, Ile Maurice, La Réunion. Érasme, 1957. p. 110.
  21. ^ Johnson, Clifton. A book of fairy-tale bears; selections from favorite folk-lore stories. Boston, New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. 1913. pp. 31–47.

Bibliography

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Further reading

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  • Bettelheim, Bruno (1976). "Snow-White and Rose-Red". The Uses of Enchantment: The Meaning and Importance of Fairy Tales. Knopf. pp. 285–286. ISBN 978-0-394-49771-6.
  • Haase, Donald (2008). "Caroline Stahl". The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Folktales and Fairy Tales: A-F. Greenwood Press. pp. 917–918. ISBN 978-0-313-33442-9.
  • Hameršak, Marijana (17 June 2011). "A Never Ending Story? Permutations of 'Snow White and Rose Red' Narrative and Its Research across Time and Space". Narodna Umjetnost. 48 (1): 147–160.
  • Jarvis, Shawn C.; Blackwell, Jeannine, eds. (2001). The Queen's Mirror: Fairy Tales by German Women, 1780-1900. U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0-8032-6181-5.
  • MacDonald, Joan H (1997). "Snow white and Red rose in colonial novels". Australian Folklore. 12: 174–180.
  • Rölleke, Heinz (1986). "Schneeweißchen und Rosenroth. KHM 161 in der Grimmschen 'Urfassung'. Zwei bislang ungedruckte Briefe Wilhelm Hauffs an Grimm und ein Nachtrag zum Fest der Unterirdischen, einem frühen Zeugnis norwegischer Volksliteratur". Fabula (in German). 27: 265–287. doi:10.1515/fabl.1986.27.1.265. S2CID 162233671.
  • Zipes, Jack, ed. (2001). "Compassionate Sisters and Ungrateful Demons". The Great Fairy Tale Tradition: From Straparola and Basile to the Brothers Grimm : Texts, Criticism. W.W. Norton. pp. 772–778. ISBN 978-0-393-97636-6.
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