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Vandenberg Space Launch Complex 6

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Space Launch Complex 6
Delta IV Heavy lifts off from SLC-6 in August 2013
Map
Launch siteVandenberg Space Force Base
Location34°34′53″N 120°37′36″W / 34.5813°N 120.6266°W / 34.5813; -120.6266
Time zoneUTC−08:00 (PST)
• Summer (DST)
UTC−07:00 (PDT)
Short nameSLC-6
OperatorUnited States Space Force
Launch pad(s)1
Orbital inclination
range		55–145°[1]
Launch history
StatusInactive, pending modifications for SpaceX
Launches14
First launch15 August 1995
Athena I (GemStar-1)
Last launch24 September 2022
Delta IV Heavy (NROL-91)
Associated
rockets

Vandenberg Space Launch Complex 6 (SLC-6, pronounced "Slick Six") is a launch pad and associated support infrastructure at Vandenberg Space Force Base in California. Construction at the site began in 1966, but the first launch didn't occur until 1995 due to program cancellations and subsequent repurposing efforts.

The site was originally envisioned to support Titan IIIM rockets and the Manned Orbiting Laboratory, however, these projects were terminated before SLC-6's completion. Between 1979 and 1986 the facilities received extensive modifications to accommodate the Space Shuttle. However, budgetary constraints, safety considerations, and political factors ultimately led to the cancellation of Shuttle operations from the West Coast.

SLC-6 facilitated four launches of Athena rockets between 1995 and 1999 with minimal modifications. Subsequently, it underwent modifications to support the Delta IV and Delta IV Heavy, which conducted ten successful missions between 2006 and 2022. In 2023, SpaceX secured a lease agreement for SLC-6, with plans to modify the facility for Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches commencing in 2025.

Vandenberg's southward launch trajectory is advantageous for deploying satellites into high-inclination polar and Sun-synchronous orbits, needed for weather forecasting, Earth observation, and reconnaissance missions as they enable comprehensive and regular global coverage. Launching into such orbits from the East Coast of the United States presents significant challenges due to geographical constraints.[3]

History

[edit]

SLC-6, part of Vandenberg's "South Base," was originally part of the Sudden Ranch, prior to its purchase by the U.S. Air Force in the mid-1960s under the law of eminent domain. In addition to the ranch, the Point Arguello Light was based there, which in 1967 was replaced by an automated light. There was also the Point Arguello LORAN station, de-established 31 December 1979.[4]

Titan (1966–1969)

[edit]

No Titans were launched from SLC-6. After purchase of south base, the Air Force started construction of the SLC-6 facility on 12 March 1966, to support launches of a modified Titan III for the Manned Orbiting Laboratory (MOL). After significant construction work was completed, the MOL program was cancelled on 10 June 1969, so further work on SLC-6 stopped as the facility was placed in mothball status.[5]

Space Shuttle (1972–1989)

[edit]
Space Shuttle Discovery atop Shuttle Carrier Aircraft 905, flies over SLC-6 in November 1984, for testing of infrastructure at the base

No Space shuttles were launched from SLC-6. With plans of launching civilian and military equatorial space shuttle flights from Kennedy Space Center (KSC) and military polar orbit flights from Vandenberg, NASA and the Air Force looked at different sites for launching the shuttle, finally deciding upon SLC-6, due to its dedicated crewed spaceflight role that was left over from the canceled MOL/Titan program.[6][7]

In 1972, Vandenberg AFB was chosen as the western launch site for Air Force shuttle launches. Use of SLC-6 was approved in 1975, and re-construction of the former MOL launch facility occurred between January 1979 and July 1986 as SLC-6 was rebuilt to accommodate the space shuttle.[8]

There were several reasons for using SLC-6:[7]

  • Florida shuttle launches to polar orbit would have entailed a large payload penalty;
  • Florida shuttle launches to polar orbit would necessitate overflying South Carolina, and the discarded external tank would overfly Canada and Russia, and
  • Use of the existing and partially constructed Titan III facilities at SLC-6 would reduce building costs for the shuttle launch complex.

A Senate report summarized: "The Air Force originally justified the expenditure of such SLC-6 funding on the basis of a need to launch high-priority military payloads into polar orbits. After Defense Department officials testified that polar orbits could not be achieved by launching from Kennedy Space Center in Florida, the Congress initiated construction of ... SLC-6."[7]

SLC-6 site layout in shuttle launch configuration

There were significant layout differences between the shuttle launch complexes at KSC and SLC-6 at Vandenberg, with the facilities at KSC closer together, but with stacking operations taking place right at the launch pad at SLC-6

At KSC, the Shuttle arrived at the Shuttle Landing Facility airport either by gliding in from space or piggybacking on the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft and then being unloaded using the Mate-Demate Device. From there, it was towed a short distance to one of three Orbiter Processing Facility hangars where it was refurbished. When the orbiter was ready, it was towed across the road to the Vehicle Assembly Building where it was stacked atop a mobile launcher platform. From there, the vehicle was taken to one of two pads at Launch Complex 39 about a mile away by a crawler-transporter. At the launch pad, the Rotating Service Structure allowed payloads to be loaded into the cargo bay on the pad.

At SLC-6, the existing 5,500-foot (1,700 m) runway at the North Base was expanded to match the Shuttle Landing Facility in Florida: 15,000 feet (4,600 m) in length with additional 1,000-foot (300 m) overruns on both ends to accommodate end-of-mission landings. Just off the runway, was the Orbiter Lifting Fixture, a scaled-down version of the Mate-Demate Device, and the Orbiter Maintenance and Processing Facility (OMPF) where the Shuttle would be refurbished.[7] When the orbiter was ready, the Orbiter Transport System, a 76-wheel transporter would have been used to transport the shuttle between the North Base facilities and SLC-6 over 17 miles (27 km) of base and public roadways. The route through the hills around the base required that hills be carved away along 2 miles (3.2 km) of the route to accommodate the orbiter’s wingspan.[9][10] At the launch pad, two buildings, the Shuttle Assembly Building and the Mobile Service Tower would envelop the access tower allowing the spacecraft to be stacked right on the launch pad.[11]

In all, over $4 billion were spent on the modifying SLC-6 for the Space Shuttle. The original Mobile Service Tower (MST) was lowered in height and two new flame ducts were added for the shuttle's solid rocket boosters. Additional modifications or improvements included liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen storage tanks, a payload preparation room, payload changeout room, a new launch tower with escape system for the shuttle crew members, sound suppression system and water reclamation area and a Shuttle Assembly Building were added to the original complex.[7]

Space Shuttle Enterprise at SLC-6 in launch configuration in February 1985

Between November 1984 and May 1985, the Space Shuttle Enterprise was mated with External Tank and SRBs in boilerplate configuration for a series of fit checks like those conducted at LC-39.[12] SLC-6 was declared operational during acceptance ceremonies held on 15 October 1985.[13][14] However, much additional work and testing was still required.

The inaugural polar-orbit flight, designated STS-62-A and using Space Shuttle Discovery with Shuttle veteran Robert Crippen as commander, was planned for 15 October 1986. However, the Challenger disaster of 28 January 1986 grounded the Shuttle fleet as efforts were concentrated on recovery and returning the program to flight after a two-year hiatus.[15]

On 31 July 1986, Secretary of the Air Force Edward C. Aldridge, Jr., announced that Vandenberg's Space Shuttle program would be placed in "operational caretaker status", six months after the Space Shuttle Challenger accident. A few months later, however, SLC-6 was placed in "minimum caretaker status" on 20 February 1987.[8]

Eventually, on 13 May 1988, Secretary Aldridge then directed the Air Force to transfer Space Shuttle assets at Vandenberg to other organizations (specifically, the Kennedy Space Center) by 30 September 1989, the end of the fiscal year. The work was completed 10 days early on 20 September, when SLC-6 was placed in mothball status.[8]

Several factors accounted for this:[7]

  • The Challenger disaster made it clear that sole dependency on the shuttle was unwise
  • SLC-6 would have generated more contaminated waste water than originally envisioned, necessitating an expensive treatment plant
  • Further study showed more sound suppression water would have been needed, requiring upgraded water supply facilities
  • Vehicle icing (which contributed to the Challenger disaster) would have been more problematic than in Florida, and it was unclear how well SLC-6 facilities would handle that
  • Blast protection of nearby occupied buildings was unsatisfactory and more construction would have been required to safeguard them
  • Post-Challenger, the more confined SLC-6 launch area raised concerns of entrapped gaseous hydrogen causing a fire or explosion
  • Large construction cost overruns
  • Independent audits found significant construction quality problems that would have been expensive to fix

The Air Force officially terminated the Space Shuttle program at Vandenberg on 26 December 1989. The estimated cost for the discontinued program was $4 billion.[16]

The Orbiter Lifting Fixture was relocated to United States Air Force Plant 42 where the orbiters were built and refurbished in Palmdale, California, before the delivery of the Space Shuttle Endeavour in 1991. Previously, the orbiters were trucked to Armstrong Flight Research Center at Edwards Air Force Base, about 36 miles (58 km) away, which took about 10 hours.[17] The Orbiter Lifting Fixture was dismantled in 2008.[18]

The Orbiter Transport System was sent to KSC where it was used to move orbiters between the Orbiter Processing Facility and the Vehicle Assembly Building. The vehicle was purchased by SpaceX in 2014 for $37,075.[10]

Titan IV (1990–1991)

[edit]

On 6 July 1990, Lockheed Space Operations Company (LSOC) was awarded an Air Force ground system contract to modify SLC-6 into a Titan IV/Centaur launch complex—essentially an uprated facility from the original MOL program that would have launched a Titan III vehicle.[19] Site work was scheduled to begin in late-FY 1992 with a planned initial launch capability sometime in FY1996.[20][21]

However, on 22 March 1991, HQ USAF reversed itself again by announcing the termination of the Titan IV/Centaur program at SLC-6.[21] The reasons given for the project being canceled was due to "insufficient Titan IV launch requirements from the West Coast to support the construction of a new launch pad." The contract with LSOC was closed out several months later.[22] Instead, USAF continued flying military polar orbit satellites using the Titan 34D and later Titan IV rockets from SLC-4 at Vandenberg.[21][23]

Athena (1994–1999)

[edit]
Athena 1 sits atop a "milkstool" platform at SLC-6, August 1997.

Four Athena missions flew from SLC-6, from 1995 to 1999. In the early 1990s, Lockheed Missiles and Space Company began studies on the prospect of a new family of small launch vehicles for commercial and other users. Lockheed eventually approved the development of the Lockheed Launch Vehicle (LLV) program in January 1993. After the merger of Lockheed with Martin Marietta, it was renamed Athena.[24]

After another contract was issued in 1994 by the Air Force, modification work began on the existing SLC-6 shuttle launch mount for a small "milkstool" platform to be located over one of the two exhaust ducts originally intended for one of the large solid rocket boosters. The first operational launch from SLC-6 occurred on 15 August 1995, involving the Lockheed-Martin Launch Vehicle I (LMLV-1). Unfortunately, LMLV-1 was terminated in mid-flight after uncontrolled oscillations of the rocket were detected. This resulted in the loss of the vehicle and the payload. The cause of the mishap was later determined to be a guidance system failure coupled with overheating of the booster's first stage steering mechanism. The payload on board was GEMstar 1, a small communications satellite manufactured by CTA, Inc. for the Volunteers in Technical Assistance (VITA), a non-profit organization.[25]

After some hardware redesign and testing, a newly rechristened Athena I successfully launched NASA's Lewis satellite into orbit from SLC-6 on 22 August 1997. Part of NASA's Small Spacecraft Technology Initiative (SSTI) and "Mission to Planet Earth" program.[26]

Another launch, on 24 September 1999, was successful as an Ikonos satellite operated by Space Imaging (later acquired by ORBIMAGE to form GeoEye) was successfully placed into a polar orbit using an Athena 2 booster.[27]

Delta IV (1999–2022)

[edit]
Aerial view of SLC-6 circa 2006.

Ten Delta IV rockets were launched from SLC-6. With the advent of the Delta IV in the late 1990s, The Boeing Company received a lease from the Air Force on 1 September 1999, to modify SLC-6 once again to launch Boeing's Delta IV.[28]

Some of the Shuttle-specific components at SLC-6 were removed, such as the mobile Payload Changeout Room, but the Assembly Building, Mobile Service Tower, Launch Tower, flame deflection trenches and sound suppression system and some other shuttle-oriented equipment were retained and made compatible for the new Delta IV rocket. The launch vehicle's Common Booster Core and associated flight hardware was transported from the Boeing factory in Decatur, Ala., to Vandenberg aboard the MV Delta Mariner cargo vessel that docked just south of SLC-6 at the same location originally constructed for receiving and offloading space shuttle external tanks.[29][30]

Delta IV Heavy launch from SLC-6 with USA-224

Boeing developed the Delta IV class of vehicles as its entrant in the Department of Defense's Evolved Expendable Launch Vehicle (EELV) program. EELV was intended to cut launch costs and simplify satellite launch processes.

After sitting on the pad since late-2003 and enduring technical issues with both the booster and the payload, the first of the Delta IV launch vehicles to fly from SLC-6 successfully lifted off at 8:33 p.m. PDT on 27 June 2006.[31][32]

The Delta IV Medium+ (4,2) rocket lofted NROL-22, a classified satellite for the National Reconnaissance Office, into orbit. The payload was successfully deployed approximately 54 minutes later.[33] According to a post-launch Boeing News press release, the mission was the first for the NRO aboard a Delta IV and the second aboard a Delta rocket.

Another Delta IV Medium vehicle flew a mission for the Air Force Defense Meteorological Satellite Program, orbiting DMSP-17, on 4 November 2006.[34]

The Delta IV and the lease on SLC-6 were turned over to United Launch Alliance (ULA) when ULA was formed as a joint venture of Boeing and Lockheed Martin Space in December 2006.

On 20 January 2011, at 1:10 p.m. PST, USA-224 (NROL-49) was launched atop a Delta IV Heavy rocket. The launch was conducted by ULA and was the first flight of a Delta IV Heavy from Vandenberg.[35]

On 24 September 2022, ULA launched the last Delta IV Heavy from the pad, concluding their use of SLC-6. [36] Vulcan Centaur, Delta IV Heavy's successor, will launch from SLC-3 at Vandenberg, currently used by Atlas V.[37]

SpaceX (from 2023)

[edit]

On 24 April 2023, the United States Space Force announced that it was leasing SLC-6 to SpaceX for Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy launches.[38][39] SpaceX expects to begin Falcon 9 launches from SLC-6 in 2025 and Falcon Heavy launches in 2026.[40] Since then, SpaceX has started reconfiguring the launch pad.[41]

Launch history

[edit]
1
2
1995
2000
2005
2010
2015
2020
No. Date/Time
(UTC) 		Type Serial-no. Payload Type of payload Orbit Outcome Remarks
1 1995-08-15 22:30 Athena I DLV GemStar 1 Communications LEO Failure First launch from SLC-6
2 1997-08-23 06:51:01 Athena I LM-002 Lewis Science LEO Success
3 1999-04-27 18:22:01 Athena II LM-005 IKONOS 1 Imaging LEO Failure Payload fairing failed to separate and satellite did not achieve orbit
4 1999-09-24 18:21:08 Athena II LM-007 IKONOS 2 Earth observation LEO Success
5 2006-06-28 03:33 Delta IV Medium+ (4,2) 317 USA-184 (NROL-22) ELINT Molniya Success First Delta IV launch from Vandenberg[42]
6 2006-11-04 13:53 Delta IV Medium 320 USA-192 (DMSP F17) Weather SSO Success First Delta IV launch into a LEO/SSO
7 2011-01-20 21:10 Delta IV Heavy 352 USA-224 (NROL-49) Optical imaging LEO Success[43] First Delta IV Heavy launch from Vandenberg[43]
8 2012-04-02 23:04 Delta IV Medium+ (5,2) 359 USA-234 (NROL-25) Radar imaging LEO Success First Delta IV Medium+ (5,2) launch
9 2013-08-28 18:03 Delta IV Heavy 364 USA-245 (NROL-65) Reconnaissance satellite LEO Success[44]
10 2016-02-10 11:40 Delta IV Medium+ (5,2) 373 USA-267 (NROL-45) Radar imaging LEO Success[45]
11 2018-01-12 22:11 Delta IV Medium+ (5,2) 379 USA-281 (NROL-47) Reconnaissance LEO Success Final flight of Delta IV Medium+(5,2)
12 2019-01-19 11:10 Delta IV Heavy 382 USA-290 (NROL-71) Reconnaissance LEO Success
13 2021-04-26 20:47 Delta IV Heavy 386 USA-314 (NROL-82) Reconnaissance LEO Success
14 2022-09-24 22:25 Delta IV Heavy 387 USA-338 (NROL-91) Reconnaissance LEO Success Final flight of a Delta rocket from Vandenberg

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Falcon User's Guide" (PDF). SpaceX. September 2021. p. 11.
  2. ^ https://twitter.com/SciGuySpace/status/1296462155559186436 Archived 20 August 2020 at the Wayback Machine, Ars Technica Senior Space Editor Eric Berger, 20 August 2020.
  3. ^ "Launch Sites". NASA Human Spaceflight Office. Archived from the original on 13 October 1999.
  4. ^ "Loran Station Point Arguello".
  5. ^ David, Leonard (30 December 2015). "Declassified: US Military's Secret Cold War Space Project Revealed". space.com. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
  6. ^ Heppenheimer, T.A. "The Space Shuttle Decision: Chapter 9: Nixon's Decision". National Space Society. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
  7. ^ a b c d e f "Space Launch Complex 6 (SLC-6)". GlobalSecurity.org. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
  8. ^ a b c Cleary, Mark. Military Space Operations - 1971-1992. USAF 45th Space Wing History Office. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
  9. ^ Hartenstein, William G. (2005). "Space Shuttle West Coast Launch Site SLC-6, Vandenberg AFB". Space Photography. Retrieved 22 July 2024.
  10. ^ a b Behringer, Ashley S. (9 April 2020). "The Space Shuttle in the Atmosphere". The Unwritten Record. Retrieved 25 July 2024.
  11. ^ Toufexis, Anastasia (5 March 1984). "Space: New Pad for the Space Shuttle". Time. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
  12. ^ "40 Years Ago: Space Shuttle Enterprise rolls to the Pad". NASA.gov. 1 May 2019. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
  13. ^ Scully, Janene (29 September 2005). "New era dawns for SLC-6". Lompoc Record. Retrieved 8 June 2017.
  14. ^ Fulks, Tom (16 October 1985). "Vandeberg opens new space shuttle base". The County-Telegram Tribune. San Luis Obispo, California. Archived from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 4 April 2023 – via Newspapers.com.
  15. ^ "Investigation of the Challenger Accident" (PDF). Committee on Science and Technology, House of Representatives, Ninety-ninth Congress, Second Session. 29 October 1986. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
  16. ^ Ray, Justin (19 January 2011). "From Shuttles to Rockets: Long History for Calif. Launch Pad". space.com. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
  17. ^ Uri, John (16 October 2023). "40 Years Ago: Space Shuttle Discovery Makes its Public Debut". Johnson Space Center. Retrieved 22 July 2024.
  18. ^ "Orbiter Mate and Demate to the Shuttle Carrier Aircraft (SCA) at Display Sites" (PDF). NASA. 1 May 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 February 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2024.
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  20. ^ "Topic: Alternate Joint NASA/USAF "STS" System". NASASpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
  21. ^ a b c "Space Launch Complex 6". Air Force Space & Missile Museum. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
  22. ^ "Titan Missile Facilities". The Military Standard. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
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  24. ^ Day, Dwayne (11 February 2013). "Athena rising?". The Space Review. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
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  27. ^ "Launch Details - IKONOS 2 - Athena-2". FAA.gov. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
  28. ^ Ray, Justin (3 March 2000). "Boeing building new launch pad for 21st century". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  29. ^ "Delta Mariner offloads launch components at Vandenberg". afspc.af.mil. 28 October 2011. Retrieved 26 September 2022.
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  33. ^ Cain, Fraser (28 June 2006). "First West Coast Delta IV Launch is Successful". Universe Today. Retrieved 22 September 2022.
  34. ^ Hoy, Raymond (6 November 2006). "Delta IV launch successful". 30th Space Wing Public Affairs. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  35. ^ Graham, William (20 January 2011). "Delta IV Heavy launches on debut West Coast launch with NRO L-49". NASA Spaceflight. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  36. ^ Clark, Stephen (23 September 2002). "Historic launch pad faces uncertain future after final West Coast Delta 4 mission – Spaceflight Now". Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  37. ^ Erwin, Sandra (23 September 2022). "ULA's Delta 4 prepares for final West Coast launch as Vandenberg seeks new tenants". SpaceNews. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  38. ^ Roulette, Joey (24 April 2023). "SpaceX wins approval to add fifth U.S. rocket launch site". Reuters.
  39. ^ Bergin, Chris (27 April 2023). "SpaceX SLC-6 takeover to mark a new chapter for a famous pad". Retrieved 19 October 2024.
  40. ^ Scully, Janene (4 December 2023). "SpaceX Yearly Launch Rate at Vandenberg SFB Could Soar to 100 by 2025". Noozhawk. Retrieved 5 December 2023.
  41. ^ "Reconfiguring SLC 6". X (Formerly Twitter).
  42. ^ Justin Ray (27 June 2006). "New era of rocket launches begins at California base". Spaceflight Now. Retrieved 12 December 2010.
  43. ^ a b "United Launch Alliance Launches First West Coast Delta IV Heavy Mission". United Launch Alliance. 20 January 2011. Archived from the original on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 21 January 2011.
  44. ^ "National Reconnaissance Office Mission Successfully Launches on World's Largest Rocket, the United Launch Alliance Delta IV Heavy". United Launch Alliance. 28 August 2013. Archived from the original on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 29 August 2013.
  45. ^ "United Launch Alliance Successfully Launches NROL-45 Payload for the National Reconnaissance Office". United Launch Alliance. 10 February 2016. Retrieved 29 March 2016.
[edit]

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