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Rojak

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Rujak
Rujak.
Alternative namesLotis; Rujak
TypeSalad
Place of originIndonesia[1]
Region or stateJava
Associated cuisineIndonesia, Malaysia, Singapore
Serving temperatureFresh in room temperature
Main ingredientsFruits, vegetables, palm sugar, peanuts and chilli dressing.

Rujak (Indonesian spelling) or rojak (Malay spelling) is a salad dish of Javanese origin, commonly found in Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore.[2][3] The most popular variant in all three countries is a salad composed of a mixture of sliced fruit and vegetables served with a spicy palm sugar dressing.[4] It is often described as tangy and spicy fruit salad due to its sweet, hot and spicy dressing made from ground chilli, palm sugar and peanuts.[5]

There is a diverse variety of preparations, especially in Indonesian cuisine, and rujak is widely available throughout Indonesia. While the most common variant is primarily composed of fruits and vegetables, its sweet and tangy dressing is often made with prawn paste. Some recipes may contain seafood or meat components, especially in Malaysia and Singapore where a notable variant shows influence from Indian Muslim cuisine.

Etymology

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Travelling fruit rujak vendor in Jakarta.

Rujak is one of the oldest dishes and the earliest historically identified food of ancient Java. The word "rujak" came from the word rurujak in ancient Javanese Taji inscription (901 CE) from the era of Mataram Kingdom in Central Java.[6]

The dish was later introduced to other regions and neighboring countries by the Javanese diaspora, as well as Indian descents who had lived in Java. In Malaysia and Singapore, it is spelled as "rojak".[7][8]

Cultural significance

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Fruit rujak sellers in Bali.

In Indonesia, particularly among the Javanese, the sweet, spicy and sour tastes of rojak is popular among pregnant women; this craving for unripe mango and other sour-tasting fruits is known as "ngidham" or "nyidham" in Javanese.[9] In Javanese culture, rujak is an essential part of the traditional prenatal ceremony called Naloni Mitoni or tujuh bulanan (literally: seventh month), and is meant to wish the mother-to-be a safe, smooth and successful labour.[10] Special fruit rujak is made for this occasion, and later served to the mother-to-be and her guests, primarily her female friends. The recipe of rujak for this ceremony is similar to typical Indonesian fruit rujak, with the exceptions that the fruits are roughly shredded instead of thinly sliced, and that jeruk bali (pomelo/pink grapefruit) is an essential ingredient. It is believed that if the rujak overall tastes sweet, the unborn would be a girl, and if it is spicy, the unborn baby is a boy.[11]

Mangarabar, or rujak making, is a special event for the inhabitants of the Batak Mandailing region in Tapanuli, North Sumatra, Indonesia after the harvest. Normally the whole village will be involved in making and consuming the rujak.[12]

In Malaysia and Singapore, "rojak" is also used as a colloquial expression for an eclectic mix, in particular as a word describing the multi-ethnic character of Malaysian and Singaporean society.[13][7][14]

Indonesian rujak

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Sweet rujak sauce. Made of palm sugar, tamarind, peanuts, and chilli.

Rujak Buah (fruit rujak)

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Seasonal fruits rujak in Indonesia.

In Indonesia, Rujak buah is also known as rujak manis (sweet rujak). The typical Indonesian fruit rujak consists of slices of assorted tropical fruits such as jambu air (water apple), pineapple, unripe mangoes, bengkoang (jicama), cucumber, kedondong and raw red ubi jalar (sweet potato). Sometimes Malang variants of green apple, belimbing (starfruit) and jeruk Bali (pomelo) are added. The sweet and spicy-hot bumbu rujak dressing is made of water, gula jawa (palm sugar), asem jawa (tamarind), crushed peanuts, terasi (prawn paste), salt, bird's eye chilli and red chilli. All of the fruits are cut to bite-size pieces, and put in the dish.[15]

The bumbu rujak or thick sweet spicy rujak dressing is poured on the fruit slices. An addition of sambal garam powder (a simple mixture of salt and ground red chilli) is put on side as the alternative for those who prefer a salty taste for their rujak. The Javanese people call this kind of rujak as lotis.[16]

Rujak Cuka

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Rujak cuka literally means "vinegar rujak". It is a speciality of Sundanese cuisine of West Java, noted for its sour freshness. It is made of shredded fruits such as pineapple and unripe mango, and vegetables such as jícama, cabbage, bean sprouts and cucumber. It is quite similar to asinan due to its sour and spicy dressing, since both dishes contain vinegar, palm sugar and chilli.[17]

Rujak Tumbuk (Rujak Bēbēk)

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Rujak bebek or rujak tumbuk (mashed rujak).

This is another variant of Indonesian fruit rujak which comes from West Java.[18] The ingredients are almost the same as typical Indonesian fruit rujak, with the exception that all the ingredients are being ground or mashed together (tumbuk or bēbēk in Indonesian) in a wooden mortar. The fruits being ground are young/green pisang batu (a species of plantain), raw red yam, jicama, Java apple, kedondong and young unripe mango. The dressing is not poured on the fruit, but mashed together with all the ingredients. The dressing contains terasi prawn paste, palm sugar, salt and birds-eye chilli. Traditionally, rujak tumbuk is served in individual smaller portions on banana leaf plates called pincuk. However today, it is also commonly served in plastic cups.

Rujak Serut

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This literally means "shredded rujak", and is another variant of Indonesian fruit rujak. As with rujak tumbuk, the ingredients are similar to Indonesian fruit rujak, with the exceptions that the fruits are not cut into bite-sized pieces, but shredded into a roughly grated consistency.

Rujak u' Groeh

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A delicacy from Aceh province, this rujak consists of very young and tender coconut meat, young (green) papaya, bird's eye chilli, sugar, palm sugar, ice, salt and a dash of lime. This rujak is best eaten cold.[19]

Rujak Pengantin

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"Pengantin" means "bride-and-groom pair" in Indonesian. This rujak is reminiscent of Indonesia's colonial cuisine. It contains slices of boiled eggs, potatoes, fried tofu, pineapple, carrot, bean sprouts, pickles, chilli, lettuce, cabbage, cucumber, emping crackers, roasted peanuts, peanut sauce and little vinegar. In some variants, the peanut sauce is mixed with mayonnaise. It is somewhat like Central Javanese gado-gado.

Rujak Kuah Pindang

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Rujak kuah pindang, uses thin sweet and spicy sauce made of pindang fish brine broth, Bali.

Rujak is a popular street food in Bali.[20] A Balinese variation of the Indonesian fruit rujak, but instead of the normal rujak dressing, the fruits are soaked in a spiced fish broth. The broth consists of terasi (fermented prawn paste), salt, bird's eye chilli, red chilli and pindang fish broth.[21]

Rujak Terasi

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Terasi means shrimp paste. This rujak is from Lombok. It is slices of fruits like mango, kedondong (june plum), pineapple, papaya with sambal using roasted shrimp paste.[22]

Rujak Cingur

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Rujak Cingur, made from buffalo mouth is a speciality of Surabaya.

Cingur (pronounced "ching-ur") literally means "mouth" in Javanese. This variant of rujak originates from Surabaya. This speciality rujak from East Java has a "meaty" taste. It contains slices of cooked buffalo or cow lips, bangkuang, unripe mango, pineapple, cucumber, kangkung, lontong (rice cake), tofu and tempe, all served in a black sauce made from petis (black fermented prawn paste, related to terasi) and crushed peanuts. It is topped with a sprinkle of fried shallots and kerupuk (Indonesian prawn crackers).[23]

Rujak Petis

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This is another variant of rujak from Surabaya. It contains slices of bangkuang, unripe mango, cucumber, kangkung (water spinach), kedondong, tofu and soybean sprouts all served in a black sauce made from petis (sticky black fermented prawn paste, related to terasi), fried shallots, salt, palm sugar, unripe banana and crushed peanuts. Traditionally it is served on a banana leaf; today it is more commonly served on plates.

Rujak Tolet

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Similar to fruit rujak, and also from Surabaya. Aside from unripe fruits the rojak also includes fried tofu, fried garlic and optionally beef tendons. The sauce is petis-based mixed with palm sugar, slices of raw bird's eye chilli and sweet soy sauce.

Rujak Juhi

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Rujak Juhi, with krupuk.

Juhi means salted cuttlefish in Indonesian; this rujak contains fried tau kwa tofu, fried boiled potatoes, fried shredded salted cuttlefish, cucumber, noodles, lettuce, cabbages, peanut sauce, vinegar, chilli and fried garlic. This dish was originated from the Chinese community in Batavia (now Jakarta) and now has become a Betawi dish closely related with Asinan Betawi.[24]

Rujak Shanghai

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Rujak Shanghai served in Glodok Chinatown area, Jakarta.

Named after "Bioscoop Shanghay" (a cinema named after Shanghai, China's most populated city) In Batavia Kota area, this dish was created by Indonesia's Chinese community. This variant of rujak can be found in Indonesian Chinatowns in cities such as Glodok in Jakarta. Rujak Shanghai contains seafood, like Rujak Juhi. Boiled sliced gurita (octopus) and edible jellyfish are served with kangkung, and served with thick red sweet and sour sauce, mixed with pineapple juice, and toasted crushed peanuts. Usually chilli sauce and pickled bengkoang are served as condiments.[25]

Rujak Soto

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A delicacy from Banyuwangi, East Java, it is a unique blend between beef soto and rujak cingur. A local speciality in which the vegetables (water spinach and bean sprouts) rujak served with lontong rice cake in petis sauce poured with soto soup. It was created in 1975 by Usni Solihin.[26]

Rujak Es Krim

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The specialty dessert from Yogyakarta. Fruit rujak mixed with ice cream made from coconut milk. It is also served with sambal.[27]

Rujak Ebi

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Rujak ebi is a fruit rujak with ebi (dried shrimp) and emping. It is a delicacy of Singkawang, West Kalimantan.[28]

Rujak Mie

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Rujak mie is a dish from Palembang. The dish consists of noodles, tofu, slices of pempek, cucumber, lettuce, and cuko (sweet spicy broth).[29]

Rujak Kangkung

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Rujak kangkung is a dish made from water spinach, sweet spicy sambal, and krupuk. It is a delicacy from Kuningan, West Java.[30]

Rujak Belut

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In Brebes, there is a typical rujak called rujak belut. It is fried eels smeared with sambal and served with fresh chopped shallot and tomato.[31]

Rujak Bulung

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Rujak bulung is a traditional rujak dish in Bali. It is edible seaweed mixed with pindang (fish) sauce, grated coconut, grated galangal, and rujak seasoning made from salt, sugar, chili peppers and shrimp paste.[32]

Rujak Kembang Katis

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Rujak Kembang Katis

Rujak kembang katis or rujak bunga pepaya in Indonesian, is a food from Bangka Island. The rujak is cassava leaves, papaya flower and some other vegetables with peanut sauce.[33]

Rujak Teplak

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In Tegal Regency, rujak teplak is a common rujak dish. It consists of vegetables such as water spinach, cabbage, bean sprouts, asparagus beans, papaya leaves, cassava leaves, and banana blossom smeared with spicy sauce. The sauce is made from chilis, peanuts, and cassava. The dish is served with a cracker called kerupuk mie (noodle cracker).[34]

Rujak Gamel

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Rujak gamel is a specialty rujak of Gamel Village in Cirebon Regency, West Java. It consists of noodles, boiled water spinach, cabbage, tofu, fritter, eggplant, and wet krupuk.[35]

Malaysian and Singaporean rojak

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Rojak Buah (fruit rojak)

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Fruit rojak in Singapore.

In Malaysia and Singapore, fruit rojak typically consists of cucumber, pineapple, jícama, bean sprouts, taupok (puffy, deep-fried tofu) and youtiao (cut-up Chinese-style fritters).[13] Unripe mangoes and green apples are less commonly used. The dressing is made of water, belacan, sugar, chilli and lime juice. Ingredients vary among vendors, with some adding prawn paste (hae ko in Hokkien), tamarind or black bean paste to the mix. The ingredients are cut into bite-sized portions and tossed in a bowl with the dressing, and topped with crushed peanuts and a dash of ground or sliced torch ginger bud (bunga kantan in Malay).

A popular variant found in Penang, Malaysia is Rojak Penang, which adds jambu air, guava, squid fritters and honey to the mixture, and emphasizes the use of tart fruits such as unripe mangoes and green apples, while bean sprouts and fried tofu puffs are usually omitted.[36] The sauce or dressing for the rojak tends to be very thick, with an almost toffee-like consistency.[37]

Rojak India

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Indian (mamak) rojak in Singapore
A selection of items for Indian rojak in Singapore
Rojak mamak in Malaysia.

In Malaysia, mamak rojak (also known as Indian rojak or Pasembur) is associated with Mamak stalls, which are Muslim Malaysian Indian food stalls where rojak mamak is a popular dish.[38] It contains fried dough fritters, tofu, boiled potatoes, prawn fritters, hard boiled eggs, bean sprouts, cuttlefish and cucumber mixed with a sweet thick, spicy peanut sauce.[38] In the northwestern states of Peninsular Malaysia such as Penang, and Kedah, it is always called pasembur, while in Kuala Lumpur it is called rojak mamak.

In Singapore, Indian rojak consists of an assortment of potatoes, hard-boiled eggs, tofu and prawn fritters, often colorfully dyed. Customers typically select their favorite items from a display, after which they are heated up in a wok, chopped up, and served with a sweet and spicy peanut and chilli sauce on the side for dipping.[39]

Rojak Bandung

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A Singaporean dish known as Rojak Bandung contains cuttlefish, water spinach, cucumber, tofu, peanuts, chilli and sauce.[40][41] Rojak Bandung has no relation to the Indonesian city of Bandung; in the Malay language, the term bandung means "pairs".[42]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Menguak Fakta Menu Lalapan Sunda Lewat Prasasti Taji". beritasatu.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 23 December 2017.
  2. ^ "Rujak Indonesian Fruit Salad & Tangy Peanut Citrus Sauce". Food.com.
  3. ^ Indonesia OK!!: The Guide with a Gentle Twist. Galangpress Group. 2004. p. 80. ISBN 9789799341792.
  4. ^ Dina Yuen (2012). Indonesian Cooking: Satays, Sambals and More. Tuttle Publishing. ISBN 9781462908530.
  5. ^ "Spicy fruit salad (rujak)". SBS.
  6. ^ "4 Makanan yang Sudah Ada Sejak Ribuan Tahun Lalu, Ada Kesukaanmu? - Bobo". bobo.grid.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 27 February 2021.
  7. ^ a b "Rojak". Your Singapore.
  8. ^ "Malaysian Indian Mamak Style Rojak". 7 July 2016.
  9. ^ "Ibu Hamil Sedang Ngidam, Nih! Haruskah Semuanya Dituruti?". Hello Sehat (in Indonesian). 10 November 2018. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
  10. ^ Lusiana Mustinda (26 November 2014). "Mitoni, Ritual Tujuh Bulanan untuk Kelancaran Persalinan". Food Detik.com (in Indonesian).
  11. ^ Ana Amalia (26 July 2016). "Resep Rujak Serut Khas 7 Bulanan". Merah Putih (in Indonesian).
  12. ^ Odilia Winneke Setiawati (22 August 2016). "Cara Tradisional Menikmati Kesegaran Buah Semusim". Detik Food (in Indonesian).
  13. ^ a b Choo Woon Lim (1 April 2015). "'Rojak buah' a perennial favourite that represents Malaysian society". The Star.
  14. ^ hermes (14 April 2018). "Singapore's 'rojak' mix of cultures works fine". The Straits Times. Retrieved 27 February 2021.
  15. ^ Sofiah Budiastuti. "Indonesian Fruit Salad (Rujak Buah)". All Recipes.
  16. ^ "Lotis". Cookpad.
  17. ^ "Resep Rujak Cuka". Cookpad.
  18. ^ "Rujak Bebeg, Kuliner Tradisional dengan Rasa Sensasional dari Jawa Barat". Tribun Travel.
  19. ^ Tresna Purnama Dewi (12 July 2012). "Rujak U' Groeh". Budaya Indonesia.
  20. ^ Eka Juni Artawan (24 March 2016). "Savor: Rujak Bali – Spicy Balinese fruit salad". The Jakarta Post.
  21. ^ "Bali: Warung Rujak Gelogor". Good Indonesian Food. 2 November 2015. Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 10 February 2017.
  22. ^ Afriliana, Linda. "Resep Rujak Terasi Khas Lombok". pikiran-rakyat.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 23 March 2023.
  23. ^ Jessicha Valentina (21 January 2016). "Surabaya: Rujak Cingur Ahmad Jais". Good Indonesian Food. Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 10 February 2017.
  24. ^ "Jakarta: Rujak Juhi Bapak Misbah". Good Indonesian Food. Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. Retrieved 10 February 2017.
  25. ^ "Rujak ala Encim di Pancoran". Kompas.com (in Indonesian). 1 May 2009.
  26. ^ "Resep Rujak Soto Banyuwangi". Tempo (in Indonesian). 11 November 2016.
  27. ^ Agmasari, Silvita. "Resep Rujak Es Krim, Camilan Segar dari Yogyakarta". kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 7 November 2022.
  28. ^ Setiawati, Odilia Winneke. "Segar Gurih Rujak Berbumbu Ebi Khas Singkawang". detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 6 May 2024.
  29. ^ WS, Odilia. "Resep Rujak Mie Palembang yang Pedas Segar". detik.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 25 December 2022.
  30. ^ Aisyah, Yuharrani. "Resep Rujak Kangkung Khas Kuningan, Sajikan Pakai Sambal Asem"". kompas.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 23 March 2023.
  31. ^ Susanti, Inda. "Rujak Belut Bu Ribut Brebes Bikin Nagih, Ini Rahasia Kelezatannya". inews.id (in Indonesian). Retrieved 23 March 2023.
  32. ^ Tifani, Tifani (3 November 2022). "Rujak Bulung, Kuliner Bali yang Bukan dari Buah-Buahan". liputan6.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 23 March 2023.
  33. ^ Nurhayati, Nurhayati. "Andalkan Rujak Bunga Pepaya". tribunnews.com (in Indonesian). Bangka Pos. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
  34. ^ "Nikmatnya Rujak Teplak, Makanan Khas Tegal yang Sehat". kumparan.com (in Indonesian). PanturaPost. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
  35. ^ Prayitno, Panji (27 July 2022). "Menikmati Sensasi Pedas Rujak Gamel Cirebon". liputan6.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 6 May 2024.
  36. ^ Poon Toh Suan Ee (5 September 2017). "Café Malacca's Mrs Poon keeps the tastes of Malaysia and Singapore real". SCMP. Archived from the original on 2 October 2017. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
  37. ^ Cheong Kamei (November 2019). "Food places in Butterworth Penang locals love". Jetstar. Retrieved 17 March 2021.
  38. ^ a b "Top 10 Most Ordered Mamak Foods in Malaysia". Explorer Malaysia.
  39. ^ "6 best Indian rojak stalls in Singapore for your midday snack fix". 18 August 2022.
  40. ^ Polytechnic, Temasek (15 July 2015). Singapore Hawker Classics Unveiled: Decoding 25 Favourite Dishes By Temasek Polytechnic. Marshall Cavendish International Asia Pte. ISBN 9789814677868. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
  41. ^ "Power Rojak Bandung".
  42. ^ "Bandung", Online Dictionary, Cari.com.my, archived from the original on 22 July 2011, retrieved 29 March 2010
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