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Rom the Space Knight

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Rom
Cover of Rom #1 (Dec. 1979), art by Frank Miller.
Publication information
PublisherMarvel Comics
IDW Publishing
First appearanceRom #1 (December 1979)
Created byBing McCoy (toy design)
Bill Mantlo (writer)
Sal Buscema (artist)
In-story information
Alter egoRom of Galador/Artour
SpeciesGaladorian
Place of originGalador
Team affiliationsSpaceknights
AbilitiesArmor grants:
Superhuman strength
Extreme durability
Flight
Space travel via rocket backpack
Survive the vacuum of space
Self-repair capabilities
Advanced weaponry/scientific equipment

Rom the Spaceknight[1][note 1] is a superhero who was originally conceived as a toy and then a magazine lead. Rom was created by Scott Dankman, Richard C. Levy, and Bryan L. McCoy for Parker Brothers and is now a Hasbro asset. After the toy was licensed to Marvel Comics, Rom became a character that debuted in the eponymous American comic book Rom: Spaceknight (December 1979 – February 1986), by Bill Mantlo and Sal Buscema.

In July 2015, IDW Publishing began publishing a new Rom comic book series as part of the Hasbro Comic Book Universe.

In May 2023, Marvel reacquired the rights to begin publishing omnibus editions collecting the Rom material they had previously published in the 1970s and 1980s.[3]

Toy

[edit]
The original ROM toy in packaging, as released by Parker Brothers in 1979.

"Rom" was a toy co-created by Scott Dankman, Richard C. Levy, and Bryan L. McCoy (US Patent #4,267,551).[4][5] It was sold to Parker Brothers and was the inspiration[2] for the comic book series Rom: Spaceknight. The toy was originally named COBOL, after the programming language, but was later changed to Rom, after ROM (read-only memory), by Parker Brothers executives.[2]

The toy set a precedent for the game publishing company, which up until that time had only ever produced board games. As this was a new venture for the company, and given that electronic toys were still very new, a decision was made to produce the figure as cheaply as possible. As a result, the final product had very few points of articulation, and twin red LEDs served as Rom's eyes instead of the originally envisioned green, which were more expensive to produce.[2]

Rom appeared in the corner box of the cover of Time magazine's December 10, 1979, issue.[6] It was featured in the interior article, "Those Beeping, Thinking Toys", which decried Rom's lack of articulation and predicted it would "end up among the dust balls under the playroom sofa".[7]

Rom was licensed to Palitoy in the United Kingdom to extend the "Space Adventurer" line of Action Man, appearing in their 1980 catalog. Ultimately, the toy failed and only sold 200,000 to 300,000 units in the US, with creator McCoy blaming the failure on poor packaging and marketing.[2] Parker Brothers subsequently abandoned the line.

A new action figure of Rom was released for the 2017 San Diego Comic Con and at HasbroToyShop.com in limited quantities as part of the IDW Revolution set alongside figures of Jetfire (a repaint of the previously released Transformers Thrilling 30/Legends LG-07 Leader Class Jetfire figure), Roadblock, Action Man, Leoric, characters from the Micronauts, a Dire Wraith and Matt Trakker.

Publication history

[edit]

Marvel Comics (1979–1986)

[edit]

To build interest in the toy, Parker Brothers licensed the character to Marvel Comics, which created a comic book featuring Rom. The comic expanded on the premise that Rom was a cyborg and provided the character with an origin and personality, and established the character was firmly grounded in the Marvel Universe, having regular encounters with mainstream heroes and villains.[8] Ironically the title outlasted the toy which it was created to support,[9] with 75 issues and four Annuals (double-sized issues) published from December 1979 to February 1986.

The comic was written by Bill Mantlo and initially illustrated by artist Sal Buscema.[10] Buscema stated in a 2010 interview: "I liked the character. And I liked what they did with it. I thought the concept was quite good. It was unique. It made it attractive to do. I almost hate to say this, but it was pretty easy to draw, too".[11] Buscema was the main artist for the series from its creation through 1984, when Steve Ditko became the regular artist for the remainder of the series.

IDW Publishing (2016–2020)

[edit]

IDW Publishing licensed the character from Parker Brothers' parent company, Hasbro, and in May 2016, released Rom #0 as part of Free Comic Book Day. The free issue served as a prologue to a new ongoing series which began in July.[12] Rom continued to be part of the Hasbro Comic Book Universe until 2018, following the Transformers: Unicron event.

A prequel limited series titled Rom: Dire Wraiths, written by Chris Ryall and drawn by Luca Pizzari, Guy Dorian and Sal Buscema, was published in January 2020.[13]

Marvel Comics (2023–present)

[edit]

In May 2023, Marvel reacquired their license with Hasbro in order to publish reprints of their original Rom series. A facsimile edition, reprinting Marvel’s first issue, was released in September 2023. An omnibus collection containing the first twenty-five issues of the original series was also released in January 2024.[14] A second volume is scheduled for release in June 2024.[15]

Fictional character biography

[edit]

Marvel Universe

[edit]

Shown in flashback, Rom was originally human in appearance, and belonged to a utopian society on the planet Galador. When the planet was threatened by the warlike Dire Wraiths, another technologically advanced race capable of Skrull-like shapeshifting, Galador's ruler, the Prime Director, called for volunteers to be transformed into cyborg warriors called "Spaceknights". Volunteers were promised that their "humanity" (the body parts removed to accommodate the armor) would be preserved and restored to them after the danger was over.

Rom was the first to volunteer, and was transformed into a large, silver humanoid that at first glance appeared to be totally robotic. Rom was given Galador's greatest weapon, the Neutralizer, which on one setting could banish the Wraiths into the Limbo dimension forever. Inspired by his example, other Galadorians volunteered and eventually one thousand were transformed into Spaceknights—each with his or her own unique armor, powers and code names.[16] The Spaceknights succeeded in stopping the Dire Wraith invasion, although Rom decided to follow the remnants of the fleet back to their home planet, Wraithworld (which orbited a black sun). The Dire Wraiths panicked, and after a futile counter-attack, abandoned the planet and scattered throughout space.[17] Unable to stop Rom, the Dire Wraiths successfully used their sorcery to trick him into allowing their escape. Rom now felt responsible for spreading the Dire Wraiths' evil across the universe and swore he would not reclaim his humanity until all Dire Wraiths had been vanquished. Fellow Spaceknights, including comrades Starshine and Terminator, adopted the same oath and left Galador.[16] Terminator ultimately went insane, killing Starshine and attempting to kill Rom and his human friends, as he thought all had been "contaminated".

After 200 years in space, Rom arrived on Earth, landing near the fictional town of Clairton in West Virginia, United States. Rom befriended a local woman named Brandy Clark, who, after witnessing Rom deal with the Dire Wraiths, began to assist him in his mission. Those witnessing Rom's neutralizer could not see the Wraiths being banished to Limbo, leading Rom to be hunted for supposedly killing innocents.[16]

During his time on Earth, Rom fought and banished thousands of Dire Wraiths. The increasingly desperate Dire Wraiths created new foes for Rom, including Firefall, a fusion of human and Spaceknight;[18][19] the sorcerous Hellhounds;[20] and robotic Watchwraiths.[21] Two of Rom's greatest foes were Hybrid[22][23][24][25] (the result of a union between Wraith and human), and Mentus (a suit of Spaceknight armor occupied by the dark side of the Prime Director's psyche).[26] Other opponents were more traditional and hailed from the Marvel Universe proper, such as the Mad Thinker,[27] the Space Phantom,[28] and Galactus and his then-herald Terrax.[29][30] He encountered such heroes as the X-Men,[22][23] Power Man and Iron Fist,[31] the Fantastic Four,[32] Nova,[33] the Thing,[34] and the Hulk.[35] Rom was one of the many heroes transported into an arena in space for the Contest of Champions, though he was not chosen to participate.[36]

At one stage, a new breed of Dire Wraith arrived on Earth, and appeared to be far deadlier than the first variety.[37] It was later revealed that these were females who relied on sorcery, as opposed to the weaker males who placed their faith in science. Unlike the males, the female Dire Wraiths chose not to act in secrecy and openly attacked Clairton while Rom was away, killing everyone (including Steve and superhero ally the Torpedo) with the exception of Brandy. Furthermore, they attacked S.H.I.E.L.D.'s mobile headquarters which gave Earth authorities clear evidence of the Dire Wraiths' existence and threat. So informed, the combined nations of the world pooled their resources to counter the threat, with Rom as their resident expert and leader of field operations. The Dire Wraiths came into conflict with the Avengers[38][39] and the X-Men[40][41] as well. Rom managed to banish all Dire Wraiths on Earth to Limbo with the aid of his super-powered allies and members of the U.S. military.[42]

Rom left Earth soon after the battle and returned to Galador. Unknown to Rom, Brandy had accidentally met the entity called the Beyonder, and Brandy asked to be transported to Galador.[43] The Beyonder complied and Brandy found herself on Galador, now a war-torn world occupied by a new generation of Spaceknights. Created to defend Galador in the absence of the first Spaceknights, this next generation of cyborgs became corrupted by their power, and massacred the Galadorians in a show of superiority.[44] In an act of spite, the new Spaceknights destroyed the frozen remains of the originals. Rom arrived too late and could only save Brandy.[45] Enraged, Rom summoned the original Spaceknights and together they destroyed the traitors. Rom then made a surprising discovery—his original humanity persisted within the entombed body of Terminator. Reclaiming it, Rom became human again and finally admitted his love for Brandy. The two chose to remain on Galador with the intent of repopulating the planet. The remaining Spaceknights, with their humanity now lost, set out to explore the universe, except for a few others that remained on Galador to protect Rom and Brandy.[46]

During Rick Jones's wedding to Marlo Chandler, the human Rom returned to Earth, together with Brandy, as guests at the ceremony, and Rom greeted the Hulk with a friendly handshake.[47]

In the Spaceknights miniseries (Oct. 2000 – Feb. 2001), written by Jim Starlin, it is revealed that Rom took the name Artour (a reference to Brandy's love of Arthurian legends, and perhaps in memory of his own encounter with King Arthur's ghost)[48] and that he and Brandy had two sons.[49] Rom himself is not actually seen in the series, nor is he mentioned by that name or shown in his spaceknight form (possibly to skirt the fact that Marvel no longer held the license from Parker Brothers, which had retained the copyrights on Rom's name and armored likeness); his ship is attacked off-panel just prior to the start of the story, with Rom himself missing and presumed dead.[49]

Spaceknight Morn, "progenitor for a new type of warrior", appears in a flashback in Cable #1 (May 2020).[50]

Hasbro Comic Book Universe

[edit]
Rom
Publication information
PublisherIDW Publishing (2016–2018)
First appearanceRom #0 (July 2016)
In-story information
Alter egoRom K'atsema
SpeciesElonian
Place of originElonia
Team affiliationsSolstar Order/Space Knights

Rom plays an important role in the Hasbro Comic Book Universe by IDW Publishing.

Two hundred years ago, Rom K'atsema lived an idyllic life with his brother and mothers on the peaceful planet Elonia, a world constantly protected by a powerful planet-wide shield that blocked debris and potential invaders. Rom studied geology at the Elonia University of Arts and Sciences, and befriended Livia and Fy-Laa. One day, the three of them investigated a mysterious meteor shower that had breached Elonia's shield and discovered that the explosive meteors were of Dire Wraith origin: weapons designed to penetrate the shield in advance of a potential Wraith invasion, and ultimately responsible for killing his family. When the Space Knights of the Solstar Order intervened, Rom learned that one of his mothers had been infected by a Wraith and transformed into one of their number. Vowing to avenge his family, Rom and his friends joined the Solstar Order as Space Knights.

On his first mission, Rom would be responsible for discovering Elonia's supply of Ore-12, a miraculous liquid metal capable of "bonding" with its wielder and becoming a permanent suit of armor. Realizing that this mysterious metal was the reason why the Dire Wraiths had attacked their world, the Solstar Order would go on to mine the rest of the ore and equip the rest of their Space Knights with the substance. Soon afterwards, Rom—now a full-fledged Space Knight—left Elonia, leaving behind a beacon in memory of his family. Over the next fifty years, Rom took part in a variety of battles against the Dire Wraiths, and participated in the massive battle that saw the Wraiths' current homeworld, within the Dark Nebula, destroyed. The Space Knights spent the next few years pursuing remnant Dire Wraith forces across backwater planets within Solstar territory.

When Rom arrived on Earth, he was misjudged as Cybertronian. He killed a Dire Wraith impersonating General Joseph Colton, which later exposed the Wraith infiltration around Earth. In time, he gained new allies like the Micronauts, and together, they stopped Baron Karza and the Presence (the Wraith goddess). When Unicron arrived, it destroyed Elonia, which caused Rom to learn more about the monster and its link to the Dire Wraiths' creation. When Unicron was destroyed thanks to Optimus Prime's sacrifice, Rom and the surviving Elonians accepted Earth as their new homeworld, and Rom and Livia rekindled their previous relationship.

Powers and abilities

[edit]

Rom's armor was composed of the Galadorian metal plandanium. It is extremely durable, even able to stand up to Wolverine's adamantium claws. It was shown to be damaged from time to time, demonstrating that plandanium is not indestructible. The armor had self-repair capabilities, though it took several weeks to repair major damage. It provided him with superhuman strength, flight, and the ability to travel through space via backpack rockets. It allowed him to breathe in any atmosphere and survive in the vacuum of space. In Spaceknight form, Rom also did not need to eat or sleep. Controls near the torso allowed Rom to lower the armor's temperature to well below zero. The armor stored a "solar charge" that could be used as a weapon and could drain power sources by mere contact. It gave him the ability to summon three pieces of equipment stored in "subspace".

Neutralizer
Rom's primary weapon, which is designed to banish Dire Wraiths to Limbo by opening a dimensional portal, but the process leaves considerable waste material (ash, etc.) that makes it appear to an uninformed observer that the weapon kills its target. This handheld weapon could fire energy beams that could be deadly at a high setting. It could also neutralize various forms of energy. The device was designed so that only Rom would be able to discharge it. The Dire Wraiths unsuccessfully explored the possibility of examining the weapon to find some means of returning its victims to the normal dimension. The mutant Wolverine once tried to use the weapon and received a numbing blast of energy feedback.[23] Rom's Neutralizer would inspire a similar creation by the mutant Forge when the US government tasked him with constructing a weapon against the Wraith horde. Forge's neutralizer, for a time, cost Storm her mutant abilities.[51] The IDW incarnation is designed to destroy Wraith bio-matter, with a low level blast being capable of curing those who have only been recently infected. It originally looked similar to its toy counterpart, before interfacing with the Ore-12 in ROM's armour changed it into a sleeker, gun-like device.
Analyzer
This device allowed Rom to see shape-changing Dire Wraiths in their true form and could assess the energy and potential of any object/entity. It could be used on an item which represented a world, such as a globe, and would display lights corresponding to Dire Wraith infestations at that point on the planet. The device resembles a handgun, and Dire Wraith imposters took advantage of this fact to fool others into thinking that Rom was attacking them. Rom once arranged for an ally to have the equivalent kind of vision, but the Dire Wraiths counteracted that by magically blocking his mind from recognizing that particular visual data. Regardless, Rom allowed SHIELD to examine the Analyzer in hopes of creating equivalent devices among the Spaceknight's human allies. In the new "Rom" series by IDW, his energy Analyzer is represented as two red lenses mounted on his arms. The arms transform to reveal the lenses, which emit a red light when in operation.
Universal Translator
Rom instantly learned the language of any creature, irrespective of their origin. This device was used to scan and store printed information from an encyclopedia in Rom's memory banks for future use. In the IDW series, the Translator is not a separate piece of equipment, but a function of Rom himself. When he first speaks, he uses an alien language before shifting to English, seemingly mid-sentence.

Other versions

[edit]

As Marvel Comics no longer possesses the licensing rights to Rom from Parker Brothers, the character is not allowed to appear in his armored form. Marvel has found ways to work around this dilemma.

  • In 2000, Marvel published a five-issue SpaceKnights series which featured a hero named Prince Tristan (codenamed "Liberator") in a redesigned version of Rom's armor. He fought alongside other SpaceKnights named after some of the more popular ones from the original series.
  • In the Captain Marvel series featuring Genis-Vell, Rick Jones was shown to own a toaster in the shape of Rom's helmet.[52]
  • In the alternate world of Earth X, Rom had been banished to Limbo and was battling against the Dire Wraiths he had sent there. Rom was seen in human form wielding his Neutralizer and using his chest-plate as a shield. He was referred to only as "the Greatest Spaceknight".[53]
  • In The Avengers #12.1, the super-villain group, The Intelligencia, was seen working with a 'spaceknight' that had actually been a vessel for Ultron in his digital form, which he proceeds to reconstruct into his own likeness.[54]

Reprint omissions

[edit]

After Marvel lost their original license to the character, no reprints or collections of the Marvel series were produced due to Marvel's loss of the rights to Rom and the appearance of many Marvel owned characters throughout the series.

During the time that Marvel did not hold the Rom license, issues regarding the reprinting of Rom guest appearances in other comics led to complications. Brief cameos such as a holographic version of the character appearing as a distraction in Uncanny X-Men #187 have remained intact as have the Rom entries in the Essential Marvel trade paperbacks for the original Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe and its deluxe edition sequel. The cover of the Essential Official Handbook of the Marvel Universe removed Rom from the artwork used for the cover of the collection.[citation needed]

Several appearances by Rom have been outright omitted from reprint editions. Power Man and Iron Fist #73, which featured Rom, was omitted from Essential Power Man and Iron Fist vol. 1, and similarly Marvel Two-in-One #99 was omitted from Essential Marvel Two-in-One vol. 4, while The Incredible Hulk: Regression trade paperback features a heavily edited version of The Incredible Hulk #296, removing Rom's entire appearance in the issue. Furthermore, Rom #72, which was a tie-in to the Secret Wars II series, was omitted from the Secret Wars II Omnibus.[citation needed]

Volume 1 of the Marvel Omnibus, scheduled for release in January 2024, will feature the first 29 issues of the series as well as the previously mentioned Power Man and Iron Fist #73.[3][14]

In other media

[edit]

In December 2015, Hasbro Studios (later folded into Entertainment One in 2019) and Paramount Pictures were planning a cinematic universe featuring Rom and a number of other licensed toy characters, including G.I. Joe, Micronauts, Visionaries: Knights of the Magical Light, and M.A.S.K.[55] Michael Chabon, Brian K. Vaughan, Nicole Perlman, Lindsey Beer, Cheo Coker, John Francis Daley, Jonathan Goldstein, Joe Robert Cole, Jeff Pinkner, Nicole Riegel, and Geneva Robertson joined to the writing team for the project.[56] By March 2018, Zak Penn had signed on to write the Rom film's script.[57]

Explanatory notes

[edit]
  1. ^ The name is often stylized as "ROM".[2]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Alexandratos, Jonathan (2017). Articulating the Action Figure: Essays on the Toys and Their Messages. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company. p. 25. ISBN 978-1476664279.
  2. ^ a b c d e Seitz, Lee K. (January 4, 2006). "An Interview with Bing McCoy". Rom, Spaceknight Revisted!. Archived from the original on January 21, 2013. Retrieved March 25, 2007.
  3. ^ a b "Hasbro's Rom Returns to Marvel For a Massive Omnibus Program". CBR. 2023-05-22. Archived from the original on 2023-05-22. Retrieved 2023-05-22.
  4. ^ US 4267551, Dankman, Scott; Levy, Richard C. & McCoy, Bryan L., "Multi-mode doll", published December 7, 1978, issued May 12, 1981 
  5. ^ Dankman, Scott; Levy, Richard C.; McCoy, Bryan L. (May 12, 1981). "Multi-mode doll". United States Patent and Trademark Office. Archived from the original on December 25, 2015. Retrieved February 24, 2013.
  6. ^ "Those Thinking Toys" (Cover image). Time. December 10, 1979. Retrieved January 31, 2020.
  7. ^ Skow, John (December 10, 1979). "Those Beeping, Thinking Toys". Time. Retrieved January 31, 2020.
  8. ^ Rom at the Grand Comics Database and Rom Annual at the Grand Comics Database
  9. ^ Morris, Jon (2015). The League of Regrettable Superheroes: Half Baked Heroes from Comic Book History. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Quirk Books. pp. 234–235. ISBN 978-1-59474-763-2.
  10. ^ Sanderson, Peter; Gilbert, Laura, ed. (2008). "1970s". Marvel Chronicle A Year by Year History. London, United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. p. 191. ISBN 978-0756641238. Prolific writer Bill Mantlo and artist Sal Buscema created a Marvel comics series and a whole mythology around Parker Brothers' toy 'ROM'. {{cite book}}: |first2= has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  11. ^ Amash, Jim (2010). Sal Buscema: Comics' Fast & Furious Artist. Raleigh, North Carolina: TwoMorrows Publishing. p. 57. ISBN 978-1605490212.
  12. ^ Rom (IDW Publishing) at the Grand Comics Database
  13. ^ Arrant, Chris (July 18, 2019). "Rom Returns to IDW with Dire Wraiths". Newsarama. Archived from the original on August 28, 2019.
  14. ^ a b Marston, George (2023-05-22). "Rom: Space Knight officially returns to Marvel Comics after nearly 40 years". gamesradar. Retrieved 2023-05-23.
  15. ^ https://www.marvel.com/articles/comics/rom-original-marvel-years-omnibus-volume-2-spaceknight-adventures[bare URL]
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  17. ^ Mantlo, Bill (w), Buscema, Sal (p), Akin, Ian; Garvey, Brian (i). "To Save a Spaceknight!" Rom Annual, no. 2 (1983).
  18. ^ Mantlo, Bill (w), Buscema, Sal (p), Buscema, Sal (i). "The Fire, the Friend, and the Foe!" Rom, no. 4 (March 1980).
  19. ^ Rovin, Jeff (1987). The Encyclopedia of Supervillains. New York: Facts on File. p. 130. ISBN 0-8160-1356-X.
  20. ^ Mantlo, Bill (w), Buscema, Sal (p), Buscema, Sal (i). "Dog Day Afternoon!" Rom, no. 6 (May 1980).
  21. ^ Mantlo, Bill (w), Buscema, Sal (p), Buscema, Sal (i). "The Watchwraith!" Rom, no. 16 (March 1981).
  22. ^ a b Mantlo, Bill (w), Buscema, Sal (p), Buscema, Sal (i). "Hybrid!" Rom, no. 17 (April 1981).
  23. ^ a b c Mantlo, Bill (w), Buscema, Sal (p), Milgrom, Al; Giacoia, Frank; Buscema, Sal (i). "And a Child Shall Deceive Them!" Rom, no. 18 (May 1981).
  24. ^ Mantlo, Bill (w), Buscema, Sal (p), Sinnott, Joe (i). "West Virginia REEL" Rom, no. 31 (June 1982).
  25. ^ Mantlo, Bill (w), Buscema, Sal (p), Sinnott, Joe (i). "Choosing Sides" Rom, no. 32 (July 1982).
  26. ^ Mantlo, Bill (w), Buscema, Sal (p), Sinnott, Joe (i). "Galador!" Rom, no. 25 (December 1981).
  27. ^ Mantlo, Bill (w), Buscema, Sal (p), Buscema, Sal (i). "The Ultimate Android!" Rom, no. 14 (January 1981).
  28. ^ Mantlo, Bill (w), Buscema, Sal (p), Buscema, Sal (i). "Limbo!" Rom, no. 19 (June 1981).
  29. ^ Mantlo, Bill (w), Buscema, Sal (p), Sinnott, Joe (i). "Galactus!" Rom, no. 26 (January 1982).
  30. ^ Mantlo, Bill (w), Buscema, Sal (p), Sinnott, Joe (i). "Turnabout is Fair Play!" Rom, no. 27 (February 1982).
  31. ^ Duffy, Mary Jo (w), LaRocque, Greg (p), Villamonte, Ricardo (i). "Wraith, Color Or Creed" Power Man and Iron Fist, no. 73 (September 1981).
  32. ^ Mantlo, Bill (w), Buscema, Sal (p), Sinnott, Joe (i). "The Thing from Outer Space!" Rom, no. 23 (October 1981).
  33. ^ Mantlo, Bill (w), Buscema, Sal (p), Sinnott, Joe (i). "No Place Like Home!" Rom, no. 24 (November 1981).
  34. ^ Mantlo, Bill (w), Hall, Bob (p), Dzuban, Kevin (i). "SSHSSS" Marvel Two-in-One, no. 99 (May 1983).
  35. ^ Mantlo, Bill (w), Buscema, Sal (p), Talaoc, Gerry (i). "To Kill or Cure!" The Incredible Hulk, vol. 2, no. 296 (June 1984).
  36. ^ Gruenwald, Mark; Mantlo, Bill; Grant, Steven (w), Romita, John Jr. (p), Marcos, Pablo; Layton, Bob (i). "A Gathering of Heroes!" Marvel Super Hero Contest of Champions, no. 1 (June 1982).
  37. ^ Mantlo, Bill (w), Buscema, Sal (p), Akin, Ian; Garvey, Brian (i). "One Man's Toys... Are Another Man's Terror!" Rom, no. 47 (October 1983).
  38. ^ Stern, Roger (w), Milgrom, Al; Infantino, Carmine (p), Sinnott, Joe (i). "And the Rocket's Red Glare!" The Avengers, no. 244 (June 1984).
  39. ^ Stern, Roger (w), Milgrom, Al (p), Sinnott, Joe (i). "Bombshells!" The Avengers, no. 245 (July 1984).
  40. ^ Claremont, Chris (w), Romita, John Jr. (p), Green, Dan (i). "Wraithkill" The Uncanny X-Men, no. 187 (November 1984).
  41. ^ Claremont, Chris (w), Romita, John Jr. (p), Green, Dan (i). "Legacy of the Lost" The Uncanny X-Men, no. 188 (December 1984).
  42. ^ Mantlo, Bill (w), Ditko, Steve (p), Russell, P. Craig (i). "Doomsday! Total War part 14" Rom, no. 65 (April 1985).
  43. ^ Mantlo, Bill (w), Ditko, Steve (p), Layton, Bob (i). "When You Wish Upon a Star" Rom, no. 72 (November 1985).
  44. ^ Mantlo, Bill (w), Ditko, Steve (p), Sinnott, Joe (i). "Strangers in Paradise!" Rom, no. 73 (December 1985).
  45. ^ Mantlo, Bill (w), Ditko, Steve (p), Byrne, John (i). Rom, no. 74 (January 1986).
  46. ^ Mantlo, Bill (w), Ditko, Steve (p), Russell, P. Craig (i). "The End!" Rom, no. 75 (February 1986).
  47. ^ David, Peter (w), Frank, Gary (p), Smith, Cam (i). "We Are Gathered Here" The Incredible Hulk, vol. 2, no. 418 (June 1994).
  48. ^ Mantlo, Bill (w), Buscema, Sal (p), Akin, Ian; Garvey, Brian (i). "In Days of Olde, When Knights Were Bolde!" Rom, no. 37 (December 1982).
  49. ^ a b Batista, Chris; Starlin, Jim (w), Batista, Chris (p), Wallace, Chip (i). "Ebon Tidings" Spaceknights, no. 1 (October 2000).
  50. ^ Duggan, Gerry (w), Noto, Phil (a), Sabrino, VC's Joe (let), White, Jordan D. (ed). "Big Guns" Cable, vol. 4, no. 1 (May 2020). Marvel. Archived from the original on 2021-07-29. Retrieved on 2021-07-29.
  51. ^ Claremont, Chris (w), Romita, John Jr. (p), Green, Dan (i). "Public Enemy!" The Uncanny X-Men, no. 185 (September 1984).
  52. ^ David, Peter (w), ChrisCross (p), Rodriguez, Anibal (i). "First Contact" Captain Marvel, vol. 3, no. 1 (January 2000).
    David, Peter (w), ChrisCross (p), Rodriguez, Anibal (i). "It's A Small Universe After All" Captain Marvel, vol. 3, no. 6 (June 2000).
    David, Peter (w), Kirk, Leonard (p), Riggs, Robin (i). "Quiet Miracles" Captain Marvel, vol. 3, no. 26 (February 2002).
  53. ^ Ross, Alex; Krueger, Jim (w), Braithwaite, Doug (p), Reinhold, Bill (i). Universe X, no. 3 (December 2000).
  54. ^ Bendis, Brian Michael (w), Hitch, Bryan (p), Neary, Paul (i). "Her name is Jessica Drew, Spider-Woman" The Avengers, vol. 4, no. 12.1 (June 2011).
  55. ^ Kilday, Gregg (December 15, 2015). "Paramount, Hasbro Creating Movie Universe Around G.I. Joe, Four Other Brands". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on October 12, 2016. Retrieved December 22, 2015.
  56. ^ Kit, Borys (April 21, 2016). "Hasbro Cinematic Universe Takes Shape With Michael Chabon, Brian K. Vaughan, Akiva Goldsman (Exclusive)". The Hollywood Reporter. Archived from the original on June 10, 2016.
  57. ^ Fleming, Mike Jr. (March 26, 2018). "Ready Player One's Zak Penn To Adapt ROM For Paramount & Hasbro's Allspark". Deadline. Archived from the original on August 28, 2019. Retrieved March 26, 2018.
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