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Pudong

Coordinates: 31°14′05″N 121°30′23″E / 31.23472°N 121.50639°E / 31.23472; 121.50639
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the district in Shanghai. For the airport situated here, see Shanghai Pudong International Airport.
Pudong
浦东新区
District & State-level new area
Pudong New Area
Lujiazui from the Bund
Lujiazui from the Bund
Map
Location within Shanghai
Location within Shanghai
Coordinates: 31°14′05″N 121°30′23″E / 31.23472°N 121.50639°E / 31.23472; 121.50639
CountryPeople's Republic of China
MunicipalityShanghai
District Gov't Established1993
Government
 • CPC Pudong District SecretaryZhu Zhisong
 • District GovernorHang Yingwei (杭迎偉)
Area
 • Total
1,210.4 km2 (467.3 sq mi)
Population
 (2020)
 • Total
5,681,512
 • Density4,700/km2 (12,000/sq mi)
GDP [1]
 • TotalCN¥ 1.6 trillion
US$ 237.78 billion (2022)
 • Per capitaCN¥ 281,180
US$ 41,755 (2022)
Time zoneUTC+08:00 (China Standard Time)
Postal code
200120
Area code021
WebsitePudong.gov.cn
Pudong
"Pudong" in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese characters
Simplified Chinese浦东
Traditional Chinese浦東
PostalPootung
Literal meaning"East of the Pu [River]"
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu PinyinPǔdōng
Wade–GilesP'u3-tung1
IPA[pʰù.tʊ́ŋ]
Wu
RomanizationPhu上-ton平

Pudong is a district of Shanghai located east of the Huangpu, the river which flows through central Shanghai. The name Pudong was originally applied to the Huangpu's east bank, directly across from the west bank or Puxi, the historic city center. It now refers to the broader Pudong New Area, a state-level new area which extends all the way to the East China Sea.

The traditional area of Pudong is now home to the Lujiazui Finance and Trade Zone and the Shanghai Stock Exchange and many of Shanghai's best-known buildings, such as the Oriental Pearl Tower, the Jin Mao Tower, the Shanghai World Financial Center, and the Shanghai Tower. These modern skyscrapers directly face Puxi's historic Bund, a remnant of former foreign concessions in China. The rest of the new area includes the Port of Shanghai, the Shanghai Expo and Century Park, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai Pudong International Airport, the Jiuduansha Wetland Nature Reserve, Nanhui New City, and the Shanghai Disney Resort.

History

[edit]

Pudong—literally "The East Bank of the Huangpu River"—originally referred only to the less-developed land across from Shanghai's Old City and foreign concessions. The area was mainly farmland and only slowly developed, with warehouses and wharfs near the shore administered by the districts of Puxi on the west bank: Huangpu, Yangpu, and Nanshi. Pudong was originally established as a county in 1958 until 1961 which the county was split among Huangpu, Yangpu, Nanshi, Wusong and Chuansha County.

Premier Li Peng announced the policy of Pudong's opening and development on April 18, 1990. Speaking at a celebration for the fifth anniversary of the Shanghai Volkswagen Corporation, Li stated that "some policies of the economic and technological zones and Special Economic Zones can be implemented in the Pudong area".[2]: 23  Li stated that future investors from Hong Kong, Macau, and Taiwan were welcomed and that China would provide preferential conditions for cooperation and improve the investment environment.[2]: 23  The occasion is often described as Pudong's "birthday".[2]: 23  Nonetheless, development in the area was slow for the rest of 1990.[2]: 23 

On October 1, 1992, the original area of Pudong County and Chuansha County merged and established Pudong New Area.

In 1993, the Chinese government set up a Special Economic Zone in Chuansha, creating the Pudong New Area. Deng Xiaoping had initiated its development three years earlier to build further confidence in Reform and Opening Up.[3]: 158  Pudong's description as a New Area served to distinguish it from existing SEZs.[3]: 158  It had even more open policies than existing SEZs, in terms of attracting foreign direct investment and developing the local economy.[3]: 158 

The western tip of the Pudong district was designated as the Lujiazui Finance and Trade Zone and has become a financial hub of modern China. Several landmark buildings were constructed, including the Oriental Pearl Tower, and the supertall Jin Mao Building (420.5 m or 1,380 ft), Shanghai World Financial Center (494 m or 1,621 ft) and Shanghai Tower (632 m or 2,073 ft), the world's first trio of adjacent supertall skyscrapers. These buildings—all along Century Avenue and visible from the historic Bund—now form the most common skyline of Shanghai.

In official discourses on urbanization in China, Pudong is considered the paradigmatic example of the 1990s approach to urbanization.[3]: 157 

On May 6, 2009, it was disclosed that the State Council had approved the proposal to merge Nanhui District with Pudong and comprise the majority of eastern Shanghai. In 2010, Pudong was host to the main venues of the Shanghai Expo, whose grounds now form a public park.

Pudong New Area consist of the original Pudong County (northeastern portion of Shanghai County), Chuansha County, and Nanhui County.

Climate

[edit]

Pudong has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa), influenced by monsoons and Siberian winds as well as rains and typhoons from the Pacific. The average annual temperature in Pudong is 17.2 °C (63.0 °F). The temperatures are highest on average in July and August, at around 28.6 °C (83.5 °F), and lowest in January, at around 5.1 °C (41.2 °F).

Climate data for Pudong (1997–2020 normals, extremes 1981–2010)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 21.5
(70.7) 		26.3
(79.3) 		29.0
(84.2) 		33.6
(92.5) 		33.3
(91.9) 		37.2
(99.0) 		40.0
(104.0) 		40.5
(104.9) 		36.5
(97.7) 		33.2
(91.8) 		29.2
(84.6) 		22.4
(72.3) 		40.5
(104.9)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 8.9
(48.0) 		10.7
(51.3) 		15.1
(59.2) 		20.7
(69.3) 		25.4
(77.7) 		28.0
(82.4) 		32.8
(91.0) 		32.3
(90.1) 		28.4
(83.1) 		23.6
(74.5) 		18.1
(64.6) 		11.6
(52.9) 		21.3
(70.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 5.1
(41.2) 		6.7
(44.1) 		10.6
(51.1) 		15.9
(60.6) 		20.9
(69.6) 		24.2
(75.6) 		28.7
(83.7) 		28.5
(83.3) 		24.7
(76.5) 		19.7
(67.5) 		13.9
(57.0) 		7.6
(45.7) 		17.2
(63.0)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 2.1
(35.8) 		3.4
(38.1) 		6.9
(44.4) 		11.8
(53.2) 		17.1
(62.8) 		21.2
(70.2) 		25.5
(77.9) 		25.6
(78.1) 		21.7
(71.1) 		16.2
(61.2) 		10.4
(50.7) 		4.3
(39.7) 		13.9
(56.9)
Record low °C (°F) −6.5
(20.3) 		−4.4
(24.1) 		−2.3
(27.9) 		2.5
(36.5) 		9.1
(48.4) 		14.1
(57.4) 		19.9
(67.8) 		19.5
(67.1) 		13.4
(56.1) 		6.8
(44.2) 		0.6
(33.1) 		−4.5
(23.9) 		−6.5
(20.3)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 77.2
(3.04) 		69.8
(2.75) 		85.1
(3.35) 		87.1
(3.43) 		91.1
(3.59) 		231.1
(9.10) 		154.2
(6.07) 		227.0
(8.94) 		136.3
(5.37) 		78.1
(3.07) 		70.4
(2.77) 		57.1
(2.25) 		1,364.5
(53.73)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 10.6 10.8 12.2 11.0 11.3 14.4 12.2 13.3 10.7 7.5 9.7 9.0 132.7
Average snowy days 2.0 1.7 0.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.8 5.1
Average relative humidity (%) 73 74 72 71 74 82 78 79 77 73 75 71 75
Mean monthly sunshine hours 107.1 111.1 147.0 168.4 173.1 120.0 189.8 191.4 156.8 152.3 122.7 123.4 1,763.1
Percent possible sunshine 33 35 39 43 41 28 44 47 43 44 39 40 40
Source: China Meteorological Administration[4][5]

Government

[edit]

Districts of the Direct-Controlled Municipality of Shanghai are administratively on the same level as prefecture-level cities. However, the government of Pudong has a status equivalent to that of a sub-provincial city, which is a half-level above a prefecture-level city. This is due to Pudong's size and importance as the financial hub of China. The Pudong Communist Party Secretary is the top office of the district, followed by the district governor of Pudong. The Pudong party chief is customarily also a member of the Shanghai Party Standing Committee.[citation needed]

On April 27, 2015, the People's Government of Pudong New Area is working with China (Shanghai) Pilot Free-Trade Zone Administrative Committee.[6]

Demographics

[edit]

Pudong is bounded by the Huangpu River in the west and the East China Sea in the east. Pudong is distinguished from Puxi ("West Bank"), the older part of Shanghai. It has an area of 1,210.4 square kilometres (467.3 sq mi) and, according to the 2020 census, a population of 5,681,512 inhabitants, accounting for around 22.8 percent of Shanghai and 1.85 million more than in 2010. Pudong's resident population growth is well above national average because it is a popular immigration destination. The 2020 census shows a 8% increase in the last decade, or an annual pace of 0.8%.[7]

Excluding immigrants, the birth rate in 2010 was 0.806% while the death rate is 0.729, resulting a net growth of 0.077%. The total fertility rate is 1.03, well below the replacement level.[8] The district actually has a negative registered household population growth if immigrants are excluded, thus the growth is purely driven by immigration.

The 2020 census shows a population density of 3,006/km2.[7] About 3/4 of the population live in the northern part and part of city center called "Northern Territory". 1/4 live in the "Southern Territory" that was the Nanhui District. The Northern Territory has a 6,667 population density, while the Southern Territory has 1,732/km2. Suburbs saw a greater increase in population during 2000–2010 with the help of the city's suburb expansion policy. Some counties in the traditional city center saw a population decrease.

Subdistricts and towns

[edit]
Further information: List of township-level divisions of Shanghai
Name Chinese (S) Hanyu Pinyin Shanghainese Romanization Population (2010)[9] Area (km2)
Weifang Xincun Subdistrict 潍坊新村街道 Wéifāng Xīncūn Jiēdào vij vaon sin tsen ka do 100,548 3.89
Lujiazui Subdistrict 陆家嘴街道 Lùjiāzuǐ Jiēdào loq ka tzyu ka do 112,507 6.89
Zhoujiadu Subdistrict 周家渡街道 Zhōujiādù Jiēdào tzoe ka du ka do 144,668 5.52
Tangqiao Subdistrict 塘桥街道 Tángqiáo Jiēdào daon djio ka do 76,916 3.86
Shanggang Xincun Subdistrict 上钢新村街道 Shànggāng Xīncūn Jiēdào zaon kaon sin tsen ka do 104,932 7.54
Nanmatou Road Subdistrict 南码头路街道 Nánmǎtóulù Jiēdào neu mau doe lu ka do 107,130 4.22
Hudong Xincun Subdistrict 沪东新村街道 Hùdōng Xīncūn Jiēdào wu ton sin tsen ka do 112,031 5.51
Jinyang Xincun Subdistrict 金杨新村街道 Jīnyáng Xīncūn Jiēdào cin yan sin tsen ka do 206,017 8.02
Yangjing Subdistrict 洋泾街道 Yángjīng Jiēdào yan cin ka do 146,237 7.38
Puxing Road Subdistrict 浦兴路街道 Pǔxìnglù Jiēdào phu xin lu ka do 177,468 6.25
Dongming Road Subdistrict 东明路街道 Dōngmínglù Jiēdào ton min lu ka do 121,449 5.95
Huamu Subdistrict 花木街道 Huāmù Jiēdào hau moq ka do 221,327 20.93
Chuanshaxin Town* (Chwansha) 川沙新镇 Chuānshāxīn Zhèn tseu sa sau sin tzen 420,045 148.05
Gaoqiao town 高桥镇 Gāoqiáo Zhèn ko djio tzen 184,486 38.73
Beicai town 北蔡镇 Běicài Zhèn poq tsa tzen 276,547 24.91
Heqing town 合庆镇 Héqìng Zhèn req chin tzen 132,038 41.97
Tang town 唐镇 Tángzhèn daon tzen 129,267 32.16
Caolu town 曹路镇 Cáolù Zhèn dzo lu tzen 186,012 45.58
Jinqiao town 金桥镇 Jīnqiáo Zhèn cin djio tzen 81,537 25.28
Gaohang town 高行镇 Gāoháng Zhèn ko raon tzen 137,625 22.85
Gaodong town 高东镇 Gāodōng Zhèn ko ton tzen 110,552 36.24
Zhangjiang town 张江镇 Zhāngjiāng Zhèn tzan kaon tzen 165,297 42.10
Sanlin town 三林镇 Sānlín Zhèn se lin tzen 360,516 34.19
Huinan town 惠南镇 Huìnán Zhèn we neu tzen 213,845 65.24
Zhoupu town 周浦镇 Zhōupǔ Zhèn tzoe phu tzen 147,329 42.60
Xinchang town 新场镇 Xīnchǎng Zhèn sin dzan tzen 84,183 54.30
Datuan Town 大团镇 Dàtuán Zhèn da deu tzen 71,162 50.45
Kangqiao town 康桥镇 Kāngqiáo Zhèn khaon djio tzen 174,672 41.25
Hangtou town 航头镇 Hángtóu Zhèn raon doe tzen 110,060 60.40
Zhuqiao town 祝桥镇 Zhùqiáo Zhèn tzoq djio tzen 104,945 146.28
Nicheng town 泥城镇 Níchéng Zhèn gnij zen tzen 62,519 61.50
Xuanqiao town 宣桥镇 Xuānqiáo Zhèn si djio tzen 59,567 45.78
Shuyuan town 书院镇 Shūyuàn Zhèn syu yeu tzen 59,323 66.90
Wanxiang Town 万祥镇 Wànxiáng Zhèn ve zian tzen 24,346 23.35
Laogang town 老港镇 Lǎogǎng Zhèn lo kaon tzen 37,408 38.90
Nanhui Xincheng Town** 南汇新城镇 Nánhuì Xīnchéng Zhèn neu we sin zen tzen 47,381 67.76
Luchaogang Farm 芦潮港农场 Lúcháogǎng Nóngchǎng lu dzo kaon non dzan 688 9.40
Donghai Farm 东海农场 Dōnghǎi Nóngchǎng ton he non dzan 508 15.20
Chaoyang Farm 朝阳农场 Cháoyáng Nóngchǎng dzo yan non dzan 862 10.67
Waigaoqiao Free-trade Zone 外高桥保税区 Wàigāoqiáo Bǎoshuìqū nga ko djio po seu chiu 1,349 10.00
Jinqiao Export Processing Zone 金桥经济技术开发区 Jīnqiáo Jīngjì Jìshù Kāifāqū cin djio cin tzij djij dzeq khe faq chiu 5,514 67.79
Zhangjiang Hi-tech Park 张江高科技园区 Zhāngjiāng Gāo Kējì Yuánqū tzan kaon ko khu djij yeu chiu 23,617 75.90

Education

[edit]

Universities and higher education

[edit]
New York University Shanghai

Primary and secondary schools

[edit]

Public schools:

International schools:

Other private schools:

Economy

[edit]
Pudong aerial view.

With the Nanhui District merger in May 2009, the size of Pudong's economy grew. The district's 2022 gross domestic product amounts to an estimated CN¥1.601 trillion (US$238 billion), with services comprising 74.7% of economic output. Its GDP per capita was CN¥281,180, corresponding to around US$41,755 by nominal values and US$68,647 by purchasing power parity values.[1]

The area is divided into four distinct economic districts. Apart from Lujiazui Trade and Finance Zone, there is Waigaoqiao Free Trade Zone, the largest free trade zone in mainland China covering approximately 10 square kilometres (3.9 sq mi) in north-east Pudong. The Jinqiao Export Processing Zone is another major industrial area in Pudong covering 19 square kilometres (7.3 sq mi) Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park is a special area for technology-oriented businesses.

The Pudong area continues to experience rapid development, especially in the commercial sector, with 1.3 million square meters of prime office space reaching completion in 2008, more than the previous two years combined.[18] Pudong has also attracted considerable fixed asset and real estate investment, reporting 87.268 billion RMB in fixed asset investment and 27.997 billion RMB in real estate investment in 2008.[19]

Pudong area of Shanghai, at night

The newest Disney resort, with a Disneyland included, is located in Pudong, which opened to tourists in June 2016.[20]

Businesses

[edit]

Bao Steel has its head office in the Bao Steel Tower (simplified Chinese: 宝钢大厦; traditional Chinese: 寶鋼大廈; pinyin: Bǎogāng Dàshà) in Pudong.[21] Comac has its head office in Pudong.[22] The headquarters of Yangtze River Express, a cargo airline, are in the Pufa Tower (浦发大厦; 浦发大廈; Pǔfā Dàshà) in Pudong.[23]

Hang Seng Bank has its mainland offices in the Hang Seng Bank Tower in Pudong.[24] Kroll has an office in the Hang Seng Bank Tower.[25] Google has its Shanghai offices in the Shanghai World Financial Center.[26]

Skyscrapers in Pudong

Transportation

[edit]

The Shanghai Pudong International Airport opened its doors in 1999, shortening the travel time for visitors.

In the same year, Line 2 of the Shanghai Metro commenced services. An extension brought the line further east, where it serves the airport. Other lines, namely Lines 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 11, 12, 13 and 16 also have sections that serve parts of Pudong. A magnetic levitation train began operating in 2004, moving passengers between the airport and Longyang Road Metro station.

Ships on the Huangpu River with Pudong in view

Pudong is connected to Puxi by several tunnels and four major bridges. The first of these bridges were the Nanpu Bridge (1991) and the Yangpu Bridge (1993). The Xupu Bridge opened in 1996. The latest of these is Lupu Bridge, which is the world's second longest arch bridge and was completed in 2002. Currently there are five tunnels that link the two sides, Dapu Rd. Tunnel, the first tunnel across the Huangpu River, Yan'an Rd. Tunnel, running east–west, and Dalian Rd. Tunnel, running north–south, Fuxing Rd. Tunnel, complementing the Yan'an Rd. Tunnel, Waihuan Tunnel, one part of Shanghai Outer Ring Express. Two new tunnels linking Lujiazui to Puxi are under construction.

Roads in Pudong have no particular longitudinal or latitudinal orientation. Major thoroughfares Pudong Avenue, Zhangyang Road and Yanggao Road run east–west until Yangpu Bridge before turning gradually to become north–south. Century Avenue crosses all three major roads and extends from Lujiazui to Century Park. Yanggao Road extends south to the A20, Shanghai's outer Ring road, which runs east–west from Xupu Bridge and then north–south beginning at the interchange near Renxi Village, when the east–west expressway turns into Yingbin Avenue, headed for Pudong International Airport.

Metro

[edit]

Pudong is currently served by ten metro lines and one tram line operated by Shanghai Metro and one maglev line operated by Shanghai Maglev Train and one suburban line operated by China Railway:

[edit]
  • The Oriental Pearl tower at night
    The Oriental Pearl tower at night
  • Lujiazui
    Lujiazui
  • Pudong from the Bund
    Pudong from the Bund
  • Jin Mao building
    Jin Mao building
  • Lujiazui Finance and Trade Zone, Pudong
    Lujiazui Finance and Trade Zone, Pudong
  • Lujiazui skyline, Pudong
    Lujiazui skyline, Pudong
  • CITIC Pacific HQ & Mandarin Oriental
    CITIC Pacific HQ & Mandarin Oriental
  • Pudong at night (video)
  • Pudong at night with Oriental Pearl Tower
    Pudong at night with Oriental Pearl Tower
  • Huangpu River at night. “Better City, Better Life” is the theme of Expo 2010.
    Huangpu River at night. “Better City, Better Life” is the theme of Expo 2010.
  • Shanghai Oriental Pearl Tower
    Shanghai Oriental Pearl Tower
  • View of the Oriental Pearl Tower
    View of the Oriental Pearl Tower
  • Lujiazui at night
    Lujiazui at night
  • Lujiazui at night
    Lujiazui at night
  • Satellite image of Shanghai's Pudong district.
    Satellite image of Shanghai's Pudong district.

Twin towns — sister cities

[edit]
See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in China

Pudong is twinned with:

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "【直击引领区】2022年浦东GDP超1.6万亿元".
  2. ^ a b c d Chatwin, Jonathan (2024). The Southern Tour: Deng Xiaoping and the Fight for China's Future. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9781350435711.
  3. ^ a b c d Hu, Richard (2023). Reinventing the Chinese City. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-21101-7.
  4. ^ 中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
  5. ^ 中国气象数据网 (in Simplified Chinese). China Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 26 August 2023.
  6. ^ 上海自贸区空间扩大4倍 将与浦东新区合署办公. People's Daily. April 27, 2015. Retrieved April 27, 2015.
  7. ^ a b "上海发布第七次全国人口普查主要数据，浦东常住人口568万人占上海22.8%". Pudong District People's Government. 20 May 2021. Retrieved 8 May 2023.
  8. ^ Population analysis of Pudong, 2011 http://rkjsw.sh.gov.cn/dr/qxinfo/310115/2012227/000000003500038000944464363.html?openpath=spfp/qxinfo/310115 Archived 2015-01-09 at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ Census Office of the State Council of the People's Republic of China; Population and Employment Statistics Division of the National Bureau of Statistics of the People's Republic of China (2012). 中国2010人口普查分乡、镇、街道资料 (1 ed.). Beijing: China Statistics Print. ISBN 978-7-5037-6660-2.
  10. ^ "Contact Us." Dulwich College Shanghai. Retrieved on October 12, 2013. "DCS MAIN CAMPUS 266 LanAn Rd, JinQiao, PuDong, 201206 地址：上海市浦东金桥蓝桉路266号，201206" and "DUCKS 425 LanAn Rd, Jin Qiao, PuDong 201206 地址：上海市浦东金桥蓝桉路425号，201206"
  11. ^ "Home Archived 2014-05-17 at the Wayback Machine." French School of Shanghai. Retrieved on 23 May 2014. "Campus de Pudong : 1555, Jufeng Lu, Pudong District 201208 Shanghai (Chine)"
  12. ^ "Kontakte." German School of Shanghai Pudong. Retrieved on 23 May 2014. "DS Shanghai Pudong 1100 Jufeng Lu 201206 Shanghai - VR China" - Chinese address: "上海德国学校浦东校园201206上海市巨峰路1100号综合楼"
  13. ^ Home page. Shanghai American School. Retrieved on February 19, 2014. "Puxi Campus 258 Jinfeng Road Huacao Town, Minhang Dist. Shanghai, China 201107 6221-1445" and "Pudong Campus Shanghai Links Executive Community 1600 Lingbai Road Sanjiagang, Pudong Shanghai, China 201201 6221-1445"
  14. ^ "Shanghai Japanese School Pudong Campus." Shanghai Japanese School. Retrieved on February 18, 2014. "上海日本人学校　浦東校 〒200127　上海市浦東新区錦康路277号"
  15. ^ "Home Archived 2014-02-22 at the Wayback Machine." SJS Senior High School. Retrieved on February 18, 2014. "〒200127 上海市浦東新区錦康路277号"
  16. ^ "Contact Us." Wellington College International Shanghai. Retrieved on September 30, 2015. "Wellington College No. 1500 Yao Long Road (near the Oriental Sports Center) Pudong, Shanghai 200126 上海惠灵顿国际学校 上海市浦东新区 耀龙路1500号 (靠东方体育中心) 邮编：200126"
  17. ^ "Concordia International School Shanghai". Home Page. Retrieved 16 November 2019.
  18. ^ Knight Frank China Knight Frank China, Shanghai Commercial Market Quarterly Report, Q4 2009
  19. ^ Knight Frank China Knight Frank China, Shanghai Commercial Market Quarterly Report, Q1 2009
  20. ^ "[1]." THE WALT DISNEY COMPANY REACHES ANOTHER MAJOR MILESTONE ON SHANGHAI THEME PARK PROJECT. Retrieved on July 7, 2010.
  21. ^ "Contact Us." Baosteel. Retrieved on November 10, 2012. "ADD:Baosteel Tower, Pu Dian Road 370, Pudong New District, Shanghai, 200122, P.R. China Postal Code:200122" - Chinese: "上海市浦东新区浦电路370号宝钢大厦"
  22. ^ "Contact Us." Comac. Retrieved on November 10, 2012. "25 Zhangyang Road, Shanghai" - Chinese Archived 2019-08-05 at the Wayback Machine: "上海市张杨路25号"
  23. ^ "Yangtze River Express Airlines Company Limited Archived 2016-05-02 at the Wayback Machine." HNA Group. Retrieved on February 24, 2014. "Address: Pufa Tower, 588 Pudong South Road, Pudong New Area, Shanghai" - Address in Chinese Archived 2014-03-01 at the Wayback Machine: "地址：上海市浦东新区浦东南路588号浦发大厦 邮编：200120"
  24. ^ "Mainland Service Network." Hang Seng Bank. Retrieved on 11 September 2011. "Hang Seng Bank（China）Limited Address: 34/F & 36/F, Hang Seng Bank Tower, 1000 Lujiazui Ring Road, Pudong, Shanghai, China"
  25. ^ "Office locations Archived 2011-08-10 at the Wayback Machine." Kroll Inc. Retrieved on 14 August 2011. "Shanghai Room 3031, 30F 1000 Lujiazui Ring Road, Hang Seng Bank Tower Pudong New Area Shanghai 200120 China"
  26. ^ "Google locations." Google. Retrieved on May 25, 2016. "Google Shanghai 60F, Shanghai World Financial Center 100 Century Avenue, Pudong New Area Shanghai 200120, China"
  27. ^ "Sister Cities Committee". City of Beverly Hills. 2019-07-01. Retrieved 2019-07-01.
  28. ^ "Vice Chairman of Shanghai visited Kuopio". Kuopio Innovation. 2013-06-04. Retrieved 2015-12-01.

Further reading

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  • Kris Olds, “Globalizing Shanghai: The ‘Global Intelligence Corps’ and the Building of Pudong," Cities 12, no. 3 (1997) 109–23.
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pudong New Area.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Pudong.
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