[go: up one dir, main page]
Jump to content

Internet in India

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Internet
Visualization of Internet routing paths
An Opte Project visualization of routing paths through a portion of the Internet
General
Governance
Information infrastructure
Services
History
Guides
icon Internet portal
Part of a series on the
Culture of India
Culture of India
Society
Arts and literature
Others
Symbols
Organizations

Internet in India began in 1986 and was initially available only to the educational and research community. General public access to the internet in India began on 15 August 1995. By 2023, India had more than 900 million Internet users.[1] It is reported that in 2022 an average mobile Internet consumption in India was 19.5 GB per month and the mobile data usage per month rose from 4.5 exabytes in 2018 to 14.4 exabytes in 2022.[2][3]

As of February 2024, the Internet is delivered to India mainly by 17 different undersea fibres, including SEA-ME-WE 3, Bay of Bengal Gateway and Europe India Gateway, arriving at 5 different landing points.[4] In 2022, it was reported that India is also a potential market of Starlink.[5] And apart from having one overland internet connection at the city of Agartala near the border with Bangladesh, India has also established a 2,300-kilometre undersea cable to its Andaman and Nicobar archipelago in 2020 and a 1,868 kilometre undersea cable to Lakshadweep islands to increase internet connectivity.[6][7]

The Indian Government has embarked on projects such as BharatNet, Digital India, Brand India, PM WANI and Startup India to further expedite the growth of internet-based ecosystems.

Reliance has started the project of underlying submarine cable connecting continents of Europe and Asia and keeping India its centre India-Europe-Xpress (IEX) and India-Asia-Xpress (IAX) - the world's largest submarine cable system, are said to be ready between 2023 and 2024.[8]

There are now over 850 million Internet users in India, according to the latest data from the Internet and Mobile Association of India (IAMAI).

History

[edit]

While early computer networks were operated since the late 1970s by the Oil and Natural Gas Corporation, the military,[9] along with general-use computer networks such as INDONET, NICNET, and VIKRAM,[10] the history of the Internet in India began with the launch of the Educational Research Network (ERNET) in 1986.[11] The network was made available only to educational and research communities.[12] ERNET was initiated by the Department of Electronics (DoE), with funding from the Government of India and United Nations Development Program (UNDP), involving eight premier institutions as participating agencies—NCST Bombay, Indian Institute of Science, five Indian Institutes of Technology (Delhi, Mumbai, Kanpur, Kharagpur and Chennai), and the DoE in New Delhi. ERNET began as a multi protocol network with both the TCP/IP and the OSI-IP protocol stacks running over the leased-line portion of the backbone. Since 1995, however, almost all traffic is carried over TCP/IP.[13] The first leased line of 9.6 kbit/s was installed in January 1991 between Delhi and Mumbai. ERNET was allotted Class B IP address 144.16.0.0 by NIC (then InterNIC) in 1990. Subsequently, Class C addresses were allotted to ERNET by APNIC. All IITs, IISc Bangalore, DOE Delhi and NCST Mumbai were connected by 9.6 kbit/s leased line by 1992. In the same year, 64 kbit/s Internet gateway link was commissioned from NCST Mumbai to UUNet in Virginia, United States. NICNet was established in 1995 for communications between government institutions. The network was operated by the National Informatics Centre.[12]

The first publicly available internet service in India was launched by state-owned Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited (VSNL) on 15 August 1995.[14][15] At the time, VSNL had a monopoly over international communications in the country and private enterprise was not permitted in the sector. The internet service, known as the Gateway Internet Access Service (GIAS), provided a speed of 9.6 kbit/s speed and was priced at ₹5,200 for 250 hours for individuals, ₹16,200 for institutional dial-up SLIP/PPP accounts, and higher for leased line services.[16]

However, for the next 10 years, the Internet experience in the country remained less attractive, with narrow-band connections having speeds less than 56 kbit/s (dial-up).[17][18]

Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) access was introduced in 1997.[18]

In 2004, the government formulated its broadband policy, which defined broadband as "an always-on Internet connection with a download speed of 256 kbit/s or above."[17] From 2005 onward, the growth of the broadband sector in the country accelerated but remained below the growth estimates of the government and related agencies due to resource issues in last-mile access, which were predominantly wired-line technologies. This bottleneck was removed in 2010 when the government auctioned the 3G spectrum, followed by an equally high-profile auction of 4G spectrum, that set the scene for a competitive and invigorated wireless broadband market. 5G drives India's internet speed, ranking up 72 places, ahead of many G20 countries.[19] After the launch of Reliance Jio in 2016, Internet data rates dropped considerably, and telecom companies expanded their fiber optic networks in competition. Today, internet access in India is provided by both public and private companies using a variety of technologies and media, including dial-up (PSTN), xDSL, coaxial cable, Ethernet, FTTH, ISDN, HSDPA (3G), Wi-Fi, WiMAX, etc., at a wide range of speeds and costs.[20]

2020 marks a new era of Internet In India. With the formalisation and launch of PM WANI (Prime Minister Wi-Fi Access Network Interface) policy India, aimed at enhancing the proliferation of public Wi-Fi hotspots across the country. The primary goal is to increase internet connectivity, especially in rural areas, by creating a robust digital communications infrastructure. It is designed to function in a decentralized manner, with Public Data Offices (PDOs) operating, maintaining, and delivering broadband services to subscribers through Wi-Fi access points or routers. This policy has been leveraged by various projects across India to enhance public Wi-Fi access, create jobs and business and help increase the Internet penetration.[21]

Technologies

[edit]

Overview

[edit]

Wired Internet access technologies by usage share as of 30 September 2023.

  Fibre (87.03%)
  Ethernet/LAN (7.54%)
  DSL (2.86%)
  Cable modem (1.87%)
  Leased line (0.67%)
  Dial up (0.01%)

Wireless Internet access technologies by usage share as of 30 September 2023.

  LTE (82.94%)
  5G (11.34%)
  GPRS/EDGE (3.74%)
  HSPA/WCDMA (1.87%)
  Wi-Fi (0.1%)
  Radio/Wi-Max/VSAT (0.09%)

Wireless Internet

[edit]

The following frequencies are used to provide wireless Internet services in India:[22]

  • 2G : GSM 900 MHz, GSM 1800 MHz
  • 3G : WCDMA UMTS 2100 MHz, 900 MHz
  • 4G : TD-LTE 2300 MHz, 2500 MHz, FD-LTE 2100 MHz, 1800 MHz, 900 MHz, 850 MHz
  • CDMA : 800 MHz (for 1x voice and data & EVDO Rev A, Rev B, Rev B Phase II data)
  • 5G :[23]

Wired Internet

[edit]

Fixed-line or wired Internet technologies used in India include digital subscriber line, (DSL), Dial-up Internet access, Ethernet and local area network (LAN), Cable modem, fibre to the home, and leased line.[24]

All india conference 74th application in our country under publication

[edit]

In 2004, the government formulated its broadband policy which defined broadband as "an always-on Internet connection with download speed of 256 kbit/s or above."[17] The definition was amended in July 2013 defining broadband as a "data connection that supports interactive services, including internet access, capable of a minimum download speed of 256 kbps to an individual subscriber."[25][26] The minimum download speed was officially raised from 256 kbit/s to 512 kbit/s in August 2014.[27]

On September 1, 2021, TRAI increased the minimum broadband speed to 2 Mbit/s.[28] The regulator announced that broadband would now be defined as "an always-on data connection, provided over fixed or wireless infrastructure, that is able to support multiple information and interactive services such as Internet access and on-demand video and offers a minimum downlink and uplink speed of 2 Mbps to an individual subscriber from the point of presence (POP) of the service provider intending to provide the broadband service.".[29]

The worldwide broadband speed league ranked India 74th out of 221 countries with a mean download speed of 47.99 Mbit/s as of 30 June 2023.[30] According to the Akamai Q1 2017 State of the Internet Report, the average internet connection speed in India is 6.5 Mbit/s and the average peak connection speed is 41.4 Mbit/s. Globally, India was ranked 89th out of 149 countries/regions by average internet connection speed and 97th by average peak connection speed. 42% of internet users in India have an average internet connection speed of above 4 Mbit/s, 19% have a speed of over 10 Mbit/s, and 10% enjoy speeds over 15 Mbit/s. At the average or population in our country to distribute the internet connection.

According to the November 2023 Speedtest Global Index, published by Speedtest.net, India was ranked 18th out of 145 countries by median mobile Internet speed and 87th out of 181 countries by median fixed broadband speed. The median fixed broadband download speed in India is 58.62 Mbit/s, and the median fixed broadband upload speed is 50.42 Mbit/s. Speedtest recorded the median download speed on mobile connections in India as 94.62 Mbit/s and the median upload speed as 9.02 Mbit/s.[31]

Internet user base

[edit]

India has the second highest number of Internet users in the world.[32] The following table provides an overview of Internet subscriber statistics in India as on 30 September 2023.[24]

Statistic Figures
Total subscribers 918.19 million
Narrowband subscribers 33.19 million
Broadband subscribers 885 million
Wired subscribers 37.11 million
Wireless subscribers 881.08 million
Urban subscribers 542.53 million
Rural subscribers 375.66 million
Overall net penetration 65.89%
Urban net penetration 110.03%
Rural net penetration 41.72%

The World Economic Forum (WEF) estimated that about 60% of Indian internet users viewed vernacular content and only about a quarter of internet users were over the age of 35 years in 2019. The WEF also estimated that 1.1 billion Indians would have access to the Internet by 2030, with 80% of the subscriber base primarily accessing the Internet on mobile devices. The profile of India's internet user base was predicted to diversify by 2030 with 80% of users accessing vernacular content and with users over 25 years making up 45% of the total subscriber base.[33] There is also a digital gender gap with far more male Internet users in the country compared to female users. The gap is more pronounced in rural hinterlands compared to urban metros.[34]

Access to the Internet can be divided into dial-up and broadband access. Around the start of the 21st century, most residential access was by dial-up, while access from businesses was usually by higher speed connections. In subsequent years dial-up declined in favour of broadband access. Both types of access generally use a modem, which converts digital data to analog for transmission over a particular analog network (ex. the telephone or cable networks).[35]

Dial-up access is a connection to the Internet through a phone line, creating a semi-permanent link to the Internet.[35] Operating on a single channel, it monopolizes the phone line and is the slowest method of accessing the Internet. Dial-up is often the only form of Internet access available in rural areas because it requires no infrastructure other than the already existing telephone network. Dial-up connections typically do not exceed a speed of 56 kbit/s, because they are primarily made via a 56k modem.[35]

Broadband access includes a wide range of speeds and technologies, all of which provide much faster access to the Internet than dial-up. The term "broadband" once had a technical meaning, but today it is more often a marketing buzzword that simply means "faster". Broadband connections are continuous or "always on" connections, without the need to dial and hang-up, and do not monopolize phone lines.[35] Common types of broadband access include DSL (Digital Subscriber Lines), Fibre to the x (Optical fibre network), Cable Internet access, Satellite Internet access, mobile broadband via cell phones and other mobile devices among many others.[36]

Internet service providers

[edit]
Main article: List of internet service providers in India

There were 1151 Internet Service Providers (ISPs) offering broadband and narrowband services in India as on 30 September 2023. The ten largest ISPs account for 98.82% of the total subscriber base. Jio (49.99%), Airtel (30.16%), Vodafone Idea (14.94%), BSNL (3.06%) and Atria Convergence Technologies (0.24%) were the five largest ISPs by subscribers in India as on 30 September 2023.[24]

As on 30 September 2023, the five largest wired broadband providers in India are Jio (26.28%), Airtel (18.93%), BSNL (10.08%), Atria Convergence Technologies (5.92%), Hathway (3.01%). Other wired ISPs account for the remaining 35.78% of subscribers. The five largest wireless broadband providers are Jio (50.98%), Airtel (30.63%), Vodafone Idea (15.57%), BSNL (2.77%) and Intech Online Pvt. Ltd (0.03%).[24]

The telecom circles of Maharashtra (78.36 million), Uttar Pradesh (73.59 million), Bihar (69.89 million), Andhra Pradesh (68.38 million), and Madhya Pradesh (62.85 million) have the most internet subscribers as on 30 September 2023.[24]

The total international Internet bandwidth owned by Indian ISPs was 42,133 Gbit/s as on 30 September 2023.[24] International bandwidth is the maximum rate of data transmission from a single country to the rest of the world.[37]

Broadband subscribers

[edit]

Market share of broadband (wired + wireless) services in India as of 31 December 2023 according to the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI)[38]

  Jio (51.98%)
  Airtel (29.27%)
  Vi (14.07%)
  BSNL (2.78%)
  ACT (0.25%)
  Others (1.65%)

The following table shows the top 5 broadband (Wired and Wireless) service providers in India by total subscriber base as of 31 December 2023.

Operator Subscribers[38] (million) Ownership
Jio 470.19 Jio Platforms
Airtel 264.76 Bharti Airtel
Vi 127.29 Vodafone Idea Limited
BSNL 25.12 Government of India
ACT 2.23 Atria Convergence
Kerala Vision Broadband Ltd 1.20 Kerala Vision

The following table shows the top 5 Wired broadband service providers in India by total subscriber base as of 31 December 2023.

Provider Subscribers[38] (million) Ownership
Jio 10.38 Jio Platforms
Airtel 7.39 Bharti Airtel
BSNL 3.83 Government of India
ACT 2.23 Atria Convergence
Kerala Vision Broadband Ltd 1.20 Kerala Vision

The following table shows the top 5 Wireless broadband service providers in India by total subscriber base as of 31 December 2023.

Provider Subscribers[38] (million) Ownership
Jio 459.81 Jio Platforms
Airtel 257.37 Bharti Airtel
Vi[a][39][40] 127.28[a] Vodafone Idea Limited
BSNL[b][41] 21.28[c][41] Government of India

Net neutrality

[edit]
Main article: Net neutrality in India

During August 2015, there were no laws governing net neutrality in India, which would require that all Internet users be treated equally, without discriminating or charging differentially by user, content, site, platform, application, type of attached equipment, or mode of communication.[42] There had already been a few violations of net neutrality principles by some Indian service providers.[43] The government had once again called in for comments and suggestions regarding net neutrality on 14 August, and had given the people one day to post their views on the MyGov forum. After this, the final decision regarding the debate was to be made.

The debate on network neutrality in India gathered public attention after Airtel, a mobile telephony service provider in India, announced in December 2014 additional charges for making voice calls (VoIP) from its network using apps like WhatsApp, Skype, etc.[44]

On 27 March 2015, Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI) released a formal consultation paper on Regulatory Framework for Over-the-top (OTT) services, seeking comments from the public.[45] The consultation paper was criticised for being one sided and having confusing statements. It received condemnation from various politicians and Indian Internet users.[46][47][48] The last date for submission of comment was 24 April 2015 and TRAI received over a million emails.[49]

On 8 February 2016, TRAI took a revolutionary decision, prohibiting telecom service providers from levying discriminatory rates for data,[50] thus ruling in favour of Net Neutrality in India. This move was welcomed not just by millions of Indians but also by various political parties, businesspersons, industry leaders,[51] and the inventor of the World Wide Web, Tim Berners Lee.[52]

Censorship

[edit]
Main article: Internet censorship in India

Internet censorship in India is selectively practised by both federal and state governments. DNS filtering and educating service users on better usage is an active strategy and government policy to regulate and block access to Internet content on a large scale. Measures to remove content at the request of content creators through court orders have become more common in recent years.

Freedom House's Freedom on the Net 2016 report gives India a Freedom on the Net status of "Partly Free" with a rating of 41 (0-100 scale, lower is better). Its Obstacles to Access was rated 12 (0-25 scale), Limits on Content was rated 9 (0-35 scale) and Violations of User Rights was rated 20 (0-40 scale).[53] India was ranked 29th out of the 65 countries included in the report.[54]

In the 2022 report], the rating was increased from 41 to 51 (lower is better). Its Obstacles to Access were rated 13 (0-25 scale), Limits on Content was 21 (0-32 scale) and Violations of User Rights was 17 (0-40 scale). India was ranked 37th out of 70 countries rated in the report.[55]

Challenges

[edit]

The Internet penetration rate in India is medium and accounts for 52.4% of the population compared to the global average which is around 66%.[56][57][58]

Another issue is the digital divide where growth is biased in favour of urban areas; according to 2010 statistics, more than 75 per cent of the broadband connections in the country are in the top 30 cities.[17] Regulators have tried to boost the growth of broadband in rural areas by promoting higher investment in rural infrastructure and establishing subsidised tariffs for rural subscribers under the Universal service obligation scheme of the Indian government.[citation needed]

E-commerce industry

[edit]
  • Number of Indian consumers who were expected to purchase something online in 2018: 120 million.
  • Number of Indian consumers who were expected to purchase something online in 2020: 175 million.
  • Number of Indian consumers who were expected to purchase something online in 2021: 289.1 million.[59]
  • Number of Indian consumers who were expected to purchase something online in last 2022: 312.5 million.[59]
  • Indian e-commerce industry net income in 2017: ₹2.46 trillion.
  • Indian e-commerce industry net income estimated in 2018: ₹3.02 trillion.
  • Indian e-commerce industry net income in 2019 proved the improvement of the socio-economy that it has attracted ₹2.58 trillion in only 6 early months of the year.

Data centers

[edit]
  • BSNL Internet Data Centers, in collaboration with Dimension Data[60]
  • Trimax IT Infrastructure & Services Limited – Tier III data centers in Mumbai and Bengaluru[61]
  • Airlive Broadband
  • aerloop Broadband
  • Web Werks Data Centers
  • Sify Technologies Limited
  • CtrlS Datacenters Ltd
  • Tata Communications Limited
  • Netmagic Solutions
  • Reliance Datacenter
  • Web Werks IDC
  • Net4 Datacenter
  • RackBank Datacenter
  • GPX Global Systems Inc.
  • CTRLS Data Center
  • MegaHostZone
  • Digital Ocean
  • HostFe - HFE INTERNET & DATACENTERS
  • HostRain
  • Amazon Web Services[62]
  • Google Cloud[63]

Impact of COVID-19 on the Internet in India

[edit]
  • According to the Internet and Mobile Association of India (IAMAI), internet traffic in India increased by 30% during the first six months of the COVID-19 pandemic.
  • A study by the National Council of Applied Economic Research (NCAER) found that the number of Indians using the internet for education increased by 50% during the pandemic.
  • A study by the Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad (IIM Ahmedabad) found that the number of Indians using the internet for healthcare increased by 60% during the pandemic.
  • A study by the World Economic Forum found that India was one of the countries where the internet played the biggest role in helping people cope with the COVID-19 pandemic.

Internet Exchanges

[edit]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ a b After adding subscribers of You Broadband Because it is subsidiary of Vi.
  2. ^ BSNL and MTNL merger approved by Government of India.
  3. ^ After adding subscribers of MTNL to BSNL, because MTNL will merge with BSNL.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Basuroy, Tanushree (December 19, 2023). "Internet usage in India - statistics & facts," Statista, https://www.statista.com/topics/2157/internet-usage-in-india/
  2. ^ "One Indian mobile user now consuming 19.5GB data on average a month". The Economic Times. 16 February 2023. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023.
  3. ^ Bureau, The Hindu (22 June 2022). "$1-trillion scope for digital economy: PM Modi". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Archived from the original on 19 March 2023. Retrieved 19 March 2023. {{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  4. ^ archit_tandon (13 February 2024). "India secures its burgeoning submarine cables industry". Communications Today. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
  5. ^ Rathee, Kiran (18 October 2022). "india starlink: SpaceX seeks DoT permit to launch Starlink in India". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 26 December 2022. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
  6. ^ Krishnan, Revathi (7 August 2020). "2,300-km undersea cable to boost Andamans internet connectivity, PM set to launch project". ThePrint. Archived from the original on 24 December 2022. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
  7. ^ "PM inaugurates Kochi-Lakshadweep Islands Submarine Optical Fibre Connection". pib.gov.in. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
  8. ^ Vishnoi, Anubhuti (23 November 2022). "reliance: Reliance gets green approval for World's largest submarine cable". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 25 December 2022. Retrieved 24 December 2022.
  9. ^ Rau, P. Raghavendra; Rao, H. Raghav. "INDONET: A Public Service Data Network in India" (PDF). Institut Européen d'Administration des Affaires. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 November 2022. Retrieved 10 November 2022. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  10. ^ Arora, Jagdish; Kaur, Sharan Pal; Chandra, Harish; Bhatt, R.K. "Computer Communication Networks: Use of Modern Information Technologies for Information Retrieval & Dissemination". Indian Institute of Technology. Archived from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 10 November 2022.
  11. ^ Ramani, Srinivasan (14 August 2015). "The story of how the Internet came to India: An insider's account". News18. Archived from the original on 14 May 2019. Retrieved 14 May 2019.
  12. ^ a b "20 years of Internet in India: On August 15, 1995 public Internet access was launched in India". News18. 15 August 2015. Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
  13. ^ "About Us | ERNET". Archived from the original on 18 September 2015. Retrieved 3 August 2015.
  14. ^ Ghosh, Shauvik (29 June 2015). "The birth of the Internet in India". Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
  15. ^ Livemint (30 June 2015). "A brief history of the Internet". Archived from the original on 2 October 2016. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
  16. ^ "VSNL starts India's first Internet service today". Dxm.org. Archived from the original on 1 September 2015. Retrieved 29 September 2016.
  17. ^ a b c d "Broadband status in India" (PDF). TRAI. p. 21. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
  18. ^ a b nicpib4. "Focus". Pib.nic.in. Archived from the original on 1 October 2016. Retrieved 30 September 2016.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  19. ^ Teotia, Riya (3 October 2023). "5G drives India's internet speed ranking up 72 places, ahead of many G20 countries". wionews.
  20. ^ "India Set to Beat US as Second-Largest Internet Market". NDTV Gadgets. 19 November 2014. Archived from the original on 19 November 2014.
  21. ^ "PM-WANI Central Registry". pmwani.gov.in. Retrieved 10 April 2024.
  22. ^ "Mobile networks – GSM and 3G coverage". gsmarena.com. Archived from the original on 31 July 2013.
  23. ^ StudyDhaba (5 July 2023). "List Of Supported 5G Bands In India 2023 : Latest Updated List". StudyDhaba. Retrieved 12 September 2023.
  24. ^ a b c d e f "The Indian Telecom Services Performance Indicators July – September 2023" (PDF). TRAI. 9 February 2024. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 March 2024. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
  25. ^ "TRAI directs operators to ensure minimum 512Kbps speed for broadband subscribers, asks operators to SMS customers about usage limits: Report". Telecom Talk. 1 November 2016. Archived from the original on 3 November 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
  26. ^ "Fixed broadband consumers to get minimum 512 kbps speed". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 4 November 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
  27. ^ "Minimum broadband speed set to jump 4 times | Gadgets Now". Gadget Now. 19 August 2016. Archived from the original on 26 October 2016. Retrieved 1 November 2016.
  28. ^ "TRAI increases minimum broadband speed to 2Mbps, suggests lower internet charges for rural areas". India Today. September 2021. Archived from the original on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  29. ^ Sarkar, Debashis (September 2021). "TRAI to government: Fix 2Mbps as the minimum broadband internet speed across India". The Times of India. Archived from the original on 16 February 2022. Retrieved 16 February 2022.
  30. ^ "Worldwide Broadband Speed League 2023". Cable. Archived from the original on 17 October 2019. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  31. ^ "India's Mobile and Broadband Internet Speeds". Speedtest Global Index. Retrieved 26 December 2023.
  32. ^ "Internet Top 20 Countries – Internet Users 2019". internetworldstats.com. Archived from the original on 11 January 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2019.
  33. ^ "Future of Consumption in Fast-Growth Consumer Markets: INDIA" (PDF). World Economic Forum. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 June 2022. Retrieved 4 April 2019.
  34. ^ "India's Richest Cities and Its Large Online Gambling Communities". Env Media. Archived from the original on 16 May 2022. Retrieved 28 June 2022.
  35. ^ a b c d "Broadband Internet" Archived 2011-09-13 at the Wayback Machine, Chris Woodford, Explain that Stuff, 20 August 2008. Retrieved on 19 January 2009.
  36. ^ "The FCC has set a new, faster definition for broadband" Archived 2016-02-16 at the Wayback Machine, Brian Fung, The Washington Post, 29 January 2015. Retrieved 28 October 2015.
  37. ^ "International Bandwidth Bandwidt" (PDF). Itu.int. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 February 2017. Retrieved 3 December 2016.
  38. ^ a b c d "Telecom Subscription Data as on 31 December 2023" (PDF). Telecom Regulatory Authority of India.
  39. ^ "About us". You Broadband Limited. 29 June 2019.
  40. ^ "Home Broadband". Digital Network Associates Pvt. Ltd. 26 November 2021.
  41. ^ a b "MTNL to be act as BSNL subsidiary Till Merger Complete". The Hindu. 29 June 2019.
  42. ^ The Editorial Board (10 April 2015). "Editorial – Global Threats to Net Neutrality". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 11 April 2015. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
  43. ^ "Not just Airtel Zero: Facebook to WhatsApp, everyone has violated Net Neutrality in India". The Indian Express. 18 April 2015. Archived from the original on 4 May 2015. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
  44. ^ "What Net Neutrality?". NDTV. 24 December 2014. Archived from the original on 24 December 2014. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  45. ^ "Regulatory Framework for Over-the-top (OTT)" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 May 2023. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
  46. ^ Singh, Saurabh (8 April 2015). "Politicos slam TRAI's stance on net neutrality". India Today. Archived from the original on 12 April 2015. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
  47. ^ Gandhi, Rajat (8 April 2015). "Net neutrality: Why Internet is in danger of being shackled". The Economic Times. Archived from the original on 10 January 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2015.
  48. ^ "Indians rally for Internet freedom, send over 1 lakh emails to TRAI for net neutrality". IBNLive. 13 April 2015. Archived from the original on 15 April 2015. Retrieved 13 April 2015.
  49. ^ "Trai publishes email IDs of netizens, site hacked". Deccan Chronicle. 28 April 2015. Archived from the original on 11 February 2016. Retrieved 4 May 2015.
  50. ^ "Regulation Data Service" (PDF). 8 February 2016. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 February 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
  51. ^ "Industry welcomes TRAI decision". 8 February 2016. Archived from the original on 9 February 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
  52. ^ "STI Statement on outcome of TRAI consultation on Differential Pricing of Data Services". 9 February 2016. Archived from the original on 11 February 2016. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
  53. ^ "India – Country Report". Freedom House. 10 November 2016. Archived from the original on 3 February 2017. Retrieved 3 February 2017.
  54. ^ a b "Table of Country Scores FOTN 2016". Freedomhouse.org. 4 November 2016. Archived from the original on 27 October 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  55. ^ a b "India: Freedom on the Net 2022 Country Report". Freedom House. Archived from the original on 13 June 2023. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
  56. ^ "India: internet penetration rate 2024". Statista. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
  57. ^ "Global internet penetration rate by region 2024". Statista. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
  58. ^ "Digital 2024: Global Overview Report". DataReportal – Global Digital Insights. 31 January 2024. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
  59. ^ a b "Number of digital buyers in India 2021-2025". statista. Archived from the original on 1 August 2023. Retrieved 1 August 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  60. ^ BSNL Internet Data Center Archived 2013-09-17 at the Wayback Machine, website, Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. and Dimension Data, retrieved 11 September 2013.
  61. ^ "Trimax - Data Center Service". Archived from the original on 25 September 2014. Retrieved 20 September 2014.
  62. ^ "Now Open – AWS Asia Pacific (Mumbai) Region | AWS Blog". Aws.amazon.com. 28 June 2016. Archived from the original on 14 May 2017. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
  63. ^ "GCP arrives in India with launch of Mumbai region". Google Cloud Platform Blog. Archived from the original on 5 July 2018. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Internet_in_India&oldid=1258214776"