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Frankenia

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Frankenia
Frankenia palmeri
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Caryophyllales
Family: Frankeniaceae
Desv.
Genus: Frankenia
L.
Type species
Frankenia laevis[1]
L.
Synonyms[2]
  • Anthobryum Phil.
  • Beatsonia Roxb.
  • Franca Boehm.
  • Hypericopsis Boiss.
  • Niederleinia Hieron.
  • Tetreilema Turcz.

Frankenia (sea heath) is the only genus in the Frankeniaceae family of flowering plants.[3] Other genera have been recognized within the family, such as Anthobryum, Hypericopsis and Niederleinia,[4] but molecular phylogenetic studies have consistently shown that they all belong inside Frankenia. Frankenia comprises about 70–80 species of shrubs, subshrubs and herbaceous plants, adapted to saline and dry environments throughout temperate and subtropical regions.[3] A few species are in cultivation as ornamental plants.

Description

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Frankenia species are salt tolerant (halophytic) or drought tolerant (xerophytic) shrubs, subshrubs or herbaceous plants. They have opposite, simple leaves, generally small and somewhat heather-like, and often with salt-excreting glands in sunken pits. Their flowers are small, either solitary or borne in various kinds of cyme. Each flower has four to seven sepals, joined at the base into a tube, and four to seven overlapping petals, narrowed at the base. The stamens are often arranged in two whorls of three each. The ovary is made up of one to four carpels (usually three). The fruit is a capsule, enclosed in the persistent sepals. The seeds have a central embryo with considerable starchy endosperm on each side.[5]

Taxonomy

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The genus Frankenia was erected by Carl Linnaeus in 1753,[6] with three species, the first named being Frankenia laevis.[7] The genus name honours Johan Franck or Frankenius (1590–1661), a professor of botany at Uppsala, Sweden.[8] Linnaeus initially used an artificial system to group genera (his systema sexuale). Later, he and other botanists adopted "natural" systems of classification, using orders or families. Augustin Saint-Hilaire in 1815 was the first to suggest, tentatively, that Frankenia might be the type of a new family.[9] His suggestion was formalized in a publication edited by Nicaise Auguste Desvaux in 1817.[10][11][12]

At least six genera have been recognized within the family Frankeniaceae at various times.[2] Only Frankenia is accepted as of March 2018.[13] Genera that have been recognized include Hypericopsis Boiss. (not Hypericopsis Opiz which is a synonym of Hypericum), Anthobryum and Niederleinia. Hypericopsis, with the sole species Hypericopsis persica, was still accepted by Klaus Kubitzki in 2003; however a morphological study published in the same year concluded that Hypericopis belonged in Frankenia.[3] A molecular phylogenetic study in 2004 reached the same conclusion.[14]

Phylogeny and classification

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The family Frankeniaceae is placed in the order Caryophyllales in the APG IV system.[15] A summary phylogenetic tree of the Caryophyllales shows that Frankeniaceae belongs outside the core Caryophyllales, and that its closest relationship is with the tamarisk family, Tamaricaceae.[3]

Caryophyllales

caryophyllids – core Caryophyllales

Studies of the relationships within the genus have used a limited number of species. A cladogram for seven species suggests that Australian species may be more closely related to Eurasian and African species than to those from the Americas.[14][16]

Frankenia salina – Chile, northern America

Frankenia jamesii – northern America

Frankenia johnstonii – northern America

Frankenia pauciflora – Australia

Frankenia serpylliflora – Australia

Frankenia hirsuta – Eurasia, northern Africa

Frankenia persica – Iran

Species

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As of March 2018, the following species were accepted by Plants of the World Online:[2]

Distribution and habitat

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Frankenia has a widespread but patchy distribution throughout temperate and subtropical areas of the world, being absent from the tropics. In North America, it is found in Mexico and some western and southern states of the U.S. In South America, it also has a western and southern distribution. In Eurasia and Africa, it occurs around the Mediterranean Sea, the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea, extending northwards to Great Britain, southwards to South Sudan, and eastwards to India. It is also native to southern Africa and Australia.[2] Frankenia species are halophytes (salt tolerant) and xerophytes (drought tolerant).[3] They are found in coastal and arid regions.[4]

Cultivation

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A few species of Frankenia are grown as ornamental plants, particularly in rock gardens and similar situations, where they can form spreading mats. Recommended species in the United Kingdom include F. hirsuta, F. laevis and F. thymifolia, all with white to rose purple flowers.[17]

References

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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Frankenia.
  1. ^ "Frankenia L." Tropicos. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 28 March 2017.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Frankenia L." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
  3. ^ a b c d e Hernández-Ledesma, Patricia; Berendsohn, Walter G.; Borsch, Thomas; Mering, Sabine Von; Akhani, Hossein; Arias, Salvador; Castañeda-Noa, Idelfonso; Eggli, Urs; Eriksson, Roger; Flores-Olvera, Hilda; Fuentes-Bazán, Susy; Kadereit, Gudrun; Klak, Cornelia; Korotkova, Nadja; Nyffeler, Reto; Ocampo, Gilberto; Ochoterena, Helga; Oxelman, Bengt; Rabeler, Richard K.; Sanchez, Adriana; Schlumpberger, Boris O. & Uotila, Pertti (2015). "A taxonomic backbone for the global synthesis of species diversity in the angiosperm order Caryophyllales" (PDF). Willdenowia. 45 (3): 281. doi:10.3372/wi.45.45301. S2CID 85656868.
  4. ^ a b Watson, L. & Dallwitz, M.J. "The families of flowering plants: descriptions, illustrations, identification, and information retrieval". Retrieved 9 March 2018.
  5. ^ Kubitzki, K. (2003). "Frankeniaceae". In Kubitzki, K. & Bayer, C. (eds.). Flowering Plants · Dicotyledons. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer. pp. 209–212. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-07255-4_24. ISBN 978-3-642-07680-0.
  6. ^ Plant Name Details for Frankenia. Vol. 1. Retrieved 11 March 2018. {{cite book}}: |work= ignored (help)
  7. ^ Linnaeus, Carl (1753). "Frankenia". Species Plantarum (in Latin). Vol. 1. Stockholm, Sweden: Laurentius Salvius. p. 331. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
  8. ^ Hyam, R. & Pankhurst, R.J. (1995). Plants and their names : a concise dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 198. ISBN 978-0-19-866189-4.
  9. ^ Saint-Hilaire, A. (1815). "Sur les Plantes auxquelles on attribue un Placenta central libre, et Revue des Familles auxquelles ces plantes appartiennent. §11. De la Famille des Caryophyllées". Mémoires du Museum d'Histoire Naturelle (in French). 2: 102–126. Retrieved 11 March 2018. p. 123 (footnote).
  10. ^ "Plant Name Details for Frankeniaceae". The International Plant Names Index. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
  11. ^ Reveal, James L. (2011). "Indices Nominum Supragenericorum Plantarum Vascularium – FA–FZ". PlantSystematics.org. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
  12. ^ Desvaux, Auguste Nicaise, ed. (1822) [1st edition 1817]. "Frankeniées". Dictionnaire raisonné de botanique (in French). Paris: Dondey-Dupré. p. 188. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
  13. ^ "Frankeniaceae Desv". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 11 March 2018.
  14. ^ a b Gaskin, John F.; Ghahremani-nejad, Farrokh; Zhang, Dao-yuan & Londo, Jason P. (2004). "A Systematic Overview of Frankeniaceae and Tamaricaceae from Nuclear rDNA and Plastid Sequence Data". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 91 (3): 401–409. JSTOR 3298617.
  15. ^ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2016). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 181 (1): 1–20. doi:10.1111/boj.12385.
  16. ^ Distributions via the accepted species list for Frankenia at Plants of the World Online.[2]
  17. ^ Beckett, K., ed. (1993), Encyclopaedia of Alpines : Volume 1 (A–K), Pershore, UK: AGS Publications, p. 488, ISBN 978-0-900048-61-6
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