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Federal Communications Commission fines of The Howard Stern Show

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Howard Stern in 2000

Between 1990 and 2004, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) issued fines totaling $2.5 million to radio licensees for airing material it deemed indecent from The Howard Stern Show, the highest amount of any American radio show. The Supreme Court had provided broadcasting guidelines for indecent material in its 1978 ruling in its landmark decision, in which the court prohibited the "seven dirty words" made famous by comedian George Carlin. The FCC had received complaints about Howard Stern as early as 1981, but its limited power at the time prevented further action taking place.

The FCC broadened its guidelines in 1987 following an investigation over indecencies broadcast on the show. In 1990, Infinity Broadcasting, owner of Stern's flagship station WXRK and some of his syndication affiliates, was issued its first fine. Two penalties issued in 1992 worth $105,000 and $600,000 were the highest the agency had fined any broadcaster over such matters. Further violations led to almost $2 million in fines being issued by the end of 1994. A settlement reached between the FCC and Infinity in 1995 included a $1.715 million payment to dismiss all outstanding indecency cases.

In 2004, the crackdown on broadcasting indecency following the Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show controversy led to two additional fines being issued from past shows. Stern announced his departure from "terrestrial" radio to begin a five-year contract with Sirius Satellite Radio, a subscription-based satellite radio service not subjected to the FCC's broadcast obscenity rules. The Howard Stern Show aired for the last time on AM and FM airwaves on December 16, 2005.

Background

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FCC fines issued[1]
Date Amount Company Outcome
November 29, 1990 (1990-11-29) $6,000 Infinity Paid; part of 1995 settlement
October 27, 1992 (1992-10-27) $105,000 Greater Media Paid
December 18, 1992 (1992-12-18) $600,000 Infinity Paid; part of 1995 settlement
August 12, 1993 (1993-08-12) $500,000
August 12, 1993 (1993-08-12) $73,750 Americom Rescinded in 2000
February 1, 1994 (1994-02-01) $37,500
February 1, 1994 (1994-02-01) $400,000 Infinity Paid; part of 1995 settlement
May 20, 1994 (1994-05-20) $200,000
October 15, 1996 (1996-10-15) $10,000 Benchmark Reduced to $6,000; paid
April 8, 1997 (1997-04-08) $12,000 EZ Paid
June 24, 1997 (1997-06-24) $6,000 Infinity Rescinded in 2001
June 5, 1998 (1998-06-05) $2,000 Eagle Radio Paid
June 29, 1998 (1998-06-29) $6,000 Clear Channel
March 18, 2004 (2004-03-18) $27,500 Viacom Paid; part of 2004 settlements
April 8, 2004 (2004-04-08) $495,000 Clear Channel

In 1978, the United States Supreme Court upheld the FCC's authority to fine broadcasts for indecent programming at hours when children could be listening. The landmark decision followed a 1973 airing of Filthy Words, a 12-minute monologue by comedian George Carlin that featured repetitive use of the "seven dirty words". Between 1975 and 1987, no television or radio broadcaster was fined over indecency.[1] The FCC deemed the seven words outlined in the Carlin monologue as indecent, and was only concerned with such material.[2] Until 1987, this indecency ruling provided broadcasters with a clear, albeit limited, guide to follow.[3]

The FCC had received complaints from listeners about Howard Stern since 1981, when he hosted mornings at WWDC in Washington, D.C. The Communications Act of 1934 and First Amendment laws, however, limited its power to take further action.[4] In reply to a complaint about Stern in 1985, who by now had relocated to afternoons on WNBC in New York City, the FCC responded, "Our role in overseeing program content is...very limited...the First Amendment protects the right of broadcasters to air statements which may be offensive, and a free society requires governmental forbearance in those instances."[5] Following his abrupt firing from WNBC,[6] Stern returned to afternoons on WXRK in New York owned by Infinity Broadcasting,[7] and moved to mornings from 6:00 am in February 1986.

1986–87: Revised indecency standard

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Stern entered national syndication when Infinity's WYSP in Philadelphia first simulcast his show on August 18, 1986. James McKinney, chief of the FCC's Mass Media Bureau, reported that more Philadelphia listeners complained about Stern in the first three months on WYSP than those in New York had in three years.[3] McKinney opened an investigation on November 14, 1986 after WYSP was among three stations cited for material considered indecent. Infinity was given 30 days to respond to three singled-out complaints that believed Stern had violated Section 1464 of the United States Code,[nb 1] as well as Philadelphia's community standards.[9] Two of them were forwarded on September 26 and November 6 by Donald Wildmon, a United Methodist minister and director of the National Federation for Decency. The third was filed on October 27 by Mary Keeley, a mother of a 15-year-old Stern fan, who was directed to the FCC by Morality in Media.[10][11] In one cited excerpt, Stern asked a caller if they ever had sex with an animal, and replied with "Well, don't knock it. I was sodomized by Lamb Chop, you know that puppet Shari Lewis holds?"[10] The same broadcasts aired in New York, but was not in question to the inquiry.[nb 2]

Mel Karmazin, the president of Infinity, defended Stern in a 44-page response on December 22, 1986.[10] He argued that show is "comedic in nature" but is "undeniably provocative and controversial, thereby inescapably offensive to some persons of delicate sensibility," and suggested "a handful of complaints...cannot establish a local standard for a major metropolitan area such as Philadelphia".[9] Karmazin also pointed out that there had been no complaint of the use of the seven dirty words, and included letters of praise from those supporting WYSP for carrying Stern's program.[13]

On April 16, 1987, the FCC concluded that Stern had aired indecent material several times. In some instances, his broadcasts "did not merely consist of an occasional off-color reference or expletive, but...a dwelling on sexual and excretory matters in a way that was patently offensive".[13] No fine was imposed, since the FCC believed there may have been some uncertainty as to the reach of the Carlin case, and that its Section 1464 indecency provisions were applied for the first time in a number of years.[2] Infinity was instead warned of the risk of fines or the loss of its broadcast license if violations occurred.[14] The investigation caused the FCC to expand its indecency standard beyond the seven dirty words, to "language or material that depicts or describes, in terms patently offensive as measured by contemporary community standards for the broadcast medium, sexual or excretory activities or organs".[2] As the comments cited in the initial complaints were made between 6:00 and 10:00 am, when there is a "reasonable risk that children may have been in the audience", they would be termed indecent, and therefore actionable, under the new definition.[10]

Following the FCC's decision, Stern hosted a live "FCC Freedom Rally" among a crowd of 3,000 people at Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza. "The FCC wants to clean up the show...let them try...I'm going to continue to do what I do," he cried.[15] The Arbitron ratings showed that Stern gained over 30,000 regular listeners in New York while losing half the number in Philadelphia.[14] Fifteen national radio and television broadcasters including NBC, ABC, and CBS, joined Infinity in a petition demanding that the FCC provide better clarification on its new indecency guideline.[16][17] In November 1987, the FCC established a "safe harbor" period which permitted material that would otherwise be considered indecent to air between midnight and 6:00 am.[2][18]

1988–91: First Infinity fine

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WJFK-FM in Washington, D.C. became the third Infinity station to air The Howard Stern Show in October 1988.[19] Two months later, Anne Stommel of New Jersey mistakenly tuned her radio to hear Stern talk about having naked women in for an upcoming show.[15] She recorded the "Christmas Party" broadcast on December 16 that featured a man playing the piano with his penis, a choir singing about gay sex to the tune of "White Christmas", and women being hypnotized to achieve orgasm.[20] Under the referral of her senator and congressman, Stommel filed a complaint with transcripts and tape of the program.[15][21] The FCC reviewed the evidence, and asked Infinity in October 1989 for an explanation as the material "may have violated [federal law] by including indecent programming during daytime hours".[18] Karmazin argued that the term "patently offensive" in its new ruling was vague, and that the sexual references cited were no more offensive than daytime television shows Geraldo and Donahue, which used similar terms without repercussions.[15][20]

Karmazin's response was rejected, and the three stations that aired the show received a Notice of Apparent Liability (NAL)[nb 3] worth $2,000 on November 29, 1990. The FCC noted the show contained "frequent and explicit" references to sexual activities and organs that were made in a "pandering and titillating" fashion.[20] Karmazin contested in February and June 1991 to deny that the broadcast had violated Section 1464, to which the FCC rejected both arguments, and formally upheld a Forfeiture Order in 1992.[nb 4] After two further petitions were denied, Karmazin stated in 1993 to take the matter to the United States district court.[24] As he contested, additional complaints regarding Stern led to further NALs being issued.

1991–93: Greater Media, Americom and Infinity fines

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Stern began to air on WJFK-AM in Baltimore and KLSX in Los Angeles, owned by Infinity and Greater Media respectively, in 1991.[25] The show aired live on the West Coast from 3:00 am PST followed by a tape delay replay from 6:00 am PST.[26] A complaint was sent to the FCC in February 1992 from Al Westcott, a listener in Torrance, California who supplied 60 hours of recordings and a 19-page single-spaced transcript.[27][28] Upon review of his letter, Greater Media was issued with a NAL worth $105,000 for the "apparent wilful and repeated violation[s]" of the Section 1464 standard at hours when children may be in the audience. The FCC found comments that were actionable from 12 shows between October 30 and December 6, 1991, including those about masturbating to a picture of Aunt Jemima, rectal bleeding, a sexual fantasy with actress Michelle Pfeiffer, the shaving of pubic hair, paedophilia and the arrest of actor Paul Reubens for indecent exposure.[29] Westcott hailed the fine as a "mammoth victory ... not for me and not against Howard Stern but purely on behalf of the children of the country".[27] After the fine was issued it became apparent to some KLSX listeners that portions of the show were being edited.[30] Executives at Greater Media admitted to have removed comments from the 6:00 am replay that they found questionable from the New York feed to avoid the risk of further fines as the "safe harbor" rulings came into effect at that time.[26] A settlement was reached between the FCC and Greater Media in 1997 that involved the fine being paid and the complaint dismissed.[31]

"Some could say this is a personal vendetta, some could say it's a crusade...I prefer to say I found something offensive and I'm committed to clean up the airwaves...Some people could look at it as if I'm targeting Howard Stern. He's just the most obvious, the most far-reaching and the most popular of the disc jockeys."

– Al Westcott in 1992.[32]

In October 1992 the FCC asked Infinity if the material subject to the Greater Media fine aired on its affiliates WXRK, WYSP and WJFK-FM and if so, at what time.[33] After Infinity claimed the shows did air between the hours of 6:00 and 10:00 am, the FCC acted on December 18 to issue a combined $600,000 NAL, rather than revoke its broadcasting licenses.[33][34] Karmazin continued to appeal the FCC's decisions. "We have difficulties with the FCC, but I sincerely believe that Howard's show is constitutionally protected material," he responded.[35] The FCC warned Infinity of the possible removal of its licenses if Stern continued to violate their indecency policies.[36] Stern verbally attacked the FCC's chairman Alfred C. Sikes by "praying" he would suffer a relapse of prostate cancer after Sikes had a tumour removed.[37]

Westcott moved from California to Las Vegas, Nevada in early 1992, and continued to monitor the show when it aired on KFBI, owned by Americom Las Vegas, in November. He announced that month his intention to file a complaint to the FCC that cited 70 instances of "indecent statements, scenarios and song parodies" during Stern's first week on the station.[32] Americom received a $73,750 NAL on August 12, 1993 for actionable indecency violations that aired on nine shows between November 10, 1992 and January 13, 1993. The FCC noted references of bowel movements, anal fissures, masturbation, the "Tribute to Vagina" segment from Stern's Butt Bongo Fiesta videotape, penises and a raunchy conversation with a Woody Allen impersonator.[38] Infinity received a fine that totalling $500,000 on the same day for airing the same broadcasts on WXRK, WYSP, WJFK-FM and WJFK-AM.[39] The FCC decided not to revoke its licenses as no actionable complaints about Stern were received since January 1993.[36] Infinity had also reminded the FCC of its efforts since November 1992 to comply with the indecency rules that involved multiple "dump" mechanisms, monitoring of the show by station management and consultations with Stern and his staff.[39][40] Infinity was informed however, that any future infractions over indecency would place its position as a licensee in question.[39] In 2000, Americom's forfeiture was dismissed after "a significant amount of time" had passed since it was issued, including the broadcasts in question.[41]

1993–94: Delayed Infinity purchases

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In June 1993 it was agreed for Infinity to purchase KRTH in Los Angeles from Beasley Broadcast Group for $110 million, the highest price ever paid for a radio station.[42] As an approval from the FCC was required for the transfer of licenses,[36] the outcome was delayed while further indecency complaints about Stern were investigated.[43] On February 1, 1994 the FCC acted upon a 2–1 vote to approve the deal. Commissioner James Henry Quello voted against as he believed an approval may have been misinterpreted as the FCC endorsing Stern.[44] In addition to the approval the FCC agreed to the filing of a $37,500 NAL to Americom for further indecency violations on KFBI. The actionable complaints had cited references to the soiled underwear of Stern's wife, vibrators, paedophilia and incest from September 30, October 6 and October 12, 1993.[45][46] On the same day, a combined NAL worth $400,000 was issued to Infinity for airing the same broadcasts on WXRK, WYSP, WJFK-FM and WJFK-AM. A segment from August 4, 1993 was also cited, where Stern detailed a sexual encounter between himself and his wife.[46] As with its first, the FCC dismissed Americom's second forfeiture in 2000.[41]

In 1994, a complaint sent to the FCC cited offensive material on two shows from December 6, 1993 and January 19, 1994 that aired on WWKB in Buffalo, New York. Upon review, Infinity received a collective $200,000 fine on May 20, with the four Infinity stations being given penalties of $50,000 each. The offending dialogue included talk of masturbation and a story from cast member Jackie Martling about vomiting during oral sex.[47] During an industry seminar in 1994, Karmazin revealed that Infinity had spent over $3 million in legal expenses regarding Stern and the FCC. He refused to pay the fines set against the company because the FCC was "not clarifying the [indecency] rules...or telling us exactly what we did wrong...we think that it's wrong to take the cheaper way out [and pay the fines]."[48]

1995–98: Infinity settles with the FCC

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In a turn of events, a settlement was reached between Infinity and the FCC that dismissed all outstanding indecency cases on September 1, 1995.[24] Infinity agreed to make two payments totaling $1.715 million to the United States Treasury as a "voluntary contribution" while its five indecency NALs were cleared from the FCC's record.[49][50] An additional $9,000 was given to settle all pending complaints.[51] Though Infinity admitted no wrongdoing in the agreement, Stern accused the FCC of extortion, and called the payout "the biggest shakedown in history ... the bullies have won. I lost. That means we all lost."[52] Stern, however, praised his employer. "They fought as long as they could. Honestly, I don't know what I would have done in their shoes ... they got jerked around plenty."[53] With its clean record with the FCC, Infinity announced on September 22, 1995 the purchase of seven radio stations owned by Alliance Broadcasting for $275 million that expanded its number of outlets to 34.[51] The Howard Stern Show was syndicated to 26 stations across the country by December 1995.[54]

Following Infinity's settlement with the FCC, a series of smaller NALs were issued. Benchmark Communications, the licensee of show affiliate WVGO in Richmond, Virginia, was fined $10,000 in October 1996 for two broadcasts. The first involved the discussion of a sexual encounter between Stern and his wife from October 23, 1995, while the second concerned a segment from June 3, 1996 whereby the father of pornographic actress Jenna Jameson identified his daughter's vagina from a selection of photographs.[55] Benchmark found the forfeiture excessive, and argued that it had maintained a history of compliance with the indecency rules. In 1997, the FCC reduced the penalty to $6,000 and was paid off.[1][56] EZ Communications paid a $12,000 NAL issued April 1997 for six indecency violations on WEZB in New Orleans, two of which originated from The Howard Stern Show — the Jameson photograph segment and a discussion that referred to rectal bleeding from March 7, 1996.[57] In June 1997, Infinity received its first NAL since its 1995 settlement of $6,000 for airing the October 23, 1995, March 7 and June 3, 1996 broadcasts on WXRK in New York City.[58] However, the FCC dismissed the forfeiture as a "significant amount of time" had passed since the shows at issue had aired.[59]

In June 1998, Eagle Radio was fined $2,000 for a discussion about soiled female underwear from September 30, 1993 on KEGL in Dallas, Texas.[60] That month, Clear Channel Communications received a $6,000 NAL for three of Stern's broadcasts from February 7, 14 and April 25, 1997 on KKND in New Orleans. Transcripts of the offending material cited talk of college hazing that involved a pig, vaginas and a web site on bestiality.[61] Both companies paid off their respective fines.[1]

2004–05: Super Bowl XXXVIII aftermath

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Jack Thompson

The Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show broadcast on February 1, 2004 was noted for an incident in which Janet Jackson's breast was exposed by Justin Timberlake for less than a second. The controversy surrounding the show led to an immediate crackdown on perceived indecency in broadcasting. Managers of radio and television stations prompted tighter control over content, which led to Stern feeling "dead...inside" creatively.[62]

In 2003, activist and attorney Jack Thompson supplied the FCC with show transcripts from April 9, 2003 on WBGG in Miami, Florida, a station owned by Clear Channel. Included was discussions of the sex life of show member John Melendez and talk of Sphincterine, a product for maintaining anal and genital hygiene. On April 8, 2004, Clear Channel was fined $27,500 for each of the 18 violations for a combined $495,000 NAL for airing the broadcast on its six stations that carried Stern – WBGG, WTKS, WTFX, KIOZ, WNVE and WXDX.[63] The fine came six days after the FCC warned it would fine broadcasters per offensive utterance, rather than an entire broadcast.[64] Clear Channel responded by dropping The Howard Stern Show permanently on its six stations.[65] Stern's audience increased by 23% in Chicago and 22% in New York, and he regained the morning top spot in Los Angeles amongst listeners aged 25–54 for the first time since 1995.[66] In June 2004, Clear Channel agreed to a $1.75 million settlement that resolved the fine and several other pending indecency investigations.[67] The Howard Stern Show returned on nine new stations located in five of the six markets that Clear Channel had removed it from, on Infinity-owned outlets, a month later.[68]

The FCC issued a $27,500 fine to Infinity on March 18, 2004, after a listener filed a complaint for the July 26, 2001 broadcast on WKRK in Detroit, Michigan over sexual and scatological references. In the transcript cited, Stern and cast members Robin Quivers and Artie Lange discussed what the sexual terms "blumpkin", "balloon knot", "nasty sanchez" and the "David Copperfield" meant.[69] On November 23, 2004, station owner Viacom agreed to a consent decree worth $3.5 million to the FCC, the largest settlement reached with federal regulators. The deal covered 50 radio and television broadcasts that awaited investigation from the past five years.[70] A provision contained in the agreement ordered the suspension of any Viacom employee should they receive a fine for a broadcast on its stations after December 23, 2004 that violated indecency laws. In effect, a single NAL could have removed Stern from the air while the investigation occurred. Thompson had sent complaints since Stern began on WQAM in Miami on August 15, 2004, but WQAM was not subject to the provision because the station was owned by Beasley Broadcasting.[71] In August 2005, the FCC was investigating a complaint from Thompson regarding "The Stupid Bowl" contest from February 4, which involved women golfing with strap-on dildos on their foreheads and singing with sausages in their mouths.[72] Though the complaint, which cited WQAM and Infinity's WXRK in New York, did meet the requirements of the consent decree provision it caused no further action.

On October 6, 2004, Stern announced the signing of a five-year contract, starting in 2006, with Sirius Satellite Radio, a medium not subjected to the FCC's broadcast obscenity rules.[73][74] He went into an exchange with Michael Powell, then-chairman of the FCC, when he was a guest on the Ronn Owens program on KGO on October 26, 2004. "I don't think that you personally hate me. I think what you've been doing is dangerous to free speech. I don't think it's just against me, I think things have gotten way out of control," said Stern when he called in.[75] The Howard Stern Show aired for the final time on AM and FM airwaves on December 16, 2005.[76] The fines issued by the FCC since 1990 had totaled $2.5 million.[77]

Notes

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  1. ^ Title 18, Section 1464 of the United States Code states: "Whoever utters any obscene, indecent, or profane language by means of radio communication shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than two years, or both."[8]
  2. ^ The FCC responds to specific complaints, so a single station may be cited even if the same material in question aired on other stations.[12] However, a letter of inquiry may be sent to other broadcasters who aired the same material.
  3. ^ The FCC will issue a broadcaster with a Notice of Apparent Liability (NAL) if it finds that, based on the evidence of a complaint, has apparently violated an indecency, obscenity or profanity rules. It contains its preliminary findings and the amount of the proposed fine. The broadcaster then has time to make a formal response in writing. After reviewing the reply, the FCC will either reduce, rescind or issue the original proposed amount. The broadcaster can challenge the FCC's decision.[22][23]
  4. ^ Following the issuance of a NAL and the broadcaster's response, the FCC will issue a Forfeiture Order, which formally imposes the monetary sanction, if it concludes that the broadcaster has indeed violated its rules.[23]

References

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Footnotes

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  1. ^ a b c d Frank, Ahrens. "FCC Indecency Fines, 1970–2004". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 16 October 2011. Retrieved November 12, 2009.
  2. ^ a b c d Creech, p. 180.
  3. ^ a b Colford, p. 169.
  4. ^ Colford, p. 165.
  5. ^ Colford, p. 167.
  6. ^ Colford, pp. 134–136.
  7. ^ Colford, p. 148.
  8. ^ Creech, p. 80.
  9. ^ a b Colford, p. 170.
  10. ^ a b c d "2 FCC Rcd 2705 (1987)". FCC Record. 2 (9). Federal Communications Commission (UNT Digital Library): 2437–2750. April 16, 1987. Retrieved January 3, 2011.
  11. ^ Starita, Joe (December 26, 1986). "Is he witty or repulsive? Radio's bad boy gains fans, foes". Lakeland Ledger. Retrieved September 6, 2010.
  12. ^ Puig, Claudia (October 28, 1992). "KLSX Fined $105,000 for Broadcasts by Stern". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 10, 2010.
  13. ^ a b Colford, pp. 171–172.
  14. ^ a b McDougal, Dennis (August 19, 1987). "FCC Versus Howard Stern". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 24, 2010.
  15. ^ a b c d Kasindorf, Jeanie (November 23, 1992). "Bad Mouth - Howard Stern vs. The FCC". New York Magazine. Retrieved June 26, 2009.
  16. ^ McDougal, Douglas (August 19, 1987). "FCC Versus Howard Stern". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 20, 2010.[dead link‍]
  17. ^ McDougal, Douglas (August 17, 1987). "Radio Daze: FCC Moves Indecency Issue to Front Burner". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
  18. ^ a b Colford, p. 192.
  19. ^ Colford, p. 189.
  20. ^ a b c "5 FCC Rcd 7291 (1990)". FCC Record. 5 (25). Federal Communications Commission (UNT Digital Library): 7199–7563. November 29, 1990. Retrieved December 31, 2010.
  21. ^ Colford, p. 191.
  22. ^ Keith, p. 38.
  23. ^ a b Lipschultz, p. 165.
  24. ^ a b "10 FCC Rcd 12245 (1995)". FCC Record. 10 (23). Federal Communications Commission (UNT Digital Library): 12001–12533. September 1, 1995. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  25. ^ Siegel, Eric (December 15, 1991). "Is Baltimore too conservative for shock jocks?". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved December 20, 2010.
  26. ^ a b Puig, Claudia (March 12, 1993). "Editing of Stern Show Admitted". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 22, 2011.
  27. ^ a b "KLSX-FM asks FCC to detail Stern complaints". Variety. October 29, 1992. Retrieved June 28, 2009.
  28. ^ Yorke, Jeffrey (October 27, 1992). "Stern Talk Results in Fine". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved October 9, 2010.
  29. ^ "7 FCC Rcd 7321 (1992)". FCC Record. 7 (23). Federal Communications Commission (UNT Digital Library): 7119–7517. October 27, 1992. Retrieved December 31, 2010.
  30. ^ Puig, Claudia (March 17, 1993). "Stern Editing Elicits a New Kind of Shock Radio". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved January 22, 2011.
  31. ^ "12 FCC Rcd 3351 (1997)". FCC Record. 12 (6). Federal Communications Commission (UNT Digital Library): 2926–3507. February 26, 1997. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  32. ^ a b Puig, Claudia (November 20, 1992). "Stern Show to Draw Another Complaint to FCC". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved February 17, 2011.
  33. ^ a b "8 FCC Rcd 2688 (1992)". FCC Record. 8 (8). Federal Communications Commission (UNT Digital Library): 2448–2723. December 18, 1992. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  34. ^ "Broadcaster fined $600,000 for lewd behaviour by Stern". Toledo Blade. December 19, 1992. Retrieved June 28, 2009.
  35. ^ Ramirez, Anthony (December 19, 1992). "Howard Stern's Employer Vows to Appeal F.C.C. Fine". The New York Times. Retrieved September 6, 2010.
  36. ^ a b c Farhi, Paul (August 13, 1993). "Stern Gets Some Shock Treatment; Fined Again, Company Reins In Disc Jockey". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on November 4, 2012. Retrieved October 23, 2010.
  37. ^ Andrews, Edmund L. (November 27, 1992). "F.C.C. Torn Over Howard Stern Case". The New York Times. Retrieved January 22, 2011.
  38. ^ "8 FCC Rcd 6790 (1993)". FCC Record. 8 (19). Federal Communications Commission (UNT Digital Library): 6621–6998. August 12, 1993. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  39. ^ a b c "8 FCC Rcd 6740 (1993)". FCC Record. 8 (19). Federal Communications Commission (UNT Digital Library): 6621–6998. August 12, 1993. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  40. ^ Sanders, Tony (November 25, 2005). "A Catalog of FCC Fines: Howard's End". Billboard Radio Monitor. Retrieved September 6, 2010.
  41. ^ a b "15 FCC Rcd 13550 (2000)". FCC Record. 15 (22). Federal Communications Commission (UNT Digital Library): 13199–13957. July 24, 2000. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  42. ^ Lippman, John (June 17, 1993). "KRTH-FM to Be Sold to Rival for $110 Million". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 19, 2011.
  43. ^ L. Andrews, Edmund (December 31, 1993). "F.C.C. Delays Radio Deals By Howard Stern's Employer". The New York Times. Retrieved May 19, 2011.
  44. ^ Shiver, Jube (February 2, 1994). "FCC Won't Block Infinity's KRTH Buy". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 10, 2010.
  45. ^ "9 FCC Rcd 1753 (1994)". FCC Record. 9 (8). Federal Communications Commission (UNT Digital Library): 1710–1820. February 1, 1994. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  46. ^ a b "9 FCC Rcd 1746 (1994)". FCC Record. 9 (8). Federal Communications Commission (UNT Digital Library): 1710–1820. January 31, 1994. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  47. ^ "9 FCC Rcd 6442 (1994)". FCC Record. 9 (23). Federal Communications Commission (UNT Digital Library): 6370–6691. May 20, 1994. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  48. ^ Colford, p. 259.
  49. ^ Hinkley, David (September 14, 1995). "It was hardly a coincidence that Infinity anteed up to Uncle". New York Daily News. Retrieved July 7, 2009.
  50. ^ Hinkley, David (November 9, 1995). "Infinity pays FCC". New York Daily News. Retrieved October 20, 2010.
  51. ^ a b Colford, pp. 263–264.
  52. ^ Hinkley, David (September 13, 1995). "Both Stern and nemesis are angry with the FCC". New York Daily News. Retrieved July 18, 2009.
  53. ^ Hinkley, David (September 12, 1995). "Stern FCC's red over fine calls $1.7M slap a 'shakedown'". New York Daily News. Retrieved July 18, 2009.
  54. ^ Colford, p. 256.
  55. ^ "11 FCC Rcd 13214 (1996)". FCC Record. 11 (24). Federal Communications Commission (UNT Digital Library): 13144–13731. October 15, 1996. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  56. ^ "12 FCC Rcd 5918 (1997)". FCC Record. 12 (11). Federal Communications Commission (UNT Digital Library): 5853–6440. April 28, 1997. Retrieved January 23, 2011.
  57. ^ "12 FCC Rcd 4147 (1997)". FCC Record. 12 (8). Federal Communications Commission (UNT Digital Library): 4094–4680. April 2, 1997. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  58. ^ "12 FCC Rcd 8274 (1997)". FCC Record. 12 (15). Federal Communications Commission (UNT Digital Library): 8192–8775. June 4, 1997. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  59. ^ "16 FCC Rcd 2901 (2001)". FCC Record. 16 (5). Federal Communications Commission (UNT Digital Library): 2875–3668. February 2, 2001. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  60. ^ "13 FCC Rcd 13869 (1998)". FCC Record. 13 (20). Federal Communications Commission (UNT Digital Library): 13786–14568. June 4, 1998. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  61. ^ "13 FCC Rcd 17254 (1998)". FCC Record. 13 (24). Federal Communications Commission (UNT Digital Library): 16947–17728. June 29, 1998. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
  62. ^ Kurtz, Howard (December 11, 2005). "Stern On Satellite: A Bruised Flower, Blossoming Anew". The Washington Post. Retrieved September 18, 2009.
  63. ^ "19 FCC Rcd 6773 (2004)". FCC Record. 19 (8). Federal Communications Commission (UNT Digital Library): 5879–6813. April 7, 2004. Retrieved January 12, 2011.
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