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Entitlement (psychology)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In psychology, entitlement mentality is defined as a sense of deservingness or being owed a favor when little or nothing has been done to deserve special treatment.[1] Entitlement can be seen through the actions of the individual, such as a lack of work ethic but the subject believes they deserve the same reward as the work entails.[2] Other factors can contribute to the formation of an entitlement mindset, especially when the individual is a child, such as helicopter parenting and rewarding behaviors that don't deserve it.[2]The idea of entitlement is especially prevalent in the discussions of younger individuals, such as Millennials and Generation Z entering into collegiate institutions.[3] Entitlement can also lead individuals to reinforce their beliefs in the event that their image is damaged by external notions.[4]

Psychology

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An inflated sense of what is sometimes called psychological entitlement[5] – unrealistic, exaggerated, or rigidly held – is especially prominent among narcissists. According to the DSM-5, individuals with narcissistic personality disorder (NPD) are likely to have a "sense of entitlement to special treatment and to obedience from others," typically without commensurate qualities or accomplishments:[6][7] Similarly, The narcissistic personality attempts to protect the vulnerable self by building layers of grandiosity and a huge sense of entitlement.[8] When the subject's entitlement is threatened, they engage in harmful behaviors and will lean on to their image or esteem conjured by the individuals around them.[9] Narcissists may also engage in entitled behavior by increasing their social standing through select interactions.[10] Similar to individuals with narcissistic personality disorder, those with borderline personality disorder (BPD) display a strong sense of entitlement, according to research conducted by Dr. John Gunderson and Dr. Elsa Ronningstam.[11] Ronningstam and Gunderson state, "Characteristics shared by the two disorders and thus failing to discriminate between NPD and BPD[clarification needed] are notable. A sense of entitlement occurred in both diagnostic groups in Morey's and our studies; that is, both narcissists and borderlines felt that others should recognize their needs and give them special favours."[12]

An earned sense of entitlement is usually more beneficial than a purely-psychological entitlement. Still, the former may also have a destructive counterpart in the sense of a felt entitlement to revenge based on the accumulation of grievances.[13]

According to a study, narcissism is not associated with autonomy and adversely correlated with sociotropy, demonstrating low degrees of dependency without being excessively dependent. In contrast, entitlement showed a mixed pattern of dependency on others and a desire for independence from them, positively predicting both sociotropy and autonomy. Thus, despite having a self-centric attitude in common, psychological entitlement and narcissism have different orientations toward other people.[14]

Psychoanalysis differentiated among children three main varieties of the sense of entitlement: normal, inflated, and compromised.[15] The inflated sense of entitlement sought special privileges for the individual alone, perhaps to compensate for childhood suffering or narcissistic injury. The compromised sense involved an inability to expect the basic rights enjoyed by those around one.[15] A normal or healthy sense of entitlement included an expectation of responsiveness from significant others, a sense of agency, and a sense of one's right to one's feelings, all of which form positive elements in self-esteem.[16]

Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy distinguished in adult life between (ethically) earning entitlement in relationships, which comes from care and consideration, and a subjective feeling of entitlement, the real basis for which may be very different.[17] Thus, the depressive may have an unjustifiably-low sense of entitlement, and the manic may have an exaggeratedly high one.[18] The gambler may feel entitled to expect a big win to compensate for childhood deprivation. Those who clamor most loudly for such reimbursement from fate may, in fact, unconsciously doubt their entitlement to anything at all.[19]

Manifestation in individuals

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Entitlement is commonly found in individuals with narcissistic personality disorder, possibly from how the entitled individual was raised as a child.[20] Entitlement and narcissism can lead to the feeling of unsatisfying relationships, both romantic and platonic, through the idea that they are not receiving the deserved treatment.[21] Those who are entitled can experience lower rates of satisfaction within their personal lives,[21] especially when their narcissistic behaviors are discovered.[22]

Entitlement changes within the context of which the entitled individual acts in. Entitlement can be viewed differently with gender, as societal norms dictate the level of entitlement experienced by either sex.[23] For example, male academics and college students report more academic entitlement than women.[24] Other contextual incidents can be within the workplace. Whenever a worker feels that they are accused of entitlement by their employer, this can lead to a negative affects within both parties, but could lead to positive effects as well depending on the severity of the accusation.[25] Those with entitlement may view themselves as acting within boundaries according to their own contexts.[26]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ What Is an Entitlement Mentality? WebMD. Retrieved: 4 September 2021.
  2. ^ a b Alexander, Christopher (2011). "A Study of the Cognitive Determinants of Generation Y's Entitlement Mentality". ProQuest. Retrieved October 26, 2024.
  3. ^ Schaefer, Thomas (2013). "The You Owe Me! Mentality: A Student Entitlement Perception Paradox" (PDF). Journal of Learning in Higher Education. 9 (1): 79–91.
  4. ^ Grubbs, Joshua B.; Exline, Julie J. (November 2016). "Trait entitlement: A cognitive-personality source of vulnerability to psychological distress". Psychological Bulletin. 142 (11): 1204–1226. doi:10.1037/bul0000063. ISSN 1939-1455.
  5. ^ L. Ashner, When is Enough, Enough? (1997) pp. 106–107 [ISBN missing]
  6. ^ Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.), Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing, 2013, pp. 669–672, ISBN 978-0890425558
  7. ^ "Narcissistic personality disorder: Symptoms", Mayo Clinic, Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 18 November 2014, retrieved 29 April 2016
  8. ^ Hart, William; Tortoriello, Gregory K.; Richardson, Kyle (2020-07-03). "Deprived and Grandiose Explanations for Psychological Entitlement: Implications for Theory and Measurement". Journal of Personality Assessment. 102 (4): 488–498. doi:10.1080/00223891.2019.1565573. ISSN 0022-3891.
  9. ^ "Why Narcissists Feel So Entitled". www.psychologytoday.com. Retrieved 2024-09-21.
  10. ^ Grapsas, Stathis; Brummelman, Eddie; Back, Mitja D.; Denissen, Jaap J. A. (January 2020). "The "Why" and "How" of Narcissism: A Process Model of Narcissistic Status Pursuit". Perspectives on Psychological Science. 15 (1): 150–172. doi:10.1177/1745691619873350. ISSN 1745-6916. PMC 6970445. PMID 31805811.
  11. ^ Ronningstam, Elsa; Gunderson, John (September 1991). "Differentiating Borderline Personality Disorder from Narcissistic Personality Disorder". Journal of Personality Disorders. 5 (3): 225–232. doi:10.1521/pedi.1991.5.3.225. ISSN 0885-579X.
  12. ^ Ronningstam, E; Gunderson, J (1991). "Differentiating Borderline Personality Disorder from Narcissistic Personality Disorder". Journal of Personality Disorders. 5 (3): 225–232. doi:10.1521/pedi.1991.5.3.225. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
  13. ^ Boszormenyi-Nagy, Ivan; Krasner, Barbara R. (1986). Between give and take: a clinical guide to contextual therapy. New York, NY: Brunner-Routledge. p. 110. ISBN 978-0-87630-418-1.
  14. ^ Rose, Karen C.; Anastasio, Phyllis A. (2014-03-01). "Entitlement is about 'others', narcissism is not: Relations to sociotropic and autonomous interpersonal styles". Personality and Individual Differences. 59: 50–53. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2013.11.004. ISSN 0191-8869.
  15. ^ a b Vamik Volkan, Psychoanalysis, International Relations, and Diplomacy (2014) p. 36
  16. ^ Goldberg, Arnold; Kohut, Heinz, eds. (1983). Advances in self psychology (3. print ed.). New York: Internat. Univ. Pr. p. 25. ISBN 978-0-8236-0098-4.
  17. ^ Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy, Between Give and Take (2013) p. 109–110
  18. ^ Ivan Boszormenyi-Nagy, Between Give and Take (2013) p. 164
  19. ^ Otto Fenichel, The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis. (London 1946) pp. 372, 499
  20. ^ "What Is an Entitlement Mentality?". WebMD. Retrieved 2024-10-20.
  21. ^ a b "Narcissistic personality disorder - Symptoms and causes". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2024-10-20.
  22. ^ "How to Deal With a Narcissist's Sense of Entitlement | Psychology Today". www.psychologytoday.com. Retrieved 2024-10-20.
  23. ^ Major, Brenda (October 1993). "Gender, Entitlement, and the Distribution of Family Labor". Journal of Social Issues. 49 (3): 141–159. doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1993.tb01173.x. ISSN 0022-4537.
  24. ^ Ciani, Keith D.; Summers, Jessica J.; Easter, Matthew A. (2008-12-01). "Gender Differences in Academic Entitlement Among College Students". The Journal of Genetic Psychology. 169 (4): 332–344. doi:10.3200/GNTP.169.4.332-344. ISSN 0022-1325. PMID 19069582.
  25. ^ Langerud, Dan H.; Jordan, Peter J. (January 2020). "Entitlement at work: Linking positive behaviors to employee entitlement". Journal of Management & Organization. 26 (1): 75–94. doi:10.1017/jmo.2018.33. ISSN 1833-3672.
  26. ^ Brummel, Bradley J.; Parker, Kelsey N. (January 2015). "Obligation and Entitlement in Society and the Workplace". Applied Psychology. 64 (1): 127–160. doi:10.1111/apps.12023. ISSN 0269-994X.

Further reading

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  • Hill, Jess. See What You Made Me Do. Black Books Inc. Sydney. 2019.
  • Twenge, Jean M.; Campbell, W., Keith The Narcissism Epidemic: Living in the Age of Entitlement (2009)
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  • The dictionary definition of entitlement at Wiktionary
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