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Crime in Oregon

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The rate of crime in Oregon, at least since 1985, has varied from below the United States national average to slightly above, depending on if one is looking at violent crime or property crime statistics. The violent crime rate remained below the national average every year between 1985 and 2022, while property crime generally remained above the average during that time. Every year between 2011 and 2020, Oregon maintained one of the 20 lowest violent crime rates in the United States.[1] However, some of the most notorious serial killers in U.S. history were known for killing or operating in Oregon, including perhaps the most famous, Ted Bundy, as well as the second most prolific in terms of confirmed murders, Gary Ridgway, among many others.

Crime statistics (1960–2009)

[edit]

Reported cases of crime in the state of Oregon between 1960 and 2009:[2]

Year Population Index Violent Property Murder Forcible rape Robbery Aggravated
assault		 Burglary Larceny
theft		 Vehicle
theft
1960 1,768,687 34,970 1,232 33,738 43 166 563 460 7,175 24,252 2,311
1961 1,799,000 36,000 1,242 34,758 48 138 626 430 7,276 24,983 2,499
1962 1,864,000 38,364 1,461 36,903 54 174 714 519 8,268 25,871 2,764
1963 1,826,000 40,362 1,393 38,969 55 161 554 623 8,823 27,023 3,123
1964 1,871,000 47,438 2,009 45,429 34 225 703 1,047 10,727 30,812 3,890
1965 1,899,000 52,376 2,290 50,086 65 226 873 1,126 12,079 34,161 3,846
1966 1,955,000 58,400 2,470 55,930 53 247 895 1,275 13,394 37,840 4,696
1967 1,999,000 69,268 3,147 66,121 61 248 1,317 1,521 17,140 43,515 5,466
1968 2,008,000 74,978 3,955 71,023 64 346 1,536 2,009 18,978 46,612 5,433
1969 2,032,000 85,543 4,527 81,016 81 371 1,760 2,315 22,853 51,692 6,471
1970 2,091,385 98,048 5,373 92,675 97 377 2,144 2,755 26,632 59,082 6,961
1971 2,158,000 106,601 6,335 100,266 70 478 2,383 3,404 28,933 63,543 7,790
1972 2,182,000 110,156 6,494 103,662 119 574 2,390 3,411 32,049 63,178 8,435
1973 2,225,000 117,860 6,512 111,348 110 653 2,211 3,538 35,772 66,494 9,082
1974 2,266,000 143,772 8,326 135,446 127 732 2,964 4,503 41,766 83,060 10,620
1975 2,288,000 154,491 10,034 144,457 142 745 2,982 6,165 43,738 90,053 10,666
1976 2,329,000 148,097 10,654 137,443 97 829 3,091 6,637 39,587 88,661 9,195
1977 2,376,000 142,256 10,830 131,426 117 948 2,948 6,817 38,880 83,306 9,240
1978 2,444,000 148,483 12,278 136,205 123 1,008 3,204 7,943 39,523 87,033 9,649
1979 2,527,000 161,045 13,781 147,264 107 1,121 3,299 9,254 40,682 96,823 9,759
1980 2,610,477 174,561 12,802 161,759 132 1,084 3,978 7,608 45,641 106,712 9,406
1981 2,647,000 186,267 12,671 173,596 117 1,105 4,780 6,669 52,067 112,518 9,011
1982 2,649,000 173,973 12,529 161,444 136 1,057 4,433 6,903 47,410 106,061 7,973
1983 2,662,000 166,398 12,986 153,412 109 1,078 4,533 7,266 46,472 98,880 8,060
1984 2,674,000 166,956 13,533 153,423 128 1,201 4,508 7,696 48,755 96,742 7,926
1985 2,687,000 180,830 14,807 166,023 125 1,363 4,986 8,333 50,690 105,725 9,608
1986 2,698,000 191,037 14,830 176,207 178 1,379 5,555 7,718 53,062 112,312 10,833
1987 2,724,000 189,835 14,697 175,138 153 1,247 5,338 7,959 48,562 113,907 12,669
1988 2,741,000 193,479 14,959 178,520 139 1,111 5,289 8,420 48,355 113,872 16,293
1989 2,820,000 173,744 14,625 159,119 134 1,314 4,282 8,895 40,197 103,690 15,232
1990 2,842,321 160,478 14,405 146,073 108 1,332 4,102 8,863 32,273 100,765 13,035
1991 2,922,000 168,165 14,795 153,370 133 1,561 4,387 8,714 34,363 105,145 13,862
1992 2,977,000 173,289 15,189 158,100 139 1,580 4,507 8,963 32,945 109,274 15,881
1993 3,032,000 174,812 15,254 159,558 140 1,554 3,930 9,630 31,072 110,878 17,608
1994 3,086,000 194,307 16,067 178,240 150 1,333 4,264 10,320 33,970 122,506 21,764
1995 3,141,000 206,173 16,408 189,765 129 1,309 4,332 10,638 34,640 133,075 22,050
1996 3,204,000 192,132 14,837 177,295 129 1,272 3,914 9,522 31,664 128,618 17,013
1997 3,243,000 203,328 14,412 188,916 95 1,306 3,811 9,200 33,507 136,129 19,280
1998 3,282,000 185,323 13,778 171,545 126 1,307 3,452 8,893 30,442 123,841 17,262
1999 3,316,154 165,866 12,432 153,434 88 1,219 2,858 8,267 26,749 113,052 13,633
2000 3,421,399 165,780 12,000 153,780 70 1,286 2,888 7,756 25,618 114,230 13,932
2001 3,473,441 175,174 10,650 164,524 84 1,174 2,749 6,643 26,648 123,034 14,842
2002 3,520,355 171,443 10,298 161,145 73 1,238 2,742 6,246 25,696 118,925 16,524
2003 3,564,330 180,369 10,506 169,863 68 1,218 2,847 6,373 28,562 122,327 18,974
2004 3,591,363 177,199 10,724 166,475 90 1,283 2,751 6,600 30,072 117,868 18,535
2005 3,638,871 170,643 10,444 160,199 80 1,266 2,478 6,620 27,621 113,316 19,262
2006 3,700,758 145,168 10,373 135,895 86 1,195 2,689 6,403 23,879 97,556 14,460
2007 3,747,455 142,920 10,777 132,143 73 1,255 2,862 6,587 22,821 94,773 14,549
2008 3,790,060 134,144 9,747 124,397 82 1,156 2,641 5,868 20,879 92,187 11,311
2009 3,825,657 123,255 9,744 113,511 85 1,168 2,461 6,030 19,377 84,265 9,869

Capital punishment laws

[edit]
Further information: Capital punishment in Oregon

The Oregon Constitution originally had no provision for a death penalty. A statute was enacted in 1864 allowing for the death penalty in cases of first degree murder. Authority to conduct executions was initially granted to local sheriffs, but in 1903, the Oregon Legislative Assembly passed a law requiring all executions to be conducted at the Oregon State Penitentiary in Salem, the first state prison in Oregon which opened in 1866.[3]

Oregon voters amended the Constitution in 1914 to repeal the death penalty, with 50.04% of the vote. The repeal was an initiative of Governor Oswald West.[4] The death penalty was restored, again by constitutional amendment, in 1920.[3]

Initially, all executions were performed by hanging; lethal gas was adopted as the method after 1931.[3]

Voters outlawed the death penalty in the general election of 1964, with 60% of the vote. Governor Mark Hatfield commuted the sentences of three death row inmates two days later.[3]

Notable cases

[edit]
See also: Category:Prisoners and detainees of Oregon

Criminals

[edit]
Name Lifespan Crime(s) Notes Ref.
John Arthur Ackroyd 1949–2016 Murder Convicted of the murder of Kaye Turner and a settlement was reached for the murder of his stepdaughter Rachanda Pickle. He is believed to have been involved in the disappearance of other girls and women, collectively called the Ghosts of Highway 20. [5]
Danford Balch 1811–1859 Murder Convicted of murdering his son-in-law, Mortimer Stump, in 1859; was the first person executed by hanging in Portland. [6]
Ben Boloff 1893–1932 Criminal syndicalism Soviet Russian communist sentenced to ten years imprisonment. [7]
Dallen Bounds 1971–1999 Serial murder Born in Ashland, but did not commit any known murders in Oregon; convicted of murders in Washington, North and South Carolina [8]
Jerry Brudos 1939–2006 Serial murder, necrophilia Committed multiple murders in Portland and Salem regions [9]
Ted Bundy 1946–1989 Serial murder, rape Born in Vermont; confirmed to have abducted and murdered one female from the Oregon State University campus in 1974.[10] Potentially responsible for additional unknown murders. [11]
Robert Lee Burns 1930–2002 Murder, robbery Charged in 1963 robbery and murder of a police officer in California; subject of an extradition dispute between Oregon and California, but died before being extradited. [12]
Scott William Cox 1963– Serial murder Convicted of two homicides in Portland in 1993, and suspected in at least 20 others in the Pacific Northwest. Paroled in 2013. [13]
Diane Downs 1955– Murder, attempted murder Shot and killed daughter in rural Springfield; attempted to kill her two other children. [14]
Jim Elkins 1901–1968 Racketeering Portland mobster and crime boss. [15]
John K. Giles 1895–1979 Murder Convicted of murder in Oregon; escaped, and was later transferred to Alcatraz Island. [16]
George Hayford 1858–unknown Forgery Lawyer convicted of forgery in Oregon and California; falsely claimed to be Oregon Attorney General. Later arrested in Harlem, New York City and Washington, D.C. [17]
Keith Hunter Jesperson 1955– Serial murder Also known as the "Happy Face Killer"; committed at least two murders in Oregon, and is serving life sentence at Oregon State Penitentiary. [18]
Charity Lamb c. 1818–1879 Murder First woman convicted of murder in Oregon Territory. [19]
Richard Laurence Marquette 1932– Serial murder Convicted of murdering and dismembering three women in Portland in the 1960s and 1970s. He was the first person to be added as an eleventh name on the FBI Ten Most Wanted List. [20]
Harry Charles Moore 1941–1997 Murder Second person executed in the state of Oregon since 1978 for murders of Thomas Lauri and Barbara Cunningham. [21]
Dayton Leroy Rogers 1953– Serial murder Murdered at least 6 women near Molalla between 1983 and 1987. Also known as the "Molalla Forest Killer." [22]
Ward Weaver III 1963– Murder Committed 2002 murders of Ashley Pond and Miranda Gaddis in Oregon City. [23]
Randall Woodfield 1950– Serial murder, rape, robbery Committed multiple crimes along Interstate 5 in Oregon, Washington, and California; estimated to have murdered over 44 people. [24]
Douglas Franklin Wright 1940–1996 Serial murder First criminal executed by lethal injection in Oregon. Lured three homeless men to Warm Springs Indian Reservation and murdered them in 1993; confessed to the murder of fourth homeless man. Also committed double murder in 1969 in Portland. [25]

Crimes

[edit]
Year(s) Incident / victim(s) Location(s) Notes Ref.
1844 Murder of George LeBreton Oregon City Massachusetts-born pioneer and Oregon politician killed in the Cockstock Incident. [26]
1887 Hells Canyon Massacre Hells Canyon Massacre of thirty-four Chinese goldminers by members of a white horse gang. [27]
1895–1905 Sheepshooters' War Crook County Range war between cattle men and sheepherders. Resulted in the killing of over 10,000 sheep and several farmers. [28]
1911 Ardenwald axe murders Ardenwald William Hill, his wife Ruth, and their two children were found bludgeoned to death with an axe. Nathan Harvey, a landowner, was charged with their murders on December 20, 1911, but these charges were dropped after one week. In 1917, a man named William Riggin confessed to having participated in the murders, but provided significantly varied accounts that were inconsistent with one another. [29]
1924 Lava Lake murders Deschutes National Forest Triple-murder of three fur trappers near Big Lava Lake; one of the oldest unsolved murder cases in Oregon history. [30]
1946 Oak Grove Jane Doe Oak Grove Unidentified unsolved murder; victim discovered dismembered in the Willamette River over a six-month period. [31]
1949 Murder of Thelma Taylor St. Johns Teenage murder victim abducted and killed in St. Johns. Her killer, Morris Leland, was executed for her murder in 1953. [32]
1960 Murders of Larry Peyton and Beverly Allan Portland On the evening of November 26, 1960, Larry Ralph Peyton and his girlfriend, Beverly Ann Allan, disappeared, their bodies both being found dead within 3 months of each other. A witness identified as "Nikki Essex" accused brothers Edward and Carl Jorgensen of having committed the crime. Police also arrested a third man, Robert Gordon Brom. Carl was ultimately acquitted of first-degree murder, while Edward and Brom were both convicted of first-degree murder. [33]
1974 Cowden family murders Copper Family of four murdered while camping in the Siskiyou Mountains; murders remain unsolved. [34]
1974 Murder of Martha Morrison Portland Teenage murder victim who disappeared in Portland in 1974. Remains discovered in late 1974 in Vancouver, Washington, alongside another body. She remained unidentified until 2015, Warren Forrest was convicted of her murder on February 1, 2023. [35]
1981 Oregon Museum Tavern shooting Salem Shooting inside of the Oregon Museum Tavern, resulting in the deaths of 4 people and 18 injuries at the scene. Shooter Lawrence William Moore was subsequently found guilty of four counts of aggravated murder and sentenced to four life terms in prison. Victim Dennis Scharf died on January 19, 2013, due to complications from injuries he sustained in the shooting. [36]
1984 Rajneeshee bioterror attack The Dalles Followers of Bhagwan Shree Rajneesh deliberately contaminated various eateries with Salmonella, resulting in 751 infections and 45 hospitalizations. [37]
1988 Murder of Mulugeta Seraw Portland Ethiopian immigrant murdered by three white supremacists; Kenneth Murray Mieske, Kyle Brewster, and Steve Strasser were convicted of his murder in 1990. [38]
1989 Murder of Michael Francke Salem Director of the Oregon Department of Corrections, stabbed to death outside department building. Murder remains unsolved. [39]
1991 Disappearance of Thomas Gibson Azalea Disappearance of a 2 year old American child named Thomas Gibson who vanished from his front yard in Douglas County, Oregon. Larry Gibson, his father and a sheriff of the county, was convicted on manslaughter in March 1995, after his eldest daughter told law enforcement that she had witnessed her father beating Thomas outside on the day of his disappearance. He served less than one year before being released from jail, starting a webpage sometime in 2001 regarding Thomas's disappearance. Thomas has never been found. [40]
1994 Leathers Oil Company murders Gresham On the morning of January 17, 1994, a customer entered the Leathers Oil Company gas station and discovered the bodies of three employees, found executed. Suspect Tyrom Thies disappeared on February 9, 1994 and has not been seen since. His, cousin Lawrence Benjamin Scherf, and friend, Lori Ann Stephens, were both convicted and served ten years in prison for their roles as accessories to the murders. [41]
1994 Gresham cat hostage taking incident Gresham Incident involving an emotionally disturbed 28-year-old woman named Janet Marilyn Smith, who took her own pet cat hostage in a Fred Meyer store in Gresham, Oregon. Police sprayed her in the face with three cans of pepper mace in an attempt to stop her. Smith cried out and then raised the knife above her head, subsequently being shot by Gresham Police officer Ron Willis, being pronounced dead at the scene. The public reacted angrily to the shooting with much criticism being directed at the Gresham Police department. [42]
1995 Murder of Yolanda Panek Portland Murder and disappearance of an American woman who vanished from the Capri Motel in Portland, Oregon on July 13, 1995. The day after she was last seen checking into the hotel, her locked car was found abandoned with her two-year-old son inside, alive. Her boyfriend and common-law husband, Abdur Rashid Al-Wadud, was convicted of her murder in March 1996. [43]
1995 Murders of Roxanne Ellis and Michelle Abdill Medford Hate crime murder of lesbian couple. Robert Acremant convicted of their murders and sentenced to death in 1996; sentence later reduced to life without parole. [44]
1998 1998 Thurston High School shooting Springfield On May 20, 1998, 15-year-old freshman student Kipland Kinkel killed his parents; a day later heading to Thurston High School and opening fire with a semi-automatic rifle in the cafeteria, killing 2 students and injuring 25 before students subdued him, leading to his arrest. Kinkel pled guilty to murder and attempted murder and was sentenced to 111 years in prison without the possibility of parole. [45]
2004 Murder of Brooke Wilberger Corvallis One of the most publicized murder investigations in Oregon history. Joel Patrick Courtney was convicted of her murder in 2009. [46]
2008 Woodburn bank bombing Woodburn Bank explosion in a West Coast Bank branch, which killed 2 police officers and seriously injured a third. Father and son Bruce and Joshua Turnidge were convicted of the bombing in 2011; both being sentenced to death row. [47]
2012 Clackamas Town Center shooting Clackamas Mass shooting at the Clackamas Town Center shopping mall; resulting in three deaths (including the perpetrator; Jacob Tyler Roberts). Around 8,000-10,000 people were in the mall at the time, it is believed Roberts targeted random people and did not have a specific target in mind. [48]
2013 Death of Richard Swanson Lincoln City Richard Swanson was a 42-year-old man who tried to dribble a soccer ball from the city of Seattle, to São Paulo. On May 14, 2013, he died after being hit by a pickup truck alongside U.S. Route 101 just outside Lincoln City, Oregon. Prior to this incident, the driver had numerous traffic-related violations according to Oregon court records, the jury found the driver not guilty. [49]
2015 2015 Umpqua Community College shooting Roseburg Deadliest mass-shooting in Oregon history; Chris Harper-Mercer, a 26-year-old student who was enrolled at the school, fatally shot an assistant professor and eight students in a classroom, making a woman beg for her life before shooting her. He injured eight others; while deliberately sparing a student's life so they could deliver a package from him to the police. After a brief shootout with Roseburg police, he committed suicide by shooting himself in the head with his weapon. [50]
2016 Occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge Burns Armed occupation by a militia group of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge, leading to a month long stand off. Around 40 people occupied the refuge, by February 11, all of the militants had surrendered or withdrawn from the occupation, with several leaders having been arrested after leaving the site; one of them, Robert LaVoy Finicum, was shot and killed during an attempt to arrest him after he reached toward a handgun concealed in his coat pocket, more than two dozen of the militants were charged with federal offenses including conspiracy to obstruct federal officers, firearms violations, theft, and depredation of federal property. [51]
2017 2017 Portland train attack Portland Train stabbing which resulted in the deaths of 2 men, and serious injuries to another. Perpetrator Jeremy Joseph Christian had threatened a conductor and attacked a black woman on a different train the previous day, he was sentenced to two consecutive life sentences in June 2020. [52]
2018 Murder of Daniel Brophy Portland On the morning of June 2, 2018, Daniel Brophy left for work at the Oregon Culinary Institute, where he was a teacher. Students arrived later and found his body in a kitchen, dead from two gunshots. The death was investigated as a homicide. His wife, Nancy Crampton-Brophy was charged with his death. [53]
2022 Normandale Park shooting Portland On February 19, 2022, Benjamin Jeffrey Smith confronted a group of armed protesters and told them to leave or he would shoot them, before pulling a .45 caliber handgun and firing at close range into a crowd of safety volunteers at the edge of Normandale Park in Portland, Oregon; murdering one, causing the paralysis of another from the shoulders down, and seriously injuring three others. Smith was arrested and charged with second-degree murder, four counts of attempted murder, and several assault charges in connection with the shooting. [54]
2022 2022 Bend, Oregon shooting Bend Mass shooting at a Safeway grocery store in Bend, Oregon. Perpetrator Ethan Blair Miller killed two men, one of whom was an employee who attempted to stop him, he wounded two other people before committing suicide. Miller had previously worked in a Safeway. [55]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Trend of Violent Crime from 1985 to 2022". FBI Crime Data Explorer. Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved November 17, 2023.
  2. ^ www.disastercenter.com
  3. ^ a b c d "History of Capital Punishment in Oregon". Oregon.gov. Archived from the original on June 16, 2006.
  4. ^ Horner, John B. (1919). Oregon: Her History, Her Great Men, Her Literature. Press of the Gazette-Times. pp. 313.
  5. ^ Crombie, Noelle (December 31, 2016). "Inmate convicted in notorious Christmas jogger murder found dead in cell". The Oregonian. Retrieved September 16, 2021.
  6. ^ McArthur, Lewis A.; Lewis L. McArthur (2003) [1928]. Oregon Geographic Names (7th ed.). Portland, Oregon: Oregon Historical Society Press. pp. 46–47. ISBN 0-87595-277-1.
  7. ^ MacColl, E. Kimbark (1979). The Growth of a City: Power and Politics in Portland, Oregon, 1915–1950. Portland: Georgian Press. p. 394. ISBN 0960340815.
  8. ^ Townsend, Catherine (August 9, 2017). "Crime History: Serial Killer Dallen Bounds Killed Four Victims, Then Shot Himself". Crime Feed. Investigation Discovery. Archived from the original on March 23, 2018. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
  9. ^ Holmes, Ronald M. (January 1997). "Sequential Predation: Elements of serial fatal victimization". Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity. 4 (1): 33–42. doi:10.1080/10720169708400129. doi:10.1080/10720169708400129
  10. ^ "FBI Records: The Vault: Ted Bundy". Federal Bureau of Investigation. FBI.gov. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
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  13. ^ "Police: Convicted killer released in McMinnville violated his parole". KPTV. August 28, 2013. Archived from the original on March 30, 2017. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
  14. ^ Geringer, Joseph. "Diane Downs: Her Children Got in the Way of Her Love'". TruTV. Archived from the original on March 4, 2009. Retrieved May 28, 2015.
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  18. ^ Kreuger, Peggy; Kendra Justice & Amy Hunt (March 2006). "Keith Hunter Jesperson: Happy Face Killer" (PDF). Radford University Department of Psychology. Retrieved August 21, 2010.
  19. ^ Lansing, Ronald B. (March 17, 2018). "Charity Lamb (?-1879)". oregonencyclopedia.org. Retrieved July 26, 2019.
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  25. ^ "Oregon and South Carolina Execute Killers". The New York Times. Associated Press. September 7, 1996. Retrieved March 22, 2018.
  26. ^ Holman, Frederick V. (June 1912). "A Brief History of the Oregon Provisional Government and What Caused Its Formation". The Quarterly of the Oregon Historical Society. 13 (2): 89–139. JSTOR 20609900.
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  36. ^ DeWitt, Joce (January 31, 2013). "32 years later, Oregon bar shooting victim dies". KVAL-13. Retrieved November 4, 2024.
  37. ^ Urbano, Mary Theresa (2006). The Complete Bioterrorism Survival Guide. Sentient Publications. pp. 60–61. ISBN 1-59181-051-5.
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  41. ^ "Cold Case: Gresham's most gruesome murder". Retrieved October 24, 2024.
  42. ^ "Cat-Hostage Holder Is Shot". New York Times. Retrieved October 24, 2024.
  43. ^ "Man arraigned in disappearance". Statesman Journal. July 22, 1995. Retrieved November 6, 2024 – via Newspapers.com.
  44. ^ "State of Oregon v. Robert Acremant". Oregon Judicial Department. March 17, 2005. Archived from the original on August 8, 2007. Retrieved July 31, 2007.
  45. ^ "The Killer at Thurston High: Who is Kip Kinkel?". Frontline. PBS. Retrieved June 24, 2007.
  46. ^ Netter, Sarah. "Brooke Wilberger Found: Killer Gives Location of Remains to Avoid Death Penalty". ABC News. Retrieved September 21, 2009.
  47. ^ Lynn, Capi. "Turnidge case closed, but not forgotten". Statesman Journal. Retrieved January 15, 2015.
  48. ^ Johnston, Ian; Raftery, Isolde (December 11, 2012). "Two people shot to death at mall in Portland, Oregon; gunman also dies". NBC News. Retrieved December 19, 2012.
  49. ^ Bailey Jr., Everton (November 21, 2014). "Driver found not guilty in death of Seattle soccer fan struck while walking along U.S. 101 in Lincoln City". The Oregonian. Retrieved October 29, 2024.
  50. ^ Jackson, Derrick Z. (October 2, 2015). "The shameful irony of Ore. mass shooting". The Boston Globe. Retrieved October 2, 2015.
  51. ^ Walker, Peter (February 19, 2016). "Malheur occupation is over, but the war for America's public lands rages on". The Conversation. Retrieved October 22, 2024.
  52. ^ Green, Aimee (February 21, 2020). "Jeremy Christian guilty on all counts in max stabbings trial". The Oregonian. Retrieved February 21, 2020.
  53. ^ "Romance novelist goes on trial in fatal shooting of spouse". AP News. April 5, 2022. Retrieved October 22, 2024.
  54. ^ "Accused gunman in Normandale Park shooting transferred to jail on 9-count indictment". The Oregonian. March 23, 2022. Retrieved October 24, 2024.
  55. ^ Romero / Li, Dennis / David K. (August 28, 2022). "3 dead, including suspected shooter, in Oregon grocery store attack". NBC News. Retrieved August 29, 2022.
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