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Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach

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Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach
Born(1907-08-13)13 August 1907
Essen, Kingdom of Prussia, German Empire
Died30 July 1967(1967-07-30) (aged 59)
Essen, North Rhine-Westphalia, West Germany
OrganizationThyssenKrupp AG
AllegianceKrupp family
Conviction(s)Crimes against humanity
TrialKrupp trial (8 December 1947 – 31 July 1948)
Criminal penalty12 years imprisonment plus forfeiture of all property; reduced to time served and property forfeiture waived
Alfried Krupp (right) and his son Arndt (left) with President Sylvanus Olympio of Togo, while visiting Villa Hügel on 17 May 1961

Alfried Felix Alwyn Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach (13 August 1907 – 30 July 1967), often referred to as Alfried Krupp, was a German industrialist, a competitor in Olympic yacht races, contributor to the SS and a member of the Krupp family, which has been prominent in German industry since the early 19th century. He was convicted after World War II of crimes against humanity for the genocidal manner in which he operated his factories (with the use of slave labor) and sentenced to twelve years in prison, subsequently commuted to three years with time served in 1951.[1][2]

The family company, known formally as Friedrich Krupp AG Hoesch-Krupp, was a key supplier of weapons and materiel to the German Government and the Wehrmacht during World War II. In 1943, Krupp became sole proprietor of the company, following the Lex Krupp ("Krupp Law") decreed by Adolf Hitler. Krupp's wartime employment of slave labor resulted in the "Krupp Trial" of 1947–1948, following which he served three years in prison. At Krupp's behest, after his death in 1967, control of the Krupp company passed to the Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Foundation, a philanthropic organisation.

Olympic medal record
Men's Sailing
Representing Nazi Germany Germany
Bronze medal – third place 1936 Berlin 8 Meter Class

Family and early life

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Krupp's mother, Bertha Krupp, inherited the company in 1902 at the age of 16 when her father, Friedrich Alfred Krupp committed suicide following public allegations of homosexuality by newspapers.[3] In October 1906, Bertha married Alfried's father, Gustav von Bohlen und Halbach, a German diplomat and member of the nobility in a Lutheran ceremony, who subsequently added the Krupp name to his own by permission of Emperor Wilhelm II.[4] Alfried was born almost a year later.

Alfried Krupp attended grammar school, after which he trained at the Krupp company workshops and studied metallurgy at technical universities in Munich, Berlin and Aachen. The company profited significantly from the German rearmament of the 1920s and 1930s. Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach, in spite of his initial opposition to the Nazi Party, made significant personal donations to it before the 1933 election, because he saw advantages for the company in the Nazis' militarism and their opposition to independent trade unions. From 1931, Alfried was a supporting member of the SS (förderndes Mitglied der SS). He was a member of the National Socialist Flyers Corps, where he reached the rank of Standartenfuhrer and from 1938 he was a member of the Nazi Party. In 1937, Krupp – like his father – was appointed military economic leader (Wehrwirtschaftsführer). He was also a deputy of his father in his capacity as chairman of the Board of the Adolf Hitler Fund of German Trade and Industry (Adolf-Hitler-Spende der deutschen Wirtschaft).

Krupp received a Diplomingenieur (Master of Engineering) from the Aachener Technische Hochschule in 1934, with the acceptance of a thesis on melting steel in vacuums. During the Berlin Olympics of 1936, Krupp participated in 8 Meter Class sailing and won a bronze medal.[5][6] In the same year, after undergoing financial training at the Dresdner Bank, Krupp joined the family company. In the following year he married Anneliese Lampert, née Bahr (1909–1998); their son, Arndt, was born in 1938.

World War II

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During World War II, the company's profits increased and it took control of factories confiscated by the German army in Nazi-occupied Europe. Alfried became more active in controlling the company as his father's health declined. He became de facto head of the firm in 1941 when Gustav Krupp suffered a stroke. Under Alfried, the company used slave labor supplied by the government and often assigning Jewish prisoners from concentration camps to work in many of its factories.[7] Even when the military suggested that security reasons dictated that some work should be performed by free German workers, Alfried insisted on using forced labour.[8]

He officially replaced his father as head of the family firm under the Lex Krupp ("Krupp Law"), proclaimed by Adolf Hitler on 12 November 1943, which set aside the usual laws of inheritance and preserved the Krupp firm as a family business. Under this law, Alfried formally added the Krupp name to his own. He was also appointed Reichsminister für Rüstung und Kriegsproduktion ("Minister for Armament and War Production").[citation needed][9] The transfer of ownership was a gesture of gratitude by Hitler and was to be one of only a few major National Socialist government laws that survived the fall of the regime. During the war, Alfried Krupp was responsible for the transfer of certain factories in the occupied territories to the German Reich. He was awarded the War Merit Cross, Second and First Class.

Krupp worked closely with the SS, which controlled the concentration camps from which forced labor was obtained. In a letter dated 7 September 1943, he wrote: "As regards the cooperation of our technical office in Breslau, I can only say that between that office and Auschwitz the closest understanding exists and is guaranteed for the future." According to one of his own employees, even when it was clear that the war was lost: "Krupp considered it a duty to make 520 Jewish girls, some of them little more than children, work under the most brutal conditions in the heart of the concern, in Essen."[10]

Post-war life and the Krupp Trial

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Krupp reading a document, seated in the dock, as a defendant at the Krupp Trial

After the war, the Allied Military Government investigated Krupp's employment of slave laborers. He was convicted of crimes against humanity and sentenced to 12 years imprisonment and the forfeiture of all property. In the Krupp trial, it was alleged by the prosecution that the accused (Alfried Krupp and eleven other associates) had committed Crimes against Peace, War Crimes and Crimes against Humanity, and participated in a common plan and conspiracy, all as defined in Control Council Law No.10 of 20 December 1945.[11] The Krupp Trial was the tenth of a series of twelve military tribunals (which became known as the Subsequent Nuremberg Trials) for war crimes against members of the leadership of Nazi Germany. The Indictment filed against the 12 accused made detailed allegations which were arranged under four counts:

  1. Planning, preparation, initiation and waging aggressive war
  2. Plunder and spoliation
  3. Crimes involving prisoners of war and slave labor
  4. Common plan or conspiracy

All of the accused except one were found guilty of having, contrary to the provisions of international law, employed prisoners of war, foreign civilians, and concentration camp inmates under inhumane conditions in work connected with the conduct of war. Acts and conduct of the accused said by the Prosecution to have been committed unlawfully, knowingly and wilfully.[11]

Krupp was sentenced to twelve years imprisonment. He did not, however, accept any guilt. In 1947, he stated:

The economy needed a steady or growing development. Because of the rivalries between the many political parties in Germany and the general disorder there was no opportunity for prosperity. ... We thought that Hitler would give us such a healthy environment. Indeed, he did do that. ... We Krupps never cared much about [political] ideas. We only wanted a system that worked well and allowed us to work unhindered. Politics is not our business.

— Alfried Krupp, in Golo Mann's manuscript first published in Friz, 1988.[12]

However, after three years, John J. McCloy, the American High Commissioner for Germany, arranged for Krupp to be released on time served and the forfeiture of his property was reversed under political pressure. Nevertheless, certain parts of his assets were considered for reparations and he had limits on business activities imposed on him.[13][14][15][16][17] Krupp's second marriage on 19 May 1952 to Vera Hossenfeld (1909–1967), just after his release from Landsberg Prison, ended in a scandal and a settlement in 1957.

Krupp never disavowed his allegiance to Hitler. According to Manchester, he kept a copy of Mein Kampf on his bedside table to the day of his death.[18]

Prior to Krupp's death from lung cancer, his assistant, Berthold Beitz, worked to transfer control of the company to a Stiftung (foundation), called the Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Foundation,[19] to be monitored by three members of a supervisory board, including Hermann Josef Abs, of the former Deutsch-Asiatische Bank A.G. and Deutsche Bank AG. In this agreement, Krupp's son and heir, Arndt, relinquished any claim over his father's businesses, and was to be paid a relatively modest cash amount, in yearly installments, until his own death.[20][21]

Ancestry

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List of institutions and objects named after Alfried Krupp

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References

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  1. ^ "Search results from Military Legal Resources, Available Online". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA.
  2. ^ "Subsequent Nuremberg Proceedings, Case #10, The Krupp Case". encyclopedia.ushmm.org.
  3. ^ "Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008. Retrieved 1 October 2008.
  4. ^ "KRUPP WEDDING GIFT $500,000 TO WORKMEN; Emperor at Church Marriage of Miss Krupp and Lieut. Bohlen. CHANGES BRIDEGROOM'S NAME Also Alludes to Bride's "Sainted Father" and the Aggressive Egoism of the Present Generation". The New York Times. 16 October 1906.
  5. ^ "Alfred Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach Olympic medals and stats". Databaseolympics.com. 13 August 1907. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
  6. ^ "Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach | German Industrialist, Nazi Collaborator & Nürnberg Tribunal | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 11 December 2023.
  7. ^ William Manchester (1968). The Arms of Krupp. p. 10. OCLC 237115.
  8. ^ Manchester, pp. 5-6
  9. ^ Speer
  10. ^ Manchester, pp. 10-11.
  11. ^ a b "United States v. Krupp, Judgment, N/A (U.S. Mil. Trib. (Nuremberg), Jun. 30, 1948)" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 January 2021. Retrieved 15 January 2021.
  12. ^ Friz, D. M. (1988). Alfried Krupp und Berthold Beitz—der Erbe und sein Statthalter (in German). Zürich: Orell-Füssli. ISBN 3-280-01852-8.
  13. ^ "31. Januar 1951: Alliierte begnadigen deutsche Kriegsverbrecher". www1.wdr.de (in German). 30 January 2006. Retrieved 3 August 2019.
  14. ^ Schwartz, Thomas Alan. "Die Begnadigung Deutscher Kriegsverbrecher" (PDF). Vierteljahreshefte für Zeitgeschichte. 38.
  15. ^ "KRUPP: Die Beine abgehackt". Spiegel Online. Vol. 11. 11 March 1953. Retrieved 3 August 2019.
  16. ^ Käppner, Joachim (21 November 2010). "Zwangsarbeit bei Krupp: Beitz' harter Kampf um Entschädigung für Nazi-Greuel". Retrieved 3 August 2019.
  17. ^ Krupp Tribunal Judge William J. Wilkins, in 1981, wrote: 'I believed then and I believe now that political expediency dictated [t]his decision [of pardoning Alfried Krupp in 1951]. The Russian blockade and Berlin air lift had been on. East Germany was in Communist hands. Czechoslovakia had been overrun. And the wall was being built in Berlin.' (See: William J Wilkins. 1981. The Sword and the Gavel: An Autobiography. Seattle WA: The Writing Works, p 217.
  18. ^ Manchester, p. 922
  19. ^ Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach-Stiftung. Historie
  20. ^ End of the Dynasty. Time, 11 August 1967.
  21. ^ 50th Day of Death of Alfried Krupp († July 30, 1967) UFA-Wochenschau 575/1967, 1 August 1967.
  22. ^ "Krupp College | The original college!". Retrieved 3 August 2019.
  23. ^ "Alfried Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach PhD Grant "Historical and Tradition-Based African Art" 2019 | H-Announce | H-Net". networks.h-net.org. Retrieved 3 August 2019.
  24. ^ "Google Maps". Google Maps. Retrieved 3 August 2019.
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