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A normal rugby union team formation illustrating each of the positions and their respective numbers

In the game of rugby union, there are 15 players on each team, comprising eight forwards (wearing jerseys numbered 1–8) and seven backs (numbered 9–15). In addition, there may be up to eight replacement players "on the bench", numbered 16–23. Players are not restricted to a single position, although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types. Players that play multiple positions are called "utility players".

The scrum (a contest used to restart play) must consist of eight players from each team: the "front row" (two props – a loosehead and tighthead – and a hooker), the "second row" (two locks and two flankers), and a "back row" (a number 8). The players outside the scrum are called "the backs": scrum-half, fly-half, inside centre, outside centre, two wings, and a fullback.

Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and line-outs and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs. Props push in the scrums, while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by "hooking" it back with their foot. The hooker is also usually responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs, where it is mostly competed for by the locks, who are generally the tallest players on the team. The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team.

The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster. Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking. Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers, and have the ability to catch a kicked ball. The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team, and score many of the tries. The centres' key attacking roles are to break through the defensive line and link successfully with wingers. The fly-half can be a good kicker and generally directs the back line. The scrum-half retrieves the ball from the forwards and needs a quick and accurate pass to get the ball to the backs (often first to the fly-half).

Early names, such as "three-quarters" (for the wings and centres) and "outside-half" or simply "out-half" (for fly-half) are sometimes used in the Northern Hemisphere, while in New Zealand the fly-half and inside centre are called "first five-eighth" and "second five-eighth" respectively, while the scrum-half is known as the "half-back".

Overview

The forwards are in the scrum while the backs are lined up across the field.

There is a maximum of 15 players from each team allowed on a rugby field at any one time. The players' positions at the start of the game are indicated by the numbers on the backs of their shirts, 1 to 15. The positions are divided into two main categories; forwards (numbered 1 to 8) and backs (numbered 9 to 15). In international matches, there are eight substitutes that can replace an on-field team-mate. The substitutes, numbered 16 to 23, can either take up the position of the player they replace or the on-field players can be shuffled to make room for this player in another position. Typically, the forwards among the substitutes will have lower numbers than the backs. There are no personal squad numbers and a versatile player's position and number may change from one game to the next. Players can also change positions during the match; common examples are the fly-half playing the full-back's position in defence^[1] or a prop taking the hooker's position at line-outs.^[2]

Different positions on the field suit certain skill sets and body types, generally leading to players specialising in a limited number of positions.^[3] Each position has certain roles to play on the field, although most have been established through convention rather than law. During general play, as long as they are not offside, the players may be positioned anywhere on the field. It is during the set pieces (scrum and line-out) that the positions are enforced.

History

A scrummage in a traditional football game in Lower Normandy, France, 1867

During early rugby union games there were only really two positions; most players were in the forwards, who formed part of the scrimmage (which later was called "scrummage" and then "scrum"), and a few defensive "tends" (from "goaltenders").

Eventually, the attacking possibilities of playing close behind the scrimmage were recognised. The players who stationed themselves between the forwards and tends became known as "half-tends". Later, it was observed that the players outside scrimmage were not limited to a defensive role, so the tends and half-tends were renamed "backs" and "half-backs". As the game became more sophisticated, the backs positioned at different depths behind the forwards. They were further differentiated into half-backs, three-quarter-backs, and full-back. Specialised roles for the scrum also evolved with "wing-forward" (modern day flankers) being employed to protect the half-back.^[4]

The first international between England and Scotland was played in 1871 and consisted of 20 players on each side: thirteen forwards, three half-backs, one three-quarter and three full-backs.^[5] The player numbers were reduced to fifteen in 1877. Numbers were added to the backs of players' jerseys in the 1920s, initially as a way for coaches and selectors to rate individual players.^[6]

Names of positions

The various positions have changed names over time, and many are known by different names in different countries. Players in the flanker positions were originally known as "wing forwards",^[7] while in the backs, "centre three-quarter" and "wing three-quarter" were used to describe the outside centre and wing respectively^[8] (although the terms are still sometimes used in the Northern Hemisphere)^[9]^[10] The names used by World Rugby tend to reflect Northern Hemisphere usage although fly-half is still often known as "outside-half"^[11] or "stand-off"^[12] in Britain, and "outhalf"^[13] in Ireland. In New Zealand, the scrum-half is still referred to as the "half-back", the fly-half is referred to as the "first five-eighth", the inside centre is called the "second five-eighth" and the outside centre is simply known as "centre".^[14] In America and Canada the number 8 is known as "8-man".^[15]^[16]

Collective terms are also used to describe similar positions; the props and hooker combine to form the "front row", the locks the "second row" and the flankers and number 8 the "back row", "loose forwards" or the "loosies".^[17]^[18] The front row and second row combined are collectively termed the "tight five".^[19] In the backs, "half-backs" can be used to describe the scrum-half and fly-half; "inside backs" to describe the scrum-half, fly-half and inside centre; "midfield" for the fly-half and both centres (in New Zealand it refers only to the second five-eighth and centre); and "outside backs" for the outside centre, wings and full-back.^[20]^[21] The two props are distinguished by being either a "tighthead" (their head is positioned between the opposition prop and hooker) or "loosehead" (their head is positioned on the outside of the scrum).^[22] The "blindside flanker" binds to the scrum on the side closest to the side line, while the "openside flanker" binds on the side with the most space between the scrum and the sideline.^[17]

Backs

Full-back

Full-backs (number 15) usually position themselves several metres behind the back line. They field any deep opposition kicks and are often the last line of defence should an opponent break through the back line. On attack, they can enter the back line, usually near the centres or wings, with the aim of providing an extra person and overlapping the defending players.^[23] Three of the most important attributes of a good full-back are good catching ability under a high kick, the ability to punt the ball a long distance with accuracy, and the speed and skill to join in back line attacking moves, especially counter-attacks. The full-back is the player most likely to field the high ball or "up and unders" kicked by the opposition. Good hands are needed to ensure the ball is caught cleanly to deny the opposition the chance to regain possession. As the full-back will inevitably catch the ball deep in their own territory with little support from their own players, they should either kick the ball downfield or run forward to link up with their backs to start a counter-attack. If the full-back kicks the ball out, the opposition have the line-out, whereas if they start a counter-attack they have a number of options.

To provide effective cover behind the defensive line, good full-backs are careful not to get caught out of position and must anticipate the opposition's play. Their position behind the backline allows them to see any holes in the defensive line and they either communicate with the backs to close the gaps up or cover the gaps themselves.^[23] The full-back has the most potential for attacking the opposition, especially from a misdirected kick.^[24] If a kick is fielded and there is enough space and support, the full-back may decide to counter-attack by running the ball back towards the opposition.^[25] Due to their kicking skills, in some teams the full-back is also responsible for taking the goal kicks.

For much of the history of the sport, the full-back position was almost totally defensive. Originally, the ball could be kicked directly into touch from any spot on the field, with a line-out then following at the spot where the ball went into touch. This effectively placed a premium on full-backs' skills in kicking from hand. The first Test tries by full-backs in international matches came relatively early, in 1878 and 1880, but it was not until 1934 that a full-back scored a try in the competition now known as the Six Nations Championship. Only three tries had been scored by full-backs in the Championship prior to 1969. According to rugby historian John Griffiths, the worldwide adoption of the current law restricting direct kicking into touch in September 1968 (a law previously used in Australia) "revolutionised full-back play". JPR Williams of Wales was the first full-back to regularly score tries after the law change, scoring six times in Five Nations matches in the 1970s.^[26]

Notable full-backs include Serge Blanco, who scored 38 tries in 93 tests for France^[27] and was known for his counter-attacking ability.^[28]^[29] In 1997, he was among the inaugural set of rugby players inducted into the International Rugby Hall of Fame and in 2011 he was also inducted into the IRB Hall of Fame.^[30] Four full-backs who played for the British and Irish Lions are in the International Rugby Hall of Fame; Gavin Hastings (also inducted into the IRB Hall in 2013^[31]) and Andy Irvine from Scotland, Tom Kiernan from Ireland and the aforementioned Williams. Hastings and Irvine were accurate goal-kickers^[32] and Kiernan is credited with being the first attacking full-back in Irish rugby.^[33] Williams was chosen as the greatest Lions full-back at the inaugural Lions Legends Dinner at Lord's in 2008 and is praised for his safety under the high ball, tackling and calm decision making.^[34] The other full-backs in the International Rugby Hall of Fame are Don Clarke and George Nēpia from New Zealand. Clarke, nicknamed "the boot", was an accurate goal kicker^[35] and Nēpia was noted for his tackling and kicking ability.^[36]

Three-quarters

Wing

The wings are generally positioned on the outside of the backline with the number 11 on the left and the number 14 on the right. Their primary function is to finish off moves and score tries.^[23] Wingers are usually the fastest players in the team and tend to be either elusive runners or, more recently, big, strong and able to break tackles.^[37] The skills needed for the left wing and right wing are similar, although left-footed players are usually played on the left wing as they can step and kick better off their left foot.^[38] The winger on the blindside often "comes off the wing" to provide an extra man in the midfield, in the same way as would a full-back. One or both wingers will usually drop back on opposition kicks to give the full-back extra options for counter-attacking.^[25]

There have been a number of notable wings throughout history. David Campese, a member of both the International and IRB Halls of Fame,^[31] played 101 times for Australia and held the world record for most tries in test matches. He was famous for his goose step and reverse pass.^[39] Welsh international Gerald Davies was influential in helping the British Lions of 1971 become the only Lions touring party to win a Test series in New Zealand.^[40] Ieuan Evans played 72 games for Wales and scored 33 tries – at that time a record for Wales.^[41] In 1994, International Rugby Hall of Famer John Kirwan retired as the (then) most capped player and highest try scorer in All Black history.^[42] One of the most notable wingers is Jason Robinson, who played 51 games for England. He also scored 248 points in 159 matches (about 6.5 points per match) for the Sale Sharks from 2000-2007.

Tony O'Reilly played wing for Ireland between 1955 and 1970 and scored a record 38 tries on two Lions tours. André Boniface is a French international that is a member of both the International Rugby Hall of Fame and the IRB Hall of Fame.^[30] Also in the IRB Hall of Fame is Bill Maclagan, a 19th-century player for Scotland and the Lions, who played at three-quarters, which eventually evolved into the modern position of wing.^[43] Another 2011 inductee in the IRB Hall is Brian Lima of Samoa,^[44] who played most of his career on the wing but ended it as a centre. He participated in five World Cups for Manu Samoa and became known as "The Chiropractor" for his ferocious tackling.^[45]

In 2012 Demi Sakata, a Japan star, who was considered one of the world's top players of the 1960s, became his country's first inductee into the IRB Hall.^[46]

Jonah Lomu entered the International Hall in 2007 and the IRB Hall of Fame in 2011,^[44] debuted as the youngest ever All Black.^[47]

Centre

There are two centres in a rugby team, inside centre (number 12) and outside centre (number 13). The inside centre usually stands close to the fly-half or at first receiver on the other side of the scrum or breakdown. Like the fly-half, they generally possess a good kicking game and are good at reading the play and directing the attack. The outside centre is positioned outside the inside centre and is generally the faster of the two.^[23] The centres' main role is to provide space for the players outside them. They need to run good lines (run into spaces or at 90 degrees to their opposition), be able to side step and swerve, and have good passing skills. When the ball is moved along the opposition backline, the centres are the first players to make the tackle. They need to be aggressive tacklers to knock their opponent down and seize the ball and be good at organising the defensive lines. Outside centres generally have more room to move than inside centres.^[23] Centres also provide support at the breakdowns and can run as decoys to confuse the defence.^[48]

Brian O'Driscoll is the fourth-most-capped player in rugby union history, having played 141 test matches, 133 for Ireland (83 as captain), and 8 for the British and Irish Lions. He is the 8th-highest try scorer in international rugby union history, and the highest-scoring centre of all time. Danie Gerber played centre for South Africa during the apartheid era and even though he was only able to play 24 tests over 12 years, he scored 19 tries.^[49] Mike Gibson played for Ireland and the Lions; his record of 69 caps for Ireland lasted for 26 years.^[50] Tim Horan won two World Cups for Australia, being named the Player of the Tournament in 1999.^[51] As a player, Ian McGeechan won 32 caps for Scotland and went on two Lions tours, while as a coach he led the Lions a record four times.^[52] Welsh centre Gwyn Nicholls played from 1896 to 1906 and was known as the "Prince of Threequarters".^[53] Other centres in the International Rugby Hall of Fame are Jo Maso and Philippe Sella from France, known for their flamboyant attacking play.^[54] Gibson and Sella are also in the IRB Hall of Fame.^[44] Seven centres are in the IRB Hall but not the International Hall—Frank Hancock, a 19th-century Welsh player whose skills led to the creation of the modern two-centre formation;^[55] Guy Boniface, French international and younger brother of André;^[30] brothers Donald and Ian Campbell of Chile;^[56] Zimbabwe international Richard Tsimba;^[57] and Bleddyn Williams and Jack Matthews, who formed a legendary centre partnership for Cardiff and Wales in the era immediately following the Second World War.^[31]

Half-backs

Fly-half

A fly-half (number 10) is usually the first player to receive the ball from the scrum-half following a breakdown, line-out or scrum. Therefore, they must be decisive with what actions to take. They must possess leadership and communicate effectively with the back line.^[58] Good fly-halves are calm, clear thinking and have the vision to direct effective attacking plays.^[59] Fly-halves need good passing and kicking skills. Often the fly-half is the best kicker in the team and needs to be able to execute attacking kicks such as up-and-unders, grubbers and chip kicks as well as being able to kick for territory.^[58] Many fly-halves are also the team's goal kickers.

Fly-halves in the International Rugby Hall of Fame include Cliff Morgan, as well as fellow Welshman Phil Bennett, the latter of whom unleashed two great sidesteps to set up what some have described as "the greatest try of all time".^[60] South African Naas Botha scored 312 points (including a record 17 drop goals) despite playing most of his career when the Springboks were boycotted.^[61] Australia's Mark Ella used his vision, passing skills and game management to orchestrate a new flat-back attacking style.^[62] Grant Fox was one of the most respected goal-kickers who scored more than 1,000 points in all matches for New Zealand.^[63] Barry John was known simply as "the king" to Welsh rugby fans^[64] and was rated third in the 1971 BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award.^[65] Jack Kyle is widely considered Ireland's greatest player.^[66] Michael Lynagh took over fly-half from Ella, and in his first test in that position scored an Australian record of 23 points against Canada.^[67] Bennie Osler played for South Africa from 1924 until 1933, during which he played a South African record of 17 consecutive games and scored a then world record of 14 points in one game against New Zealand.^[68] Hugo Porta is regarded as one of the finest players that Argentina has produced and has been a member of the Laureus World Sports Academy since 2000.^[69]

Of the players mentioned above, Ella, Kyle, Morgan, Osler and Porta are members of the IRB Hall of Fame.^[31]^[44] Four fly-halves are in the IRB Hall but not the International Hall. Gareth Rees of Canada^[44] played in all of the first four Rugby World Cups, and remains the country's all-time leading Test points scorer.^[70] Kennedy Tsimba of Zimbabwe, younger brother of the aforementioned Richard, only played four times for his country, but was one of the world's top fly-halves in the early 21st century, twice being named the player of the year in South Africa's domestic Currie Cup. He was also the first black player to captain the Zimbabwe national team.^[57] Thomas Lawton, Snr, an Australian inducted in 2013, was one of the leading fly-halves of the 1920s and early 1930s.^[31]

Scrum-half

IRB Hall of Fame member Agustín Pichot passes the ball from the back of a scrum.

The scrum-half (number 9) is the link between the forwards and the backs.^[71] They receive the ball from the line-out and remove the ball from the back of the scrum, usually passing it to the fly-half. They also feed the scrum.^[71] Along with the fly-half, they make many of the tactical decisions on the field. During general play, the scrum-half is generally the player who receives the ball from the forwards and passes it to the backs.^[71] They are good communicators,^[23] especially at directing the forwards around, and their aim is to provide the backs with clean ball.^[71] Good scrum-halves have an excellent pass, a good tactical kick and are deceptive runners.^[71] At defensive scrums they put pressure on the opposition scrum-half or defend the blindside. On defence in open play they generally cover for deep kicks after the ball has been passed wide.^[72] Traditionally, scrum-halves have been the smallest players on the team, but many modern scrum-halves are a similar size to the other players in the team.^[23]

Five scrum-halves are members of the International Rugby Hall of Fame; four of them are also in the IRB Hall of Fame. Ken Catchpole of Australia was made captain on his debut at 21 in 1961,^[73] and went on to captain the Wallabies in nearly half of his 27 Tests.^[31] Danie Craven from South Africa was one of the greatest scrum halves in the 1930s and a respected administrator of the South African Rugby Board.^[74] Gareth Edwards played for Wales and the British and Irish Lions during the 1970s and is regarded by many as the greatest player in history.^[75] Nick Farr-Jones captained Australia through their 1991 Rugby World Cup winning campaign; he was enshrined in the International Hall in 1999.^[76] When Joost van der Westhuizen retired in 2003, he had 89 caps, at the time the most for any South African.^[77] Of these players, only van der Westhuizen is not in the IRB Hall.^[31]

Three scrum-halves are in the IRB Hall but not the International Hall. New Zealander David Kirk, inducted in 2011, was captain of the All Blacks team that won the inaugural 1987 Rugby World Cup.^[44] Fellow 2011 inductee Agustín Pichot,^[44] who played in three World Cups for Argentina, is perhaps best known as the Pumas' captain during their surprise run to third place in the 2007 World Cup,^[78] which eventually led to their 2012 entry into The Rugby Championship, previously the Tri Nations. Australian George Gregan, inducted in 2013, retired from international rugby in 2007 with a then-world record 139 Test caps, and also captained the Wallabies 59 times.^[79]

Forwards

Back row (Loose forwards)

The back row (or loose forwards) consists of three players – two flankers, one on either side of the scrum; and a number eight at the back of the scrum.

Number eight

The number eight, or eighthman in South Africa, binds between the locks at the back of the scrum, providing extra weight at the push.^[80] Number eights interact with the scrum-half at the back of the scrum to control and provide clean ball for the backs.^[80] They can also pick the ball from the back of the scrum and run with it or pass it to the scrum-half. At line-outs, they can be either another jumper or a lifter.^[80] Around the field, they have a similar set of responsibilities as the flankers at the breakdown.^[80] Number eights are often strong ball carriers and run off the backs in an attempt to break through or push past the opposition's defensive line.^[80]

Number eights in the International Rugby Hall of Fame include: Mervyn Davies (Wales and British and Irish Lions), Morne du Plessis (South Africa), Brian Lochore (New Zealand) and Hennie Muller (South Africa).^[44]

Flanker

The flanker's role is to tackle the opposition and try to steal the ball.^[23] The openside flanker (number 7) binds to the side of the scrum that covers the greatest area, while the blindside flanker (number 6) covers the side nearest the side-line.^[23] They bind loosely to the side of the scrum, but still play an important role in keeping the props tight by pushing at an angle.^[81] They should be the first forward to a breakdown from a scrum or line-out and are expected to link with the backline or secure the ball at the tackle.^[81] Both positions have a high workrate, meaning the players need to be fit, fast and good at reading the opposition's attacking plays.^[82]

During open play if they have not made the tackle they usually stand in the loose next to the ruck or maul.^[82] This allows them to arrive quickly at the next tackle. The blindside is generally the larger of the two and usually acts as a third jumping option at the line-out.^[83] The openside flanker is usually faster than the blindside, with good opensides excellent at turning over the ball at the tackle.^[81] Teams often use their openside flankers to 'charge' the opposition fly-half, putting pressure on him and forcing him to rush his decision-making, kicking or passing.^[84] Blindside flankers also have the task of stopping any attempt by the opposition's number eight to run with the ball around the blindside of a scrum.

Flankers in the International Rugby Hall of Fame include: Dave Gallaher, Michael Jones, Ian Kirkpatrick, Graham Mourie (all New Zealand), Francois Pienaar (South Africa), Jean Prat (France), Jean-Pierre Rives (France), Fergus Slattery (Ireland and Lions), and Wavell Wakefield (England). Pienaar and Prat are also members of the IRB Hall of Fame.

Locks

The locks form the second row, with the loosehad lock (number 4) on the left and the tighthead lock (number 5) on the right. They scrummage by pushing against the front row, thereby providing much of the power, and are commonly known as the engine room.^[23] They are almost always the tallest players in a team, and are the primary targets when the ball is thrown in at line-outs.^[23] Locks must also have good catching and tackling ability.^[85] At the line-out the locks are lifted and supported by teammates, allowing them to compete for the ball, either passing or tapping it to the scrumhalf or setting up a drive.^[86] In scrums the two locks bind tightly together, and each puts their head between a prop and the hooker.^[85] They compete for the kick-offs, and are involved in securing the ball in rucks and mauls. They commonly make short runs carrying the ball into contact (sometimes known as "crash balls").^[87]

Locks in the International Rugby Hall of Fame include: Bill Beaumont (England and Lions), Gordon Brown (Scotland and Lions), Frik du Preez (South Africa), John Eales (Australia), Martin Johnson (England and Lions), Brian Lochore (New Zealand), Willie John McBride (Ireland and Lions), and Colin Meads (New Zealand). Du Preez, Eales, Johnson^[44] and McBride are also members of the IRB Hall of Fame as players; Lochore was inducted into the IRB Hall primarily as a coach.^[44] Three locks are members of the IRB Hall of Fame but not the International Hall—Fairy Heatlie, a South African great of the era around 1900 who was also one of the first Argentina internationals; French international Lucien Mias; and early 20th-century Scottish international David Bedell-Sivright.^[31]

Front row

Hooker

The hooker (number 2) is positioned between the two props in the scrum.^[23] After the scrumhalf throws the ball into the scrum, the hooker from the team which threw in the ball must strike for the ball. Any front-row player may use a foot to strike for the ball and gain possession.^[88] However, given the role of the props in keeping the scrum stable, it is usually one of the hookers who successfully "hooks" the ball back with the movement of a leg and foot coming into contact with the ball to win possession for their team. Hookers generally have a short back and long arms to aid in binding to the props.^[89] Hookers are usually more mobile than the props, and are often used to carry the ball up during open play.^[90] Only specialist front-row players can play hooker; if a team cannot field one for any reason, the scrums will become uncontested.^[91] In addition to their role in the scrum, hookers generally throw the ball into the line-out.

Hookers in the International Rugby Hall of Fame include: Sean Fitzpatrick (New Zealand) and Keith Wood (Ireland and Lions). Two hookers are members of the IRB Hall but not the International Hall. John Smit of South Africa, captain of the World Cup-winning Springboks in 2007,^[92] was inducted in 2011.^[44] Ronnie Dawson of Ireland and the Lions was inducted in 2013. He earned 27 caps for Ireland and appeared 17 times for the Lions from 1958 to 1965, captaining the Lions in six Tests; after his playing career ended, he became the first head coach of Ireland and still later served as president of the IRFU and chairman of the IRB Council.^[79]

Prop

The props "prop up" the hooker in the scrum.^[23] They form part of the front row of the scrum and push against the opposition's props. The loosehead prop (number 1) is positioned to the left of the hooker and their head will be on the outside of the scrum when it engages. The tighthead prop (number 3) is to the right of the hooker with their head positioned between the opposition hooker and the opposition loosehead prop.^[23] The prop's main role is to provide stability at the scrum and support the hooker in quickly winning the ball.^[93] At the line-out, the prop's role is to support the jumper as they compete for the ball. They are usually positioned at the front of the line-out with a jumper in between them. They are also often involved in lifting jumpers when receiving kick-offs.^[90] While scrummaging is still seen as their main responsibility, modern props are also expected to contribute in the attack and defence.^[93]

Props have to take in pressure from the locks and loose forwards pushing from behind and the opposition pushing against them, so they are often among the strongest players in a team. Some of the more successful props have short necks and broad shoulders to absorb this force as well as powerful legs to drive the scrum forward. Since the game has become professional, non-specialist props or hookers cannot play in the front row. If, through sendings-off or injuries, a team does not have enough specialist front row players, the scrums become 'uncontested' (i.e. no pushing is allowed and the team putting the ball into the scrum wins it).^[91] On their own scrum, the loosehead's role is to provide the hooker with a clear view to strike the ball, while the tighthead tries to keep the scrum stable.^[94] When the opposition is putting the ball in, the tighthead attempts to disrupt the opposing hooker or loosehead, making it difficult for them to win the ball.^[94]

Props in the International Rugby Hall of Fame include: Jason Leonard (England and Lions), Syd Millar (Ireland and Lions) and Wilson Whineray (New Zealand).

Utility players

Players who have the ability to play a number of positions in a team are called utility players.^[95] Utility players can be seen as "Jack of all trades"^[95] and they generally occupy the reserve position in a team.^[96] For this reason, many try to avoid being labelled as utilities.^[97]^[98] Players in the forward positions are generally more specialised than those that play in the backs. However, flankers can usually play number eight, like Grégory Alldritt, David Pocock, Caelan Doris and Kieran Read. Many players may also be capable of playing lock as well as a back-row position, with several modern examples being Sébastien Chabal, Maro Itoje, Tadhg Beirne, Ryan Baird, Courtney Lawes, Steven Luatua, and Cameron Woki, all with international caps in both rows of the scrum. The front row positions are usually very specialised, although some props can play both sides or even hooker. South African captain and IRB Hall of Fame member John Smit has played test matches in every front row position.^[99]^[100] Another IRB Hall member to have played multiple forward positions is 2013 inductee John Thornett, an Australian utility forward who played at flanker, number 8, lock and prop for the Wallabies from 1955 to 1967.^[79]

Utility backs tend to cover a greater number of positions, with players commonly switching between scrum-half and fly-half, fly-half and centre, or wing and full-back. Another famous utility player was Austin Healey, who started and played test matches for England and club matches for Leicester Tigers at fly half, scrum-half, full-back and winger. Among members of the International Rugby or IRB Halls of Fame, Mike Gibson has 28 caps at fly-half, 48 at centre and 4 on the wing,^[101] and Tim Horan played 62 tests at centre, 2 on the wing and 9 at full-back.^[102] Danie Craven mostly played at half-back, but has also started a Test in the forwards at number 8.^[103] Matt Giteau has also shown great versatility throughout his career, playing 6 tests at scrum-half, 46 at fly-half, 50 at centre and one on the wing.^[104] 2013 IRB Hall inductee Waisale Serevi,^[105] although most famous as a sevens player and primarily a fly-half in 15s, also started Tests as a scrum-half, full-back and wing, and came off the bench once as a centre and once as an emergency lock.^[106]

Rugby sevens

Rugby sevens teams have only seven players on the field and can nominate five substitutes.^[107] The seven players are split into three forwards and four backs. Scrums are formed with three players who bind together the same as the front row.^[108] There are four backs: scrum-half, fly-half, centre, and wing. The scrum-half feeds the ball into the scrum. The other three players form the backline. Since play is much more open in sevens, with rucks and mauls generally kept to a minimum, most sevens players are backs or loose forwards in fifteen-a-side teams.^[109]

When a team is defending in open play or from a penalty kick, the defending team will often play a line of six defenders across the field, with one player deeper known as the "sweeper" whose role is to field kicks or to tackle attacking players who have broken through the defensive line.^[110]

References

^ Horne, Ben (26 February 2011). "Cooper can run but not hide from NSW". Stuff. Archived from the original on 23 February 2013. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
^ "British & Irish Lions Tour to South Africa in 2009". Lions-tour.com. 29 April 2013. Archived from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
^ "A Beginner's Guide to Rugby Union" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 October 2013. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
^ Collins 2009, p. 138.
^ "History of the Game". Archived from the original on 31 May 2011.
^ Collins 2009, p. 144.
^ "Papers Past – New Zealand Free Lance – 24 August 1901 – The New South Wales Match". Paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
^ "The Sydney Morning Herald – Google News Archive Search". google.com.
^ Butler, Eddie (10 July 2005). "Outdated and exposed". Irish Independent.
^ Massie, Allan. "Allan Massie on rugby: Joint captaincy makes perfect sense for Scots – Scotsman.com Sport". Sport.scotsman.com. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
^ Evans, Ieuan (4 February 2007). "Perfect script unfolds for comeback king". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022.
^ Turnbull, Simon (10 November 2000). "Rejuvenated Townsend relishes pivotal position". The Independent. London.
^ "Outhalf rises to occasion in gritty triumph". Irish Independent. 29 November 2009.
^ Rattue, Chris (1 November 2008). "Rugby: Donald measures up Carter's crown". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
^ "Veterans to lead Canada into Rugby World Cup". Canada.com. 8 September 2007. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
^ McKee, Sandra (13 April 2011). "Rogers muscling Loyola toward 4th straight rugby title". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
^ ^a ^b "Rugby: Highlanders reshuffle loosies for Lions clash". The New Zealand Herald. 24 March 2010. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
^ "Scotland look to restore pride after drubbing – Sport – Mail & Guardian Online". Mg.co.za. 16 June 2006. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
^ "WP count on tight five". IOL.co.za. 15 July 2009. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
^ Barnes, Stuart (2 May 2010). "Munster can do it by halves". The Times. London.^{[dead link]}
^ Kirk, David (22 June 2008). "New Zealand side built around a twin axis". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022.
^ "Canterbury tighthead signs for Munster". The Irish Times.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Brown, Guthrie & Growden 2010.
^ Biscombe & Drewett 2009, p. 168.
^ ^a ^b Biscombe & Drewett 2009, p. 170.
^ Griffiths, John (4 July 2012). "O'Driscoll and toppling RWC winners". Ask John. ESPN Scrum. Retrieved 7 July 2012.
^ "Hall of Fame honour for three of Ireland's greats". Irish Independent. 5 December 1997.
^ Daniell, John (9 December 2007). "Rugby: The fallback position". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
^ Hastings, Scott (30 January 2005). "Bulloch boys must cause disruption". The Times. London.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Five French legends into IRB Hall of Fame" (Press release). International Rugby Board. 19 March 2011. Archived from the original on 5 May 2011. Retrieved 18 May 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h "Legends inducted into IRB Hall of Fame" (Press release). International Rugby Board. 18 November 2013. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
^ Turnbull, Simon (14 March 2009). "Paterson takes aim at Irish dream". The Independent. London.
^ "Decision to jettison Maggs creates problem for backline". Irish Independent. 22 February 2004.
^ Gallagher, Brendan (27 November 2008). "JPR Williams – the greatest Lions fullback". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022.
^ "The man, his boots and a rugby ball". The New Zealand Herald. 31 December 2002. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
^ McConnell, Robin C. (1 September 2010). "Nepia, George – Biography', from the Dictionary of New Zealand biography". Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand.
^ Ferguson, David (7 January 2006). "Scottish rugby welcomes back Lomu". The Scotsman.
^ Biscombe & Drewett 2009, p. 163.
^ Trace, Marion (12 November 2003). "Campese says sorry to Gregan". The Scotsman.
^ Bills, Peter (17 July 2008). "Gerald Davies on the adventure of the Lions". The Independent. London. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
^ "Rugby Union: Winger Evans hangs up his Test boots". The Independent. London. 12 March 1998. Retrieved 9 January 2024.
^ "Rugby: All Black hero to retire". The Independent. London. 16 October 1994.
^ "IRB Hall of Fame: The 2009 Induction" (PDF) (Press release). International Rugby Board. 27 October 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2011. Retrieved 28 October 2009.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k "RWC legends inducted into IRB Hall of Fame" (Press release). International Rugby Board. 26 October 2011. Archived from the original on 27 October 2011. Retrieved 26 October 2011.
^ "Players & Officials: Brian Lima". ESPN Scrum. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
^ "IRB inducts Japanese legend into Hall of Fame" (Press release). International Rugby Board. 5 June 2012. Archived from the original on 10 June 2012. Retrieved 12 June 2012.
^ Ackford, Paul (20 September 2008). "Jonah Lomu: A hero who just wants to help". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022.
^ Bompa & Claro 2008, p. 66.
^ Bills, Peter (17 June 2009). "Lions 2009: South Africa Dream Team". The Independent. London.
^ Phillips, Mitch (10 February 2005). "England vs France no longer only game in town". IOL Sport.
^ Twice Tim: Horan named player of tournament, CNN, 7 November 1999
^ "Ian McGeechan's passion for rugby 'undimmed' after knighthood honour". The Telegraph. 31 December 2009.
^ Smith, David; Williams, Gareth (1980). Fields of Praise: The Official History of The Welsh Rugby Union. Cardiff, UK: University of Wales Press. p. 138. ISBN 0-7083-0766-3.
^ "All-time Greats – France". Sky Sports. 5 January 2010. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
^ Thomas, Wayne (1979). A Century of Welsh Rugby Players. Ansells. p. 10.
^ "Chilean Rugby greats added to IRB Hall of Fame" (Press release). International Rugby Board. 26 May 2012. Archived from the original on 29 May 2012. Retrieved 12 June 2012.
^ ^a ^b "Tsimba brothers enter IRB Hall of Fame" (Press release). International Rugby Board. 25 October 2012. Archived from the original on 27 October 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2012.
^ ^a ^b Biscombe & Drewett 2009, p. 149.
^ Biscombe & Drewett 2009, p. 148.
^ Gallagher, Brendan (4 December 2009). "Barbarians v New Zealand '73 – the greatest try of them all". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022.
^ Staats, Murray (4 March 2008). "Naas still winning over new fans". IOL Sport.
^ Butler, Eddie (6 January 2002). "The 10 greatest fly-halves in the history of rugby union". The Guardian. London.
^ "Rugby Union: Fox the hot-shot retires". The Independent. London. 5 January 1994.
^ Devine, Darren; Rhys, Steffan (2 February 2009). "Barry John puts rugby memorabilia up for sale". Wales Online.
^ "Sports Personality of the Year". BBC Press office. December 2009. Retrieved 6 May 2011.
^ Mairs, Gavin (20 March 2009). "Jack Kyle hopes to lose tag of 'last Grand Slam winner' as Ireland face Wales in Cardiff". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022.
^ "Canadian rugby team thumped by Wallabies". Toronto Star. 24 June 1985. Archived from the original on 7 November 2012.
^ "IRB Hall of Fame 2009 Inductee: Bennie Osler". IRB. 27 October 2009. Archived from the original on 17 September 2011. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
^ "Hugo Porta: Laureus Academy Member". Laureus Academy. Retrieved 8 July 2011.
^ "Statsguru / Test matches / Player records (overall figures for Canada, ordered by total points scored)". ESPN Scrum. Retrieved 26 October 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Bompa & Claro 2008, p. 62.
^ Bompa & Claro 2008, p. 63.
^ Kirby, Simon (17 April 2008). "Scott Miller, Ken Catchpole on drug charges". Courier Mail.
^ Slot, Owen (1 January 2010). "Countdown of Africa's top sporting figures (25–21)". Times Online. London.^{[dead link]}
^ Palmer, Bryn (6 November 2002). "The state of the Union". BBC SportOnline.
^ "Farr-Jones inducted into Hall of Fame". ABC News. 21 July 2008.
^ "Joost tips SA recovery". BBC Sport. 8 November 2003.
^ "Players & Officials: Agustin Pichot". ESPN Scrum. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
^ ^a ^b ^c "IRB Hall of Fame 2013 Induction: "The British & Irish Lions and Australia"" (PDF). International Rugby Board. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Bompa & Claro 2008, p. 61.
^ ^a ^b ^c Bompa & Claro 2008, p. 60.
^ ^a ^b Bompa & Claro 2008, p. 59.
^ Bompa & Claro 2008, p. 58.
^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 5 October 2011. Retrieved 4 October 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
^ ^a ^b Biscombe & Drewett 2009, p. 117.
^ Biscombe & Drewett 2009, p. 135.
^ Biscombe & Drewett 2009, p. 118.
^ "World Rugby Laws 19 Scrum". World Rugby Limited. Retrieved 7 August 2023.
^ Biscombe & Drewett 2009, p. 112.
^ ^a ^b Bompa & Claro 2008, p. 56.
^ ^a ^b Hewett, Chris (14 December 2002). "Scrum safety? That's not as easy as it sounds". The Independent. London.^{[dead link]}
^ "Statsguru / Test matches / Player records (filters: overall figures, South Africa, total matches played (descending order)". ESPN Scrum. SFMS Limited. Retrieved 24 October 2011.
^ ^a ^b Biscombe & Drewett 2009, p. 107.
^ ^a ^b Drake, John (17 November 2005). "The rules of engagement – tighthead v loosehead". The New Zealand Herald.
^ ^a ^b Cleary, Mick (3 August 2011). "Ben Foden keen to side-step curse of the utility player". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022.
^ Kidd, Patrick (5 February 2009). "I want to be England's rock, says Delon .Armitage". Times Online. London.^{[dead link]}
^ Baldock, Andrew. "Ashton: Cipriani To Be Specialist". Sporting Life. Retrieved 3 August 2011.
^ Capostagno, Andy (5 June 2009). "Horns forward for the Boks". Mail and Guardian.
^ "Smit dismisses prop problem". Sport 24. 7 November 2008.
^ "Ton-up Smit very 'special'". Independent Online. 19 August 2009.
^ "Statsguru / Player analysis / Mike Gibson / Test matches". Scrum.com. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
^ "Statsguru / Player analysis / Tim Horan / Test matches". Scrum.com. Retrieved 4 August 2011.
^ "Statsguru / Player analysis / Danie Craven / Test matches". Scrum.com. Retrieved 27 June 2009.
^ "Statsguru / Player analysis / Matt Giteau / Test matches". Scrum.com. Retrieved 3 October 2015.
^ "Sevens great Serevi enters IRB Hall of Fame" (Press release). International Rugby Board. 23 March 2013. Archived from the original on 28 June 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2013.
^ SFMS Limited. "Statsguru: Player analysis / Waisale Serevi / Test matches". ESPN Scrum. Retrieved 23 March 2013.
^ International Rugby Board 2011, p. 169.
^ International Rugby Board 2011, p. 174.
^ "Rugby Sevens". Pro Training Programs. Retrieved 4 September 2011.
^ "Set up your rugby sevens defence", Better Rugby Coaching.

Bibliography

Brown, Mathew; Guthrie, Patrick; Growden, Greg (2010). Rugby For Dummies. John Wiley and Sons.
Biscombe, Tony; Drewett, Peter (2009). Rugby: Steps to Success. Human Kinetics.
Bompa, Tudor; Claro, Frederick (2008). Periodization in Rugby. Meyer and Meyer Sport.
Collins, Tony (2009). A Social History of English Rugby Union. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-47660-7.
Laws of the game: Rugby Union (PDF). International Rugby Board. 2011. ISBN 978-1-907506-09-3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2011.

External links

[Stuff.co.nz_4708504-1] Horne, Ben (26 February 2011). "Cooper can run but not hide from NSW". Stuff. Archived from the original on 23 February 2013. Retrieved 10 September 2011.

[2] "British & Irish Lions Tour to South Africa in 2009". Lions-tour.com. 29 April 2013. Archived from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 3 June 2013.

[3] "A Beginner's Guide to Rugby Union" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 October 2013. Retrieved 3 June 2013.

[FOOTNOTECollins2009138-4] Collins 2009, p. 138.

[5] "History of the Game". Archived from the original on 31 May 2011.

[FOOTNOTECollins2009144-6] Collins 2009, p. 144.

[7] "Papers Past – New Zealand Free Lance – 24 August 1901 – The New South Wales Match". Paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. Retrieved 3 June 2013.

[8] "The Sydney Morning Herald – Google News Archive Search". google.com.

[9] Butler, Eddie (10 July 2005). "Outdated and exposed". Irish Independent.

[10] Massie, Allan. "Allan Massie on rugby: Joint captaincy makes perfect sense for Scots – Scotsman.com Sport". Sport.scotsman.com. Retrieved 3 June 2013.

[11] Evans, Ieuan (4 February 2007). "Perfect script unfolds for comeback king". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022.

[12] Turnbull, Simon (10 November 2000). "Rejuvenated Townsend relishes pivotal position". The Independent. London.

[13] "Outhalf rises to occasion in gritty triumph". Irish Independent. 29 November 2009.

[NZ_Herald_10540495-14] Rattue, Chris (1 November 2008). "Rugby: Donald measures up Carter's crown". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 10 September 2011.

[15] "Veterans to lead Canada into Rugby World Cup". Canada.com. 8 September 2007. Archived from the original on 27 September 2013. Retrieved 3 June 2013.

[16] McKee, Sandra (13 April 2011). "Rogers muscling Loyola toward 4th straight rugby title". Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 3 June 2013.

[NZ_Herald_10634047-17] "Rugby: Highlanders reshuffle loosies for Lions clash". The New Zealand Herald. 24 March 2010. Retrieved 10 September 2011.

[18] "Scotland look to restore pride after drubbing – Sport – Mail & Guardian Online". Mg.co.za. 16 June 2006. Retrieved 3 June 2013.

[19] "WP count on tight five". IOL.co.za. 15 July 2009. Retrieved 3 June 2013.

[20] Barnes, Stuart (2 May 2010). "Munster can do it by halves". The Times. London.^{[dead link]}

[21] Kirk, David (22 June 2008). "New Zealand side built around a twin axis". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022.

[22] "Canterbury tighthead signs for Munster". The Irish Times.

[FOOTNOTEBrownGuthrieGrowden2010-23] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ Brown, Guthrie & Growden 2010.

[FOOTNOTEBiscombeDrewett2009168-24] Biscombe & Drewett 2009, p. 168.

[FOOTNOTEBiscombeDrewett2009170-25] Biscombe & Drewett 2009, p. 170.

[26] Griffiths, John (4 July 2012). "O'Driscoll and toppling RWC winners". Ask John. ESPN Scrum. Retrieved 7 July 2012.

[27] "Hall of Fame honour for three of Ireland's greats". Irish Independent. 5 December 1997.

[NZ_Herald_10481227-28] Daniell, John (9 December 2007). "Rugby: The fallback position". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 10 September 2011.

[29] Hastings, Scott (30 January 2005). "Bulloch boys must cause disruption". The Times. London.

[french_legends-30] "Five French legends into IRB Hall of Fame" (Press release). International Rugby Board. 19 March 2011. Archived from the original on 5 May 2011. Retrieved 18 May 2011.

[2013_IRB_HOF-31] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h "Legends inducted into IRB Hall of Fame" (Press release). International Rugby Board. 18 November 2013. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2013.

[32] Turnbull, Simon (14 March 2009). "Paterson takes aim at Irish dream". The Independent. London.

[33] "Decision to jettison Maggs creates problem for backline". Irish Independent. 22 February 2004.

[34] Gallagher, Brendan (27 November 2008). "JPR Williams – the greatest Lions fullback". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022.

[NZ_Herald_3049307-35] "The man, his boots and a rugby ball". The New Zealand Herald. 31 December 2002. Retrieved 10 September 2011.

[36] McConnell, Robin C. (1 September 2010). "Nepia, George – Biography', from the Dictionary of New Zealand biography". Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand.

[37] Ferguson, David (7 January 2006). "Scottish rugby welcomes back Lomu". The Scotsman.

[FOOTNOTEBiscombeDrewett2009163-38] Biscombe & Drewett 2009, p. 163.

[39] Trace, Marion (12 November 2003). "Campese says sorry to Gregan". The Scotsman.

[40] Bills, Peter (17 July 2008). "Gerald Davies on the adventure of the Lions". The Independent. London. Retrieved 9 January 2024.

[41] "Rugby Union: Winger Evans hangs up his Test boots". The Independent. London. 12 March 1998. Retrieved 9 January 2024.

[42] "Rugby: All Black hero to retire". The Independent. London. 16 October 1994.

[43] "IRB Hall of Fame: The 2009 Induction" (PDF) (Press release). International Rugby Board. 27 October 2009. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2011. Retrieved 28 October 2009.

[IRB_Hall_2011-44] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k "RWC legends inducted into IRB Hall of Fame" (Press release). International Rugby Board. 26 October 2011. Archived from the original on 27 October 2011. Retrieved 26 October 2011.

[45] "Players & Officials: Brian Lima". ESPN Scrum. Retrieved 24 October 2011.

[46] "IRB inducts Japanese legend into Hall of Fame" (Press release). International Rugby Board. 5 June 2012. Archived from the original on 10 June 2012. Retrieved 12 June 2012.

[47] Ackford, Paul (20 September 2008). "Jonah Lomu: A hero who just wants to help". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022.

[FOOTNOTEBompaClaro200866-48] Bompa & Claro 2008, p. 66.

[49] Bills, Peter (17 June 2009). "Lions 2009: South Africa Dream Team". The Independent. London.

[50] Phillips, Mitch (10 February 2005). "England vs France no longer only game in town". IOL Sport.

[51] Twice Tim: Horan named player of tournament, CNN, 7 November 1999

[52] "Ian McGeechan's passion for rugby 'undimmed' after knighthood honour". The Telegraph. 31 December 2009.

[53] Smith, David; Williams, Gareth (1980). Fields of Praise: The Official History of The Welsh Rugby Union. Cardiff, UK: University of Wales Press. p. 138. ISBN 0-7083-0766-3.

[54] "All-time Greats – France". Sky Sports. 5 January 2010. Retrieved 4 July 2011.

[55] Thomas, Wayne (1979). A Century of Welsh Rugby Players. Ansells. p. 10.

[Chile-56] "Chilean Rugby greats added to IRB Hall of Fame" (Press release). International Rugby Board. 26 May 2012. Archived from the original on 29 May 2012. Retrieved 12 June 2012.

[Tsimba-57] "Tsimba brothers enter IRB Hall of Fame" (Press release). International Rugby Board. 25 October 2012. Archived from the original on 27 October 2012. Retrieved 25 October 2012.

[FOOTNOTEBiscombeDrewett2009149-58] Biscombe & Drewett 2009, p. 149.

[FOOTNOTEBiscombeDrewett2009148-59] Biscombe & Drewett 2009, p. 148.

[60] Gallagher, Brendan (4 December 2009). "Barbarians v New Zealand '73 – the greatest try of them all". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022.

[61] Staats, Murray (4 March 2008). "Naas still winning over new fans". IOL Sport.

[62] Butler, Eddie (6 January 2002). "The 10 greatest fly-halves in the history of rugby union". The Guardian. London.

[63] "Rugby Union: Fox the hot-shot retires". The Independent. London. 5 January 1994.

[64] Devine, Darren; Rhys, Steffan (2 February 2009). "Barry John puts rugby memorabilia up for sale". Wales Online.

[65] "Sports Personality of the Year". BBC Press office. December 2009. Retrieved 6 May 2011.

[66] Mairs, Gavin (20 March 2009). "Jack Kyle hopes to lose tag of 'last Grand Slam winner' as Ireland face Wales in Cardiff". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022.

[67] "Canadian rugby team thumped by Wallabies". Toronto Star. 24 June 1985. Archived from the original on 7 November 2012.

[68] "IRB Hall of Fame 2009 Inductee: Bennie Osler". IRB. 27 October 2009. Archived from the original on 17 September 2011. Retrieved 8 July 2011.

[69] "Hugo Porta: Laureus Academy Member". Laureus Academy. Retrieved 8 July 2011.

[70] "Statsguru / Test matches / Player records (overall figures for Canada, ordered by total points scored)". ESPN Scrum. Retrieved 26 October 2011.

[FOOTNOTEBompaClaro200862-71] Bompa & Claro 2008, p. 62.

[FOOTNOTEBompaClaro200863-72] Bompa & Claro 2008, p. 63.

[73] Kirby, Simon (17 April 2008). "Scott Miller, Ken Catchpole on drug charges". Courier Mail.

[74] Slot, Owen (1 January 2010). "Countdown of Africa's top sporting figures (25–21)". Times Online. London.^{[dead link]}

[75] Palmer, Bryn (6 November 2002). "The state of the Union". BBC SportOnline.

[76] "Farr-Jones inducted into Hall of Fame". ABC News. 21 July 2008.

[77] "Joost tips SA recovery". BBC Sport. 8 November 2003.

[78] "Players & Officials: Agustin Pichot". ESPN Scrum. Retrieved 24 October 2011.

[2013_IRB_HOF_PDF-79] "IRB Hall of Fame 2013 Induction: "The British & Irish Lions and Australia"" (PDF). International Rugby Board. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 October 2013. Retrieved 2 December 2013.

[FOOTNOTEBompaClaro200861-80] Bompa & Claro 2008, p. 61.

[FOOTNOTEBompaClaro200860-81] Bompa & Claro 2008, p. 60.

[FOOTNOTEBompaClaro200859-82] Bompa & Claro 2008, p. 59.

[FOOTNOTEBompaClaro200858-83] Bompa & Claro 2008, p. 58.

[84] "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 5 October 2011. Retrieved 4 October 2011.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)

[FOOTNOTEBiscombeDrewett2009117-85] Biscombe & Drewett 2009, p. 117.

[FOOTNOTEBiscombeDrewett2009135-86] Biscombe & Drewett 2009, p. 135.

[FOOTNOTEBiscombeDrewett2009118-87] Biscombe & Drewett 2009, p. 118.

[88] "World Rugby Laws 19 Scrum". World Rugby Limited. Retrieved 7 August 2023.

[FOOTNOTEBiscombeDrewett2009112-89] Biscombe & Drewett 2009, p. 112.

[FOOTNOTEBompaClaro200856-90] Bompa & Claro 2008, p. 56.

[Hewett-91] Hewett, Chris (14 December 2002). "Scrum safety? That's not as easy as it sounds". The Independent. London.^{[dead link]}

[92] "Statsguru / Test matches / Player records (filters: overall figures, South Africa, total matches played (descending order)". ESPN Scrum. SFMS Limited. Retrieved 24 October 2011.

[FOOTNOTEBiscombeDrewett2009107-93] Biscombe & Drewett 2009, p. 107.

[Drake-94] Drake, John (17 November 2005). "The rules of engagement – tighthead v loosehead". The New Zealand Herald.

[Foden-95] Cleary, Mick (3 August 2011). "Ben Foden keen to side-step curse of the utility player". The Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on 11 January 2022.

[96] Kidd, Patrick (5 February 2009). "I want to be England's rock, says Delon .Armitage". Times Online. London.^{[dead link]}

[97] Baldock, Andrew. "Ashton: Cipriani To Be Specialist". Sporting Life. Retrieved 3 August 2011.

[98] Capostagno, Andy (5 June 2009). "Horns forward for the Boks". Mail and Guardian.

[99] "Smit dismisses prop problem". Sport 24. 7 November 2008.

[100] "Ton-up Smit very 'special'". Independent Online. 19 August 2009.

[101] "Statsguru / Player analysis / Mike Gibson / Test matches". Scrum.com. Retrieved 4 August 2011.

[102] "Statsguru / Player analysis / Tim Horan / Test matches". Scrum.com. Retrieved 4 August 2011.

[103] "Statsguru / Player analysis / Danie Craven / Test matches". Scrum.com. Retrieved 27 June 2009.

[104] "Statsguru / Player analysis / Matt Giteau / Test matches". Scrum.com. Retrieved 3 October 2015.

[105] "Sevens great Serevi enters IRB Hall of Fame" (Press release). International Rugby Board. 23 March 2013. Archived from the original on 28 June 2013. Retrieved 4 December 2013.

[Serevi_match_list-106] SFMS Limited. "Statsguru: Player analysis / Waisale Serevi / Test matches". ESPN Scrum. Retrieved 23 March 2013.

[FOOTNOTEInternational_Rugby_Board2011169-107] International Rugby Board 2011, p. 169.

[FOOTNOTEInternational_Rugby_Board2011174-108] International Rugby Board 2011, p. 174.

[109] "Rugby Sevens". Pro Training Programs. Retrieved 4 September 2011.

[110] "Set up your rugby sevens defence", Better Rugby Coaching.

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@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-{{Short description|15 on-field positions in the sport}}
+{{short description|15 on-field positions in the sport}}
 {{EngvarB|date=April 2016}}
 {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2016}}
 [[File:Rugby formation.svg|thumb|A normal rugby union team formation illustrating each of the positions and their respective numbers]]
 In the game of [[rugby union]], there are 15 players on each team, comprising eight forwards (wearing jerseys numbered 1–8) and seven backs (numbered 9–15). In addition, there may be up to eight replacement players "on the bench", numbered 16–23. Players are not restricted to a single position, although they generally specialise in just one or two that suit their skills and body types. Players that play multiple positions are called "utility players".
-The [[Scrum (rugby)|scrum]] (a contest used to restart play) must consist of eight players from each team: the "front row" (two props - a loosehead and tighthead - and a hooker), the "second row" (two locks), and a "back row" (two flankers, and a number 8). The players outside the scrum are called "the backs": scrum-half, fly-half, inside centre, outside centre, two wings, and a fullback.
+The [[Scrum (rugby)|scrum]] (a contest used to restart play) must consist of eight players from each team: the "front row" (two props – a loosehead and tighthead – and a hooker), the "second row" (two locks and two flankers), and a "back row" (a number 8). The players outside the scrum are called "the backs": scrum-half, fly-half, inside centre, outside centre, two wings, and a fullback.
 Forwards compete for the ball in scrums and [[Line-out (rugby union)|line-out]]s and are generally bigger and stronger than the backs. Props push in the scrums, while the hooker tries to secure the ball for their team by "hooking" it back with their foot. The hooker is also usually responsible for throwing the ball in at line-outs, where it is mostly competed for by the locks, who are generally the tallest players on the team. The flankers and number eight are expected to be the first players to arrive at a breakdown and play an important role in securing possession of the ball for their team.
-The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster. Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking. Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers, and have the ability to catch a kicked ball. The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team and score many of the tries. The centres' key attacking roles are to break through the defensive line and link successfully with wingers. The fly-half can be a good kicker and generally directs the back line. The scrum-half retrieves the ball from the forwards and needs a quick and accurate pass to get the ball to the backs (often first to the fly-half).
+The backs play behind the forwards and are usually more lightly built and faster. Successful backs are skilful at passing and kicking. Full-backs need to be good defenders and kickers, and have the ability to catch a kicked ball. The wingers are usually among the fastest players in a team, and score many of the tries. The centres' key attacking roles are to break through the defensive line and link successfully with wingers. The fly-half can be a good kicker and generally directs the back line. The scrum-half retrieves the ball from the forwards and needs a quick and accurate pass to get the ball to the backs (often first to the fly-half).
-Early names, such as "three-quarters" (for the wings and centres) and "outside-half" (for fly-half) are sometimes used in the Northern Hemisphere, while in New Zealand the fly-half and inside centre are called "first five-eighth" and "second five-eighth" respectively, while the scrum-half is known as the "half-back".
+Early names, such as "three-quarters" (for the wings and centres) and "outside-half" or simply "out-half" (for fly-half) are sometimes used in the Northern Hemisphere, while in New Zealand the fly-half and inside centre are called "first five-eighth" and "second five-eighth" respectively, while the scrum-half is known as the "half-back".
 ==Overview==
 [[File:09-09-07 112.jpg|thumb|The forwards are in the scrum while the backs are lined up across the field.]]
-There is a maximum of 15 players from each team allowed on a rugby field at any one time. The players' positions at the start of the game are indicated by the numbers on the backs of their [[Rugby shirt|shirts]], 1 to 15. The positions are divided into two main categories; forwards (numbered 1 to 8) and backs (numbered 9 to 15). In international matches, there are eight substitutes that can replace an on-field team-mate. The substitutes, numbered 16 to 23, can either take up the position of the player they replace or the on-field players can be shuffled to make room for this player in another position. Typically, the forwards among the substitutes will have lower numbers than the backs. There are no personal [[squad number]]s and a versatile player's position and number may change from one game to the next. Players can also change positions during the match; common examples are the fly-half playing the full-back's position in defence<ref name="Stuff.co.nz_4708504">{{cite web |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/rugby/super-rugby/4708504/NSW-will-hunt-down-Cooper |archive-url=https://archive.today/2013.02.23-104311/http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/rugby/super-rugby/4708504/NSW-will-hunt-down-Cooper |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 February 2013 |title=Cooper can run but not hide from NSW |first=Ben |last=Horne |date=26 February 2011 |work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |access-date=10 September 2011 }}</ref> or a prop taking the hooker's position at line-outs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lions-tour.com/news/viewarticle.asp?id=15062 |title=British & Irish Lions Tour to South Africa in 2009 |website=Lions-tour.com |date=29 April 2013 |access-date=3 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316052625/http://www.lions-tour.com/news/viewarticle.asp?id=15062 |archive-date=16 March 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
+There is a maximum of 15 players from each team allowed on a rugby field at any one time. The players' positions at the start of the game are indicated by the numbers on the backs of their [[Rugby shirt|shirts]], 1 to 15. The positions are divided into two main categories; forwards (numbered 1 to 8) and backs (numbered 9 to 15). In international matches, there are eight substitutes that can replace an on-field team-mate. The substitutes, numbered 16 to 23, can either take up the position of the player they replace or the on-field players can be shuffled to make room for this player in another position. Typically, the forwards among the substitutes will have lower numbers than the backs. There are no personal [[squad number]]s and a versatile player's position and number may change from one game to the next. Players can also change positions during the match; common examples are the fly-half playing the full-back's position in defence<ref name="Stuff.co.nz_4708504">{{cite web |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/rugby/super-rugby/4708504/NSW-will-hunt-down-Cooper |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130223104311/http://www.stuff.co.nz/sport/rugby/super-rugby/4708504/NSW-will-hunt-down-Cooper |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 February 2013 |title=Cooper can run but not hide from NSW |first=Ben |last=Horne |date=26 February 2011 |work=[[Stuff (website)|Stuff]] |access-date=10 September 2011}}</ref> or a prop taking the hooker's position at line-outs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lions-tour.com/news/viewarticle.asp?id=15062 |title=British & Irish Lions Tour to South Africa in 2009 |website=Lions-tour.com |date=29 April 2013 |access-date=3 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316052625/http://www.lions-tour.com/news/viewarticle.asp?id=15062 |archive-date=16 March 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
-Different positions on the field suit certain skill sets and body types, generally leading to players specialising in a limited number of positions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irb.com/mm/document/training/0/beginners20guide20en_7391.pdf |title=A Beginner's Guide to Rugby Union |access-date=3 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008100005/http://www.irb.com/mm/document/training/0/beginners20guide20en_7391.pdf |archive-date=8 October 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Each position has certain roles to play on the field, although most have been established through convention rather than law. During general play, as long as they are not [[Offside (rugby)|offside]], the players may be positioned anywhere on the field. It is during the set pieces ([[Scrum (rugby union)|scrum]] and [[lineout (rugby union)|line-out]]) that the positions are enforced.
+Different positions on the field suit certain skill sets and body types, generally leading to players specialising in a limited number of positions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irb.com/mm/document/training/0/beginners20guide20en_7391.pdf |title=A Beginner's Guide to Rugby Union |access-date=3 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131008100005/http://www.irb.com/mm/document/training/0/beginners20guide20en_7391.pdf |archive-date=8 October 2013 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Each position has certain roles to play on the field, although most have been established through convention rather than law. During general play, as long as they are not [[Offside (rugby)|offside]], the players may be positioned anywhere on the field. It is during the set pieces ([[Scrum (rugby union)|scrum]] and [[lineout (rugby union)|line-out]]) that the positions are enforced.
 ==History==
-[[File:"La soule en Basse Normandie" 1852.jpg|thumb|A [[scrum (rugby union)|scrummage]] in a [[traditional football]] game in [[Lower Normandy]], France, 1867]]
+[[File:"La soule en Basse Normandie" 1852.jpg|thumb|A [[Scrum (rugby union)|scrummage]] in a [[traditional football]] game in [[Lower Normandy]], France, 1867]]
 During early rugby union games there were only really two positions; most players were in the forwards, who formed part of the scrimmage (which later was called "scrummage" and then "scrum"), and a few defensive "tends" (from "goaltenders").
@@ Line 30: / Line 30: @@
 ==Names of positions==
-The various positions have changed names over time and many are known by different names in different countries. Players in the flanker positions were originally known as "wing forwards",<ref>{{cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=NZFL19010824.2.27.1 |title=Papers Past – New Zealand Free Lance – 24 August 1901 – The New South Wales Match |website=Paperspast.natlib.govt.nz |access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref> while in the backs, "centre three-quarter" and "wing three-quarter" were used to describe the outside centre and wing respectively<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=3OZUAAAAIBAJ&pg=7207,895082&dq=rugby+centre-three-quarter&hl=en|title=The Sydney Morning Herald – Google News Archive Search|work=google.com}}</ref> (although the terms are still sometimes used in the Northern Hemisphere)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.ie/sport/rugby/outdated-and-exposed-469892.html |work=Irish Independent |first=Eddie |last=Butler |title=Outdated and exposed |date=10 July 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Allan |last=Massie |url=http://sport.scotsman.com/sport/Allan-Massie-on-rugby-Joint.5804262.jp |title=Allan Massie on rugby: Joint captaincy makes perfect sense for Scots – Scotsman.com Sport |publisher=Sport.scotsman.com |access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref> The names used by [[World Rugby]] tend to reflect Northern Hemisphere usage although fly-half is still often known as "outside-half"<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/international/england/2307217/Perfect-script-unfolds-for-comeback-king.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/international/england/2307217/Perfect-script-unfolds-for-comeback-king.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |location=London |work=The Daily Telegraph |first=Ieuan |last=Evans |title=Perfect script unfolds for comeback king |date=4 February 2007}}{{cbignore}}</ref> or "stand-off"<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/rugby/rugby-union/rejuvenated-townsend-relishes-pivotal-position-624080.html |location=London |work=The Independent |first=Simon |last=Turnbull |title=Rejuvenated Townsend relishes pivotal position |date=10 November 2000}}</ref> in Britain, and "outhalf"<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.ie/sport/rugby/autumn-internationals/outhalf-rises-to-occasion-in-gritty-triumph-1957964.html |work=Irish Independent |title=Outhalf rises to occasion in gritty triumph |date=29 November 2009 }}</ref> in Ireland. In [[New Zealand]], the scrum-half is still referred to as the "half-back", the fly-half is referred to as the "first five-eighth", the inside centre is called the "second five-eighth" and the outside centre is simply known as "centre".<ref name="NZ_Herald_10540495">{{cite news |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/hong-kong/news/article.cfm?l_id=456&objectid=10540495 |title=Rugby: Donald measures up Carter's crown |first=Chris |last=Rattue |date=1 November 2008 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |access-date=10 September 2011}}</ref> In America and Canada the number 8 is known as "8-man".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canada.com/topics/sports/story.html?id=1e944455-4ea0-4b5f-a8bc-fa984eb3ab7a&k=91196 |title=Veterans to lead Canada into Rugby World Cup |publisher=Canada.com |date=8 September 2007 |access-date=3 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927021809/http://www.canada.com/topics/sports/story.html?id=1e944455-4ea0-4b5f-a8bc-fa984eb3ab7a&k=91196 |archive-date=27 September 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Sandra |last=McKee |url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2011-04-13/news/bs-va-sp-profile0414-20110406_1_rugby-miaa-youth-league-team |title=Rogers muscling Loyola toward 4th straight rugby title |work=Baltimore Sun|date=13 April 2011 |access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref>
+The various positions have changed names over time, and many are known by different names in different countries. Players in the flanker positions were originally known as "wing forwards",<ref>{{cite news|url=https://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=NZFL19010824.2.27.1 |title=Papers Past – New Zealand Free Lance – 24 August 1901 – The New South Wales Match |website=Paperspast.natlib.govt.nz |access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref> while in the backs, "centre three-quarter" and "wing three-quarter" were used to describe the outside centre and wing respectively<ref>{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=3OZUAAAAIBAJ&pg=7207,895082&dq=rugby+centre-three-quarter&hl=en|title=The Sydney Morning Herald – Google News Archive Search|work=google.com}}</ref> (although the terms are still sometimes used in the Northern Hemisphere)<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.ie/sport/rugby/outdated-and-exposed-469892.html |work=Irish Independent |first=Eddie |last=Butler |title=Outdated and exposed |date=10 July 2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=Allan |last=Massie |url=http://sport.scotsman.com/sport/Allan-Massie-on-rugby-Joint.5804262.jp |title=Allan Massie on rugby: Joint captaincy makes perfect sense for Scots – Scotsman.com Sport |publisher=Sport.scotsman.com |access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref> The names used by [[World Rugby]] tend to reflect Northern Hemisphere usage although fly-half is still often known as "outside-half"<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/international/england/2307217/Perfect-script-unfolds-for-comeback-king.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/international/england/2307217/Perfect-script-unfolds-for-comeback-king.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |location=London |work=The Daily Telegraph |first=Ieuan |last=Evans |title=Perfect script unfolds for comeback king |date=4 February 2007}}{{cbignore}}</ref> or "stand-off"<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/rugby/rugby-union/rejuvenated-townsend-relishes-pivotal-position-624080.html |location=London |work=The Independent |first=Simon |last=Turnbull |title=Rejuvenated Townsend relishes pivotal position |date=10 November 2000}}</ref> in Britain, and "outhalf"<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.ie/sport/rugby/autumn-internationals/outhalf-rises-to-occasion-in-gritty-triumph-1957964.html |work=Irish Independent |title=Outhalf rises to occasion in gritty triumph |date=29 November 2009}}</ref> in Ireland. In [[New Zealand]], the scrum-half is still referred to as the "half-back", the fly-half is referred to as the "first five-eighth", the inside centre is called the "second five-eighth" and the outside centre is simply known as "centre".<ref name="NZ_Herald_10540495">{{cite news |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/hong-kong/news/article.cfm?l_id=456&objectid=10540495 |title=Rugby: Donald measures up Carter's crown |first=Chris |last=Rattue |date=1 November 2008 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |access-date=10 September 2011}}</ref> In America and Canada the number 8 is known as "8-man".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.canada.com/topics/sports/story.html?id=1e944455-4ea0-4b5f-a8bc-fa984eb3ab7a&k=91196 |title=Veterans to lead Canada into Rugby World Cup |publisher=Canada.com |date=8 September 2007 |access-date=3 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927021809/http://www.canada.com/topics/sports/story.html?id=1e944455-4ea0-4b5f-a8bc-fa984eb3ab7a&k=91196 |archive-date=27 September 2013 |df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|first=Sandra |last=McKee |url=http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2011-04-13/news/bs-va-sp-profile0414-20110406_1_rugby-miaa-youth-league-team |title=Rogers muscling Loyola toward 4th straight rugby title |work=Baltimore Sun|date=13 April 2011 |access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref>
-Collective terms are also used to describe similar positions; the props and hooker combine to form the "front row", the locks the "second row" and the flankers and number 8 the "back row", "loose forwards" or the "loosies".<ref name="NZ_Herald_10634047">{{cite news |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/news/article.cfm?c_id=4&objectid=10634047 |title=Rugby: Highlanders reshuffle loosies for Lions clash |date=24 March 2010 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |access-date=10 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2006-06-16-scotland-look-to-restore-pride-after-drubbing |title=Scotland look to restore pride after drubbing – Sport – Mail & Guardian Online |publisher=Mg.co.za |date=16 June 2006 |access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref> The front row and second row combined are collectively termed the "tight five".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iol.co.za/sport/rugby/wp-count-on-tight-five-1.604001 |title=WP count on tight five |publisher=IOL.co.za |date=15 July 2009 |access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref> In the backs, "half-backs" can be used to describe the scrum-half and fly-half; "inside backs" to describe the scrum-half, fly-half and inside centre; "midfield" for the fly-half and both centres (in New Zealand it refers only to the second five-eighth and centre); and "outside backs" for the outside centre, wings and full-back.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/rugby_union/article7113970.ece |location=London |work=The Times |first=Stuart |last=Barnes |title=Munster can do it by halves |date=2 May 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/international/england/2303810/New-Zealand-side-built-around-a-twin-axis.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/international/england/2303810/New-Zealand-side-built-around-a-twin-axis.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |location=London |work=The Daily Telegraph |first=David |last=Kirk |title=New Zealand side built around a twin axis |date=22 June 2008}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The two props are distinguished by being either a "tighthead" (their head is positioned between the opposition prop and hooker) or "loosehead" (their head is positioned on the outside of the scrum).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/sports/rugby/2010/0610/1224272237316.html |newspaper=The Irish Times |title=Canterbury tighthead signs for Munster}}</ref> The "blindside flanker" binds to the scrum on the side closest to the side line, while the "openside flanker" binds on the side with the most space between the scrum and the sideline.<ref name="NZ_Herald_10634047"/>
+Collective terms are also used to describe similar positions; the props and hooker combine to form the "front row", the locks the "second row" and the flankers and number 8 the "back row", "loose forwards" or the "loosies".<ref name="NZ_Herald_10634047">{{cite news |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/news/article.cfm?c_id=4&objectid=10634047 |title=Rugby: Highlanders reshuffle loosies for Lions clash |date=24 March 2010 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |access-date=10 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2006-06-16-scotland-look-to-restore-pride-after-drubbing |title=Scotland look to restore pride after drubbing – Sport – Mail & Guardian Online |publisher=Mg.co.za |date=16 June 2006 |access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref> The front row and second row combined are collectively termed the "tight five".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iol.co.za/sport/rugby/wp-count-on-tight-five-1.604001 |title=WP count on tight five |publisher=IOL.co.za |date=15 July 2009 |access-date=3 June 2013}}</ref> In the backs, "half-backs" can be used to describe the scrum-half and fly-half; "inside backs" to describe the scrum-half, fly-half and inside centre; "midfield" for the fly-half and both centres (in New Zealand it refers only to the second five-eighth and centre); and "outside backs" for the outside centre, wings and full-back.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/rugby_union/article7113970.ece |location=London |work=The Times |first=Stuart |last=Barnes |title=Munster can do it by halves |date=2 May 2010}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/international/england/2303810/New-Zealand-side-built-around-a-twin-axis.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/international/england/2303810/New-Zealand-side-built-around-a-twin-axis.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |location=London |work=The Daily Telegraph |first=David |last=Kirk |title=New Zealand side built around a twin axis |date=22 June 2008}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The two props are distinguished by being either a "tighthead" (their head is positioned between the opposition prop and hooker) or "loosehead" (their head is positioned on the outside of the scrum).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.irishtimes.com/sports/rugby/2010/0610/1224272237316.html |newspaper=The Irish Times |title=Canterbury tighthead signs for Munster}}</ref> The "blindside flanker" binds to the scrum on the side closest to the side line, while the "openside flanker" binds on the side with the most space between the scrum and the sideline.<ref name="NZ_Herald_10634047"/>
 ==Backs==
 ==={{anchor|15. Full-back}} Full-back===
 <!--Please do not change the titles, they are IRB standard titles. Also this stops the anchored links from working. There is also no need to note any alternative names, there is a section for this at the top of the page.-->
 [[File:Pat McCabe.jpg|thumb|upright|A full-back, [[Pat McCabe (rugby union)|Pat McCabe]], fields the ball from a kick.]]
+Full-backs (number 15) usually position themselves several metres behind the back line. They field any deep opposition kicks and are often the last line of defence should an opponent break through the back line. On attack, they can enter the back line, usually near the centres or wings, with the aim of providing an extra person and overlapping the defending players.{{sfn|Brown|Guthrie|Growden|2010}} Three of the most important attributes of a good full-back are good catching ability under a high kick, the ability to punt the ball a long distance with accuracy, and the speed and skill to join in back line attacking moves, especially counter-attacks. The full-back is the player most likely to field the [[Bomb (kick)|high ball]] or "up and unders" kicked by the opposition. Good hands are needed to ensure the ball is caught cleanly to deny the opposition the chance to regain possession. As the full-back will inevitably catch the ball deep in their own territory with little support from their own players, they should either kick the ball downfield or run forward to link up with their backs to start a counter-attack. If the full-back kicks the ball out, the opposition have the line-out, whereas if they start a counter-attack they have a number of options.
-Full-backs usually position themselves several metres behind the back line. They field any deep opposition kicks and are often the last line of defence should an opponent break through the back line. On attack, they can enter the back line, usually near the centres or wings, with the aim of providing an extra person and overlapping the defending players.{{sfn|Brown|Guthrie|Growden|2010}} Three of the most important attributes of a good full-back are good catching ability under a high kick, the ability to punt the ball a long distance with accuracy, and the speed and skill to join in back line attacking moves, especially counter-attacks. The full-back is the player most likely to field the [[Bomb (kick)|high ball]] or "up and unders" kicked by the opposition. Good hands are needed to ensure the ball is caught cleanly to deny the opposition the chance to regain possession. As the full-back will inevitably catch the ball deep in their own territory with little support from their own players, they should either kick the ball downfield or run forward to link up with their backs to start a counter-attack. If the full-back kicks the ball out, the opposition have the line-out, whereas if they start a counter-attack they have a number of options.
 To provide effective cover behind the defensive line, good full-backs are careful not to get caught out of position and must anticipate the opposition's play. Their position behind the backline allows them to see any holes in the defensive line and they either communicate with the backs to close the gaps up or cover the gaps themselves.{{sfn|Brown|Guthrie|Growden|2010}} The full-back has the most potential for attacking the opposition, especially from a misdirected kick.{{sfn|Biscombe|Drewett|2009|p=168}} If a kick is fielded and there is enough space and support, the full-back may decide to counter-attack by running the ball back towards the opposition.{{sfn|Biscombe|Drewett|2009|p=170}} Due to their kicking skills, in some teams the full-back is also responsible for taking the goal kicks.
-For much of the history of the sport, the full-back position was almost totally defensive. Originally, the ball could be kicked directly into touch from any spot on the field, with a line-out then following at the spot where the ball went into touch. This effectively placed a premium on full-backs' skills in kicking from hand. The first Test tries by full-backs in international matches came relatively early, in 1878 and 1880, but it was not until [[1934 Home Nations Championship|1934]] that a full-back scored a try in the competition now known as the [[Six Nations Championship]]. Only three tries had been scored by full-backs in the Championship prior to 1969. According to rugby historian John Griffiths, the worldwide adoption of the current law restricting direct kicking into touch in September 1968 (a law previously used in Australia) "revolutionised full-back play". [[J.P.R. Williams|JPR Williams]] of [[Wales national rugby union team|Wales]] was the first full-back to regularly score tries after the law change, scoring six times in Five Nations matches in the 1970s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espnscrum.com/scrum/rugby/story/166449.html |title=O'Driscoll and toppling RWC winners |first=John |last=Griffiths |work=Ask John |publisher=ESPN Scrum |date=4 July 2012 |access-date=7 July 2012}}</ref>
+For much of the history of the sport, the full-back position was almost totally defensive. Originally, the ball could be kicked directly into touch from any spot on the field, with a line-out then following at the spot where the ball went into touch. This effectively placed a premium on full-backs' skills in kicking from hand. The first Test tries by full-backs in international matches came relatively early, in 1878 and 1880, but it was not until [[1934 Home Nations Championship|1934]] that a full-back scored a try in the competition now known as the [[Six Nations Championship]]. Only three tries had been scored by full-backs in the Championship prior to 1969. According to rugby historian John Griffiths, the worldwide adoption of the current law restricting direct kicking into touch in September 1968 (a law previously used in Australia) "revolutionised full-back play". [[J.P.R. Williams|JPR Williams]] of [[Wales national rugby union team|Wales]] was the first full-back to regularly score tries after the law change, scoring six times in Five Nations matches in the 1970s.<ref>{{cite web |last=Griffiths |first=John |title=O'Driscoll and toppling RWC winners |url=http://www.espnscrum.com/scrum/rugby/story/166449.html |work=Ask John |publisher=ESPN Scrum |date=4 July 2012 |access-date=7 July 2012}}</ref>
+Notable full-backs include [[Serge Blanco]], who scored 38 tries in 93 tests for [[France national rugby union team|France]]<ref>{{cite news |title=Hall of Fame honour for three of Ireland's greats |url=http://www.independent.ie/sport/hall-of-fame-honour-for-three-of-irelands-greats-459087.html |work=Irish Independent |date=5 December 1997}}</ref> and was known for his counter-attacking ability.<ref name="NZ_Herald_10481227">{{cite news |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/news/article.cfm?c_id=4&objectid=10481227 |title=Rugby: The fallback position |first=John |last=Daniell |date=9 December 2007 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |access-date=10 September 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Hastings |first=Scott |title=Bulloch boys must cause disruption |url=https://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/article508340.ece |work=The Times |location=London |date=30 January 2005}}</ref> In 1997, he was among the inaugural set of rugby players inducted into the [[International Rugby Hall of Fame]] and in 2011 he was also inducted into the [[IRB Hall of Fame]].<ref name="french_legends">{{cite press release |url=http://www.irb.com/history/halloffame/newsid=2042103.html |title=Five French legends into IRB Hall of Fame |publisher=International Rugby Board |date=19 March 2011 |access-date=18 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505200906/http://www.irb.com/history/halloffame/newsid%3D2042103.html |archive-date=5 May 2011}}</ref> Four full-backs who played for the [[British and Irish Lions]] are in the International Rugby Hall of Fame; [[Gavin Hastings]] (also inducted into the IRB Hall in 2013<ref name="2013 IRB HOF">{{cite press release |url=http://www.irb.com/history/halloffame/newsid=2069489.html#legends+inducted+into+irb+hall+fame |title=Legends inducted into IRB Hall of Fame |publisher=International Rugby Board |date=18 November 2013 |access-date=1 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203011455/http://www.irb.com/history/halloffame/newsid%3D2069489.html#legends+inducted+into+irb+hall+fame |archive-date=3 December 2013 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>) and [[Andy Irvine (rugby player)|Andy Irvine]] from [[Scotland national rugby union team|Scotland]], [[Tom Kiernan]] from [[Ireland national rugby union team|Ireland]] and the aforementioned Williams. Hastings and Irvine were accurate goal-kickers<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/rugby/rugby-union/international/paterson-takes-aim-at-irish-dream-1644826.html |location=London |work=The Independent |first=Simon |last=Turnbull |title=Paterson takes aim at Irish dream |date=14 March 2009}}</ref> and Kiernan is credited with being the first attacking full-back in Irish rugby.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.ie/sport/rugby/decision-to-jettison-maggs-creates-problem-for-backline-477608.html |work=Irish Independent |title=Decision to jettison Maggs creates problem for backline |date=22 February 2004}}</ref> Williams was chosen as the greatest Lions full-back at the inaugural Lions Legends Dinner at Lord's in 2008 and is praised for his safety under the high ball, tackling and calm decision making.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/international/britishandirishlionsrugby/3530689/JPR-Williams-the-greatest-Lions-fullback-Rugby-Union.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/international/britishandirishlionsrugby/3530689/JPR-Williams-the-greatest-Lions-fullback-Rugby-Union.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |location=London |work=The Daily Telegraph |first=Brendan |last=Gallagher |title=JPR Williams – the greatest Lions fullback |date=27 November 2008}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The other full-backs in the International Rugby Hall of Fame are [[Don Clarke]] and [[George Nēpia]] from [[New Zealand national rugby union team|New Zealand]]. Clarke, nicknamed "the boot", was an accurate goal kicker<ref name="NZ_Herald_3049307">{{cite news |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/all-blacks/news/article.cfm?c_id=116&objectid=3049307 |title=The man, his boots and a rugby ball |date=31 December 2002 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |access-date=10 September 2011}}</ref> and Nēpia was noted for his tackling and kicking ability.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|first=Robin C.|last=McConnell|title=Nepia, George – Biography', from the Dictionary of New Zealand biography|encyclopedia=Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand|date=1 September 2010|url=http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/biographies/4n6/1}}</ref>
-<!--Please do not add players not in the International Rugby Hall of Fame or IRB Hall of Fame (see talk page).-->
-Notable full-backs include [[Serge Blanco]], who scored 38 tries in 93 tests for [[France national rugby union team|France]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.ie/sport/hall-of-fame-honour-for-three-of-irelands-greats-459087.html |work=Irish Independent |title=Hall of Fame honour for three of Ireland's greats |date=5 December 1997}}</ref> and was known for his counter-attacking ability.<ref name="NZ_Herald_10481227">{{cite news |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/news/article.cfm?c_id=4&objectid=10481227 |title=Rugby: The fallback position |first=John |last=Daniell |date=9 December 2007 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |access-date=10 September 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/article508340.ece |location=London |work=The Times |first=Scott |last=Hastings |title=Bulloch boys must cause disruption |date=30 January 2005}}</ref> In 1997, he was among the inaugural set of rugby players inducted into the [[International Rugby Hall of Fame]] and in 2011 he was also inducted into the [[IRB Hall of Fame]].<ref name="french_legends">{{cite press release|url=http://www.irb.com/history/halloffame/newsid=2042103.html |title=Five French legends into IRB Hall of Fame |publisher=International Rugby Board |date=19 March 2011 |access-date=18 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505200906/http://www.irb.com/history/halloffame/newsid%3D2042103.html |archive-date=5 May 2011 }}</ref> Four full-backs who played for the [[British and Irish Lions]] are in the International Rugby Hall of Fame; [[Gavin Hastings]] (also inducted into the IRB Hall in 2013<ref name="2013 IRB HOF">{{cite press release |url=http://www.irb.com/history/halloffame/newsid=2069489.html#legends+inducted+into+irb+hall+fame |title=Legends inducted into IRB Hall of Fame |publisher=International Rugby Board |date=18 November 2013 |access-date=1 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203011455/http://www.irb.com/history/halloffame/newsid%3D2069489.html#legends+inducted+into+irb+hall+fame |archive-date=3 December 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>) and [[Andy Irvine (rugby player)|Andy Irvine]] from [[Scotland national rugby union team|Scotland]], [[Tom Kiernan]] from [[Ireland national rugby union team|Ireland]] and the aforementioned Williams. Hastings and Irvine were accurate goal-kickers<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/rugby/rugby-union/international/paterson-takes-aim-at-irish-dream-1644826.html |location=London |work=The Independent |first=Simon |last=Turnbull |title=Paterson takes aim at Irish dream |date=14 March 2009}}</ref> and Kiernan is credited with being the first attacking full-back in Irish rugby.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.independent.ie/sport/rugby/decision-to-jettison-maggs-creates-problem-for-backline-477608.html |work=Irish Independent |title=Decision to jettison Maggs creates problem for backline |date=22 February 2004}}</ref> Williams was chosen as the greatest Lions full-back at the inaugural Lions Legends Dinner at Lord's in 2008 and is praised for his safety under the high ball, tackling and calm decision making.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/international/britishandirishlionsrugby/3530689/JPR-Williams-the-greatest-Lions-fullback-Rugby-Union.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/international/britishandirishlionsrugby/3530689/JPR-Williams-the-greatest-Lions-fullback-Rugby-Union.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |location=London |work=The Daily Telegraph |first=Brendan |last=Gallagher |title=JPR Williams – the greatest Lions fullback |date=27 November 2008}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The other full-backs in the International Rugby Hall of Fame are [[Don Clarke]] and [[George Nēpia]] from [[New Zealand national rugby union team|New Zealand]]. Clarke, nicknamed "the boot", was an accurate goal kicker<ref name="NZ_Herald_3049307">{{cite news |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/all-blacks/news/article.cfm?c_id=116&objectid=3049307 |title=The man, his boots and a rugby ball |date=31 December 2002 |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |access-date=10 September 2011}}</ref> and Nēpia was noted for his tackling and kicking ability.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|first=Robin C.|last=McConnell|title=Nepia, George – Biography', from the Dictionary of New Zealand biography|encyclopedia=Te Ara – the Encyclopedia of New Zealand|date=1 September 2010|url=http://www.TeAra.govt.nz/en/biographies/4n6/1}}</ref>
 ==={{anchor|Three-quarters|Three-quarter|Three quarter}} Three-quarters===
 ===={{anchor|14. & 11. Wing}} Wing====
-<!--Please do not change the titles, they are IRB standard titles. Also this stops the anchored links from working. There is also no need to note any alternative names, there is a section for this at the top of the page.-->
+<!--Please do not change the titles, they are IRB standard titles. Also this stops the anchored links from working. There is also no need to note any alternative names, there is a section for this at the top of the page.-->[[File:Jason Robinson Sale vs Northampton.jpg|thumb|Jason Robinson, a wing playing for Sale Sharks towards the end of the 2005-2006 Guinness Premiership.]]
+The wings are generally positioned on the outside of the backline with the number 11 on the left and the number 14 on the right. Their primary function is to finish off moves and score tries.{{sfn|Brown|Guthrie|Growden|2010}} Wingers are usually the fastest players in the team and tend to be either elusive runners or, more recently, big, strong and able to break tackles.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ferguson |first=David |title=Scottish rugby welcomes back Lomu |url=http://sport.scotsman.com/superteams/Scottish-rugby-welcomes-back-Lomu.2740238.jp |work=The Scotsman |date=7 January 2006}}</ref> The skills needed for the left wing and right wing are similar, although left-footed players are usually played on the left wing as they can step and kick better off their left foot.{{sfn|Biscombe|Drewett|2009|p=163}} The winger on the blindside often "comes off the wing" to provide an extra man in the midfield, in the same way as would a full-back. One or both wingers will usually drop back on opposition kicks to give the full-back extra options for counter-attacking.{{sfn|Biscombe|Drewett|2009|p=170}}
+There have been a number of notable wings throughout history. [[David Campese]], a member of both the International and IRB Halls of Fame,<ref name="2013 IRB HOF"/> played 101 times for Australia and held the world record for [[List of leading Rugby union Test try scorers|most tries in test matches]]. He was famous for his goose step and reverse pass.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sport.scotsman.com/rugby/Campese-says-sorry-to-Gregan.2478147.jp|title=Campese says sorry to Gregan |date=12 November 2003|first=Marion|last=Trace|work=The Scotsman}}</ref> Welsh international [[Gerald Davies]] was influential in helping the British Lions of 1971 become the only Lions touring party to win a Test series in New Zealand.<ref>{{cite news |last=Bills |first=Peter |title=Gerald Davies on the adventure of the Lions |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/rugby/rugby-union/gerald-davies-on-the-adventure-of-the-lions-870061.html |location=London |work=The Independent |date=17 July 2008 |access-date=9 January 2024}}</ref> [[Ieuan Evans]] played 72 games for Wales and scored 33 tries – at that time a record for Wales.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rugby Union: Winger Evans hangs up his Test boots |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/rugby-union-winger-evans-hangs-up-his-test-boots-1149819.html |work=The Independent |location=London |date=12 March 1998 |access-date=9 January 2024}}</ref> In 1994, International Rugby Hall of Famer [[John Kirwan (rugby)|John Kirwan]] retired as the (then) most capped player and highest try scorer in All Black history.<ref>{{cite news |date=16 October 1994 |title=Rugby: All Black hero to retire |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/rugby-all-black-hero-to-retire-1443198.html |work=The Independent |location=London}}</ref> One of the most notable wingers is [[Jason Robinson (rugby)|Jason Robinson]], who played 51 games for [[England national rugby union team|England]]. He also scored 248 points in 159 matches (about 6.5 points per match) for the [[Sale Sharks]] from 2000-2007.
-[[File:Mark Cueto.jpg|thumb|Winger [[Mark Cueto]] running in space]]
-The wings are generally positioned on the outside of the backline with the number 11 on the left and the number 14 on the right. Their primary function is to finish off moves and score tries.{{sfn|Brown|Guthrie|Growden|2010}} Wingers are usually the fastest players in the team and are either elusive runners or, more recently, big, strong and able to break tackles.<ref>{{cite news|title=Scottish rugby welcomes back Lomu|date=7 January 2006|first=David|last=Ferguson|url=http://sport.scotsman.com/superteams/Scottish-rugby-welcomes-back-Lomu.2740238.jp|work=Scotsman}}</ref> The skills needed for the left wing and right wing are similar, although left-footed players are usually played on the left wing as they can step and kick better off their left foot.{{sfn|Biscombe|Drewett|2009|p=163}} The winger on the blindside often "comes off the wing" to provide an extra man in the midfield, in the same vein as a full-back. One or both wingers will usually drop back on opposition kicks to give the full-back extra options for counter-attacking.{{sfn|Biscombe|Drewett|2009|p=170}}
+[[Tony O'Reilly]] played wing for Ireland between 1955 and 1970 and scored a record 38 tries on two Lions tours. [[André Boniface]] is a French international that is a member of both the International Rugby Hall of Fame and the IRB Hall of Fame.<ref name="french_legends"/> Also in the IRB Hall of Fame is [[Bill Maclagan]], a 19th-century player for Scotland and the Lions, who played at three-quarters, which eventually evolved into the modern position of wing.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.irb.com/mm/document/unions/0/091022inducteeprofile2009_9131.pdf |title=IRB Hall of Fame: The 2009 Induction |publisher=International Rugby Board |date=27 October 2009 |access-date=28 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516053258/http://www.irb.com/mm/document/unions/0/091022inducteeprofile2009_9131.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2011}}</ref> Another 2011 inductee in the IRB Hall is [[Brian Lima]] of [[Samoa national rugby union team|Samoa]],<ref name="IRB Hall 2011"/> who played most of his career on the wing but ended it as a centre. He participated in five World Cups for Manu Samoa and became known as "The Chiropractor" for his ferocious tackling.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espnscrum.com/scrum/rugby/player/10999.html |title=Players & Officials: Brian Lima |work=ESPN Scrum |access-date=24 October 2011}}</ref>
-<!--Please do not add players not in the International Rugby Hall of Fame or IRB Hall of Fame (see talk page).-->
-There are a number of notable wings throughout history. [[David Campese]], a member of both the International and IRB Halls of Fame,<ref name="2013 IRB HOF"/> played 101 times for Australia and held the world record for [[List of leading Rugby union Test try scorers|most tries in test matches]]. He was famous for his goose step and reverse pass.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://sport.scotsman.com/rugby/Campese-says-sorry-to-Gregan.2478147.jp|title=Campese says sorry to Gregan|date=12 November 2003|first=Marion|last=Trace|work=Scotsman}}</ref> Welsh international [[Gerald Davies]] was influential in helping the British Lions become the only Lions touring party to win a Test series in New Zealand.<ref>{{cite news|title=Gerald Davies on the adventure of the Lions|first=Peter|last=Bills|date=17 July 2008|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/rugby/rugby-union/gerald-davies-on-the-adventure-of-the-lions-870061.html|location=London|work=The Independent}}</ref> [[Ieuan Evans]] played 72 games for Wales and scored 33 tries – at that time a record for Wales.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/rugby-union-winger-evans-hangs-up-his-test-boots-1149819.html|title=Rugby Union: Winger Evans hangs up his Test boots|date=12 March 1998|work=The Independent|location=London}}</ref> In 1994, International Rugby Hall of Famer [[John Kirwan (rugby)|John Kirwan]] retired as the (then) most capped player and highest try scorer in All Black history,<ref>{{cite news|title=Rugby: All Black hero to retire|date=16 October 1994|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/rugby-all-black-hero-to-retire-1443198.html |location=London |work=The Independent}}</ref>
-[[Tony O'Reilly]] played wing for Ireland between 1955 and 1970 and scored a record 38 tries on two Lions tours. [[André Boniface]] is a French international that is a member of both the International Rugby Hall of Fame and the IRB Hall of Fame.<ref name="french_legends"/> Also in the IRB Hall of Fame is [[Bill Maclagan]], a 19th-century player for Scotland and the Lions, who played at three-quarters, which eventually evolved into the modern position of wing.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.irb.com/mm/document/unions/0/091022inducteeprofile2009_9131.pdf |title=IRB Hall of Fame: The 2009 Induction |publisher=International Rugby Board |date=27 October 2009 |access-date=28 October 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516053258/http://www.irb.com/mm/document/unions/0/091022inducteeprofile2009_9131.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2011 }}</ref> Another 2011 inductee in the IRB Hall is [[Brian Lima]] of [[Samoa national rugby union team|Samoa]],<ref name="IRB Hall 2011"/> who played most of his career on the wing but ended it as a centre. He participated in five World Cups for Manu Samoa and became known as "The Chiropractor" for his ferocious tackling.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espnscrum.com/scrum/rugby/player/10999.html |title=Players & Officials: Brian Lima |work=ESPN Scrum |access-date=24 October 2011}}</ref>
+In 2012 [[Yoshihiro Sakata|Demi Sakata]], a [[Japan national rugby union team|Japan]] star, who was considered one of the world's top players of the 1960s, became his country's first inductee into the IRB Hall.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.irb.com/history/halloffame/newsid=2062487.html |title=IRB inducts Japanese legend into Hall of Fame |publisher=International Rugby Board |date=5 June 2012 |access-date=12 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610155622/http://www.irb.com/history/halloffame/newsid=2062487.html |archive-date=10 June 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
-In 2012 [[Yoshihiro Sakata|Demi Sakata]], a [[Japan national rugby union team|Japan]] star, who was considered one of the world's top players of the 1960s, became his country's first inductee into the IRB Hall.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.irb.com/history/halloffame/newsid=2062487.html |title=IRB inducts Japanese legend into Hall of Fame |publisher=International Rugby Board |date=5 June 2012 |access-date=12 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610155622/http://www.irb.com/history/halloffame/newsid=2062487.html |archive-date=10 June 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
+[[Jonah Lomu]] entered the International Hall in 2007 and the IRB Hall of Fame in 2011,<ref name="IRB Hall 2011">{{cite press release|url=http://www.irb.com/history/halloffame/newsid=2060049.html |title=RWC legends inducted into IRB Hall of Fame |publisher=International Rugby Board |date=26 October 2011 |access-date=26 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027230745/http://www.irb.com/history/halloffame/newsid%3D2060049.html |archive-date=27 October 2011}}</ref> debuted as the youngest ever All Black.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ackford |first=Paul |title=Jonah Lomu: A hero who just wants to help |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/international/3023496/Jonah-Lomu-A-hero-who-just-wants-to-help-Rugby-Union.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/international/3023496/Jonah-Lomu-A-hero-who-just-wants-to-help-Rugby-Union.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work=The Telegraph |location=London |date=20 September 2008}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
-[[Jonah Lomu]] entered the International Hall in 2007 and the IRB Hall of Fame in 2011,<ref name="IRB Hall 2011">{{cite press release|url=http://www.irb.com/history/halloffame/newsid=2060049.html |title=RWC legends inducted into IRB Hall of Fame |publisher=International Rugby Board |date=26 October 2011 |access-date=26 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027230745/http://www.irb.com/history/halloffame/newsid%3D2060049.html |archive-date=27 October 2011 }}</ref> debuted as the youngest ever All Black.<ref>{{cite news |first=Paul |last=Ackford |title=Jonah Lomu: A hero who just wants to help |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/international/3023496/Jonah-Lomu-A-hero-who-just-wants-to-help-Rugby-Union.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/international/3023496/Jonah-Lomu-A-hero-who-just-wants-to-help-Rugby-Union.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |work=The Telegraph |location=London |date=20 September 2008 }}{{cbignore}}</ref>
 ===={{anchor|13. Outside centre and 12. Inside centre}} Centre====
 <!--Please do not change the titles, they are IRB standard titles. Also this stops the anchored links from working. There is also no need to note any alternative names, there is a section for this at the top of the page.-->
 [[File:François Steyn Rugby Racing vs Stade Toulousain 311009.jpg|thumb|upright|Centre [[François Steyn]] passing the ball]]
 There are two centres in a rugby team, inside centre (number 12) and outside centre (number 13). The inside centre usually stands close to the fly-half or at first receiver on the other side of the scrum or breakdown. Like the fly-half, they generally possess a good kicking game and are good at reading the play and directing the attack. The outside centre is positioned outside the inside centre and is generally the faster of the two.{{sfn|Brown|Guthrie|Growden|2010}} The centres' main role is to provide space for the players outside them. They need to run good lines (run into spaces or at 90 degrees to their opposition), be able to side step and swerve, and have good passing skills. When the ball is moved along the opposition backline, the centres are the first players to make the tackle. They need to be aggressive tacklers to knock their opponent down and seize the ball and be good at organising the defensive lines. Outside centres generally have more room to move than inside centres.{{sfn|Brown|Guthrie|Growden|2010}} Centres also provide support at the breakdowns and can run as decoys to confuse the defence.{{sfn|Bompa|Claro|2008|p=66}}
+[[Brian O'Driscoll]] is the [[List of rugby union Test caps leaders|fourth-most-capped player in rugby union history]], having played 141 test matches, 133 for [[Ireland national rugby union team|Ireland]] (83 as captain), and 8 for the [[British and Irish Lions]]. He is the [[List of leading rugby union test try scorers|8th-highest try scorer in international rugby union history]], and the highest-scoring centre of all time. [[Danie Gerber]] played centre for [[South Africa national rugby union team|South Africa]] during the apartheid era and even though he was only able to play 24 tests over 12 years, he scored 19 tries.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lions 2009: South Africa Dream Team|first=Peter|last=Bills|date=17 June 2009|work=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/rugby/rugby-union/news-comment/lions-2009-south-africa-dream-team-1707427.html|location=London}}</ref> [[Mike Gibson (rugby union)|Mike Gibson]] played for Ireland and the Lions; his record of 69 caps for Ireland lasted for 26 years.<ref>{{cite news|title=England vs France no longer only game in town|date=10 February 2005|first=Mitch|last=Phillips|url=http://www.iol.co.za/sport/england-vs-france-no-longer-only-game-in-town-1.542080|work=IOL Sport}}</ref> [[Tim Horan]] won two [[Rugby World Cup|World Cups]] for Australia, being named the Player of the Tournament in [[1999 Rugby World Cup|1999]].<ref>{{citation |title=Twice Tim: Horan named player of tournament |publisher=[[CNN]] |date=7 November 1999}}</ref> As a player, [[Ian McGeechan]] won 32 caps for Scotland and went on two Lions tours, while as a coach he led the Lions a record four times.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ian McGeechan's passion for rugby 'undimmed' after knighthood honour |work=The Telegraph |date=31 December 2009}}</ref> Welsh centre [[Gwyn Nicholls]] played from 1896 to 1906 and was known as the "Prince of Threequarters".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=David |last2=Williams |first2=Gareth |title=Fields of Praise: The Official History of The Welsh Rugby Union |year=1980 |publisher=University of Wales Press |location=Cardiff, UK |isbn=0-7083-0766-3 |page=138}}</ref> Other centres in the International Rugby Hall of Fame are [[Jo Maso]] and [[Philippe Sella]] from France, known for their flamboyant attacking play.<ref>{{cite news |title=All-time Greats – France |url=http://www.skysports.com/story/0,,11069_5830888,00+en-USS_01DBC.html |publisher=[[Sky Sports]] |date=5 January 2010 |access-date=4 July 2011}}</ref> Gibson and Sella are also in the IRB Hall of Fame.<ref name="IRB Hall 2011"/> Seven centres are in the IRB Hall but not the International Hall—[[Frank Hancock]], a 19th-century Welsh player whose skills led to the creation of the modern two-centre formation;<ref>{{cite book |last=Thomas |first=Wayne |title=A Century of Welsh Rugby Players |year=1979 |publisher=Ansells |page=10}}</ref> [[Guy Boniface]], French international and younger brother of André;<ref name="french_legends"/> brothers [[Donald Campbell (rugby player)|Donald]] and [[Ian Campbell (rugby player)|Ian Campbell]] of [[Chile national rugby union team|Chile]];<ref name=Chile>{{cite press release |url=http://www.irb.com/history/halloffame/newsid=2062277.html |title=Chilean Rugby greats added to IRB Hall of Fame |publisher=International Rugby Board |date=26 May 2012 |access-date=12 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529035906/http://www.irb.com/history/halloffame/newsid=2062277.html |archive-date=29 May 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Zimbabwe national rugby union team|Zimbabwe]] international [[Richard Tsimba]];<ref name=Tsimba>{{cite press release |url=http://www.irb.com/history/halloffame/newsid=2063965.html |title=Tsimba brothers enter IRB Hall of Fame |publisher=International Rugby Board |date=25 October 2012 |access-date=25 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027234003/http://www.irb.com/history/halloffame/newsid=2063965.html |archive-date=27 October 2012 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> and [[Bleddyn Williams]] and [[Jack Matthews (rugby player)|Jack Matthews]], who formed a legendary centre partnership for [[Cardiff RFC|Cardiff]] and Wales in the era immediately following the Second World War.<ref name="2013 IRB HOF"/>
-<!--Please do not add players not in the International Rugby Hall of Fame or IRB Hall of Fame (see talk page).-->
-[[Brian O'Driscoll]] is the fourth [[List of rugby union Test caps leaders|most-capped player in rugby union history]], having played 141 test matches, 133 for [[Ireland national rugby union team|Ireland]] (83 as captain), and 8 for the [[British and Irish Lions]]. He is the [[List of leading rugby union test try scorers|8th-highest try scorer in international rugby union history]], and the highest scoring centre of all time. [[Danie Gerber]] played centre for [[South Africa national rugby union team|South Africa]] during the apartheid era and even though he was only able to play 24 tests over 12 years, he scored 19 tries.<ref>{{cite news|title=Lions 2009: South Africa Dream Team|first=Peter|last=Bills|date=17 June 2009|work=The Independent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/rugby/rugby-union/news-comment/lions-2009-south-africa-dream-team-1707427.html|location=London}}</ref> [[Mike Gibson (rugby union)|Mike Gibson]] played for Ireland and the Lions; his record of 69 caps for Ireland lasted for 26 years.<ref>{{cite news|title=England vs France no longer only game in town|date=10 February 2005|first=Mitch|last=Phillips|url=http://www.iol.co.za/sport/england-vs-france-no-longer-only-game-in-town-1.542080|work=IOL Sport}}</ref> [[Tim Horan]] won two [[Rugby World Cup|World Cups]] for Australia, being named the Player of the Tournament in [[1999 Rugby World Cup|1999]].<ref>{{citation |title=Twice Tim: Horan named player of tournament|date=7 November 1999|publisher=CNN}}</ref> As a player, [[Ian McGeechan]] won 32 caps for Scotland and went on two Lions tours, while as a coach he led the Lions a record four times.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ian McGeechan's passion for rugby 'undimmed' after knightood honour|work=The Telegraph|date=31 December 2009}}</ref> Welsh centre [[Gwyn Nicholls]] played from 1896 to 1906 and was known as the "Prince of Threequarters".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=David |last2=Williams|first2=Gareth |title=Fields of Praise: The Official History of The Welsh Rugby Union |year=1980 |publisher=University of Wales Press |location=Cardiff |isbn=0-7083-0766-3 |page=138}}</ref> Other centres in the International Rugby Hall of Fame are [[Jo Maso]] and [[Philippe Sella]] from France, known for their flamboyant attacking play.<ref>{{cite news|title=All-time Greats – France|date=5 January 2010|url=http://www.skysports.com/story/0,,11069_5830888,00+en-USS_01DBC.html|publisher=Sky Sport|access-date=4 July 2011}}</ref> Gibson and Sella are also in the IRB Hall of Fame.<ref name="IRB Hall 2011"/> Seven centres are in the IRB Hall but not the International Hall—[[Frank Hancock]], a 19th-century Welsh player whose skills led to the creation of the modern two-centre formation;<ref>{{cite book |last=Thomas |first=Wayne |title=A Century of Welsh Rugby Players |year=1979 |publisher=Ansells |page=10 }}</ref> [[Guy Boniface]], French international and younger brother of André;<ref name="french_legends"/> brothers [[Donald Campbell (rugby player)|Donald]] and [[Ian Campbell (rugby player)|Ian Campbell]] of [[Chile national rugby union team|Chile]];<ref name=Chile>{{cite press release |url=http://www.irb.com/history/halloffame/newsid=2062277.html |title=Chilean Rugby greats added to IRB Hall of Fame |publisher=International Rugby Board |date=26 May 2012 |access-date=12 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120529035906/http://www.irb.com/history/halloffame/newsid=2062277.html |archive-date=29 May 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Zimbabwe national rugby union team|Zimbabwe]] international [[Richard Tsimba]];<ref name=Tsimba>{{cite press release |url=http://www.irb.com/history/halloffame/newsid=2063965.html |title=Tsimba brothers enter IRB Hall of Fame |publisher=International Rugby Board |date=25 October 2012 |access-date=25 October 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121027234003/http://www.irb.com/history/halloffame/newsid=2063965.html |archive-date=27 October 2012 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and [[Bleddyn Williams]] and [[Jack Matthews (rugby player)|Jack Matthews]], who formed a legendary centre partnership for [[Cardiff RFC|Cardiff]] and Wales in the era immediately following World War II.<ref name="2013 IRB HOF"/>
 {{clear}}
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 <!--Please do not change the titles, they are IRB standard titles. Also this stops the anchored links from working. There is also no need to note any alternative names, there is a section for this at the top of the page.-->
 [[File:Dan kicking the conversion-1.JPG|thumb|upright|Fly-half [[Dan Carter]] lines up a kick at goal.]]
 A fly-half (number 10) is usually the first player to receive the ball from the scrum-half following a breakdown, line-out or scrum. Therefore, they must be decisive with what actions to take. They must possess leadership and communicate effectively with the back line.{{sfn|Biscombe|Drewett|2009|p=149}} Good fly-halves are calm, clear thinking and have the vision to direct effective attacking plays.{{sfn|Biscombe|Drewett|2009|p=148}} Fly-halves need good passing and kicking skills. Often the fly-half is the best kicker in the team and needs to be able to execute attacking kicks such as up-and-unders, grubbers and chip kicks as well as being able to kick for territory.{{sfn|Biscombe|Drewett|2009|p=149}} Many fly-halves are also the team's goal kickers.
+Fly-halves in the International Rugby Hall of Fame include [[Cliff Morgan]], as well as fellow Welshman [[Phil Bennett]], the latter of whom unleashed two great sidesteps to set up what some have described as "[[The greatest try ever scored|the greatest try of all time]]".<ref>{{cite news |last=Gallagher |first=Brendan |date=4 December 2009|work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/international/newzealand/6729175/Barbarians-v-New-Zealand-73-the-greatest-try-of-them-all.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/international/newzealand/6729175/Barbarians-v-New-Zealand-73-the-greatest-try-of-them-all.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Barbarians v New Zealand '73 – the greatest try of them all|location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref> South African [[Naas Botha]] scored 312 points (including a record 17 drop goals) despite playing most of his career when the Springboks were boycotted.<ref>{{cite news|title=Naas still winning over new fans |date=4 March 2008 |first=Murray |last=Staats|url=http://www.iol.co.za/sport/naas-still-winning-over-new-fans-1.585913|work=IOL Sport}}</ref> Australia's [[Mark Ella]] used his vision, passing skills and game management to orchestrate a new flat-back attacking style.<ref>{{cite news |title=The 10 greatest fly-halves in the history of rugby union |first=Eddie |last=Butler |date=6 January 2002 |work=The Guardian |url=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/osm/story/0,,626700,00.html |location=London}}</ref> [[Grant Fox]] was one of the most respected goal-kickers who scored more than 1,000 points in all matches for New Zealand.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rugby Union: Fox the hot-shot retires |date=5 January 1994 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/rugby-union-fox-the-hotshot-retires-1397919.html |work=The Independent |location=London}}</ref> [[Barry John]] was known simply as "the king" to Welsh rugby fans<ref>{{cite news |title=Barry John puts rugby memorabilia up for sale |date=2 February 2009 |first1=Darren |last1=Devine |first2=Steffan |last2=Rhys |work=Wales Online |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/2009/02/02/barry-john-puts-rugby-memorabilia-up-for-sale-91466-22832300/}}</ref> and was rated third in the 1971 [[BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/keyfacts/stories/spoty.shtml |title=Sports Personality of the Year |work=BBC Press office |date=December 2009 |access-date=6 May 2011}}</ref> [[Jack Kyle]] is widely considered Ireland's greatest player.<ref>{{cite news |first=Gavin |last=Mairs |date=20 March 2009 |title=Jack Kyle hopes to lose tag of 'last Grand Slam winner' as Ireland face Wales in Cardiff |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/international/ireland/5023871/Jack-Kyle-hopes-to-lose-tag-of-last-Grand-Slam-winner-as-Ireland-face-Wales-in-Cardiff.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/international/ireland/5023871/Jack-Kyle-hopes-to-lose-tag-of-last-Grand-Slam-winner-as-Ireland-face-Wales-in-Cardiff.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |location=London |work=The Daily Telegraph}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[Michael Lynagh]] took over fly-half from Ella, and in his first test in that position scored an Australian record of 23 points against Canada.<ref>{{cite news |title=Canadian rugby team thumped by Wallabies |work=Toronto Star |date=24 June 1985 |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/474498031.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jun+24%2C+1985&author=from+CP&pub=Toronto+Star&desc=Canadian+rugby+team+thumped+by+Wallabies&pqatl=google|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121107100513/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/474498031.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jun+24,+1985&author=from+CP&pub=Toronto+Star&desc=Canadian+rugby+team+thumped+by+Wallabies&pqatl=google|url-status=dead|archive-date=7 November 2012}}</ref> [[Bennie Osler]] played for South Africa from 1924 until 1933, during which he played a South African record of 17 consecutive games and scored a then world record of 14 points in one game against New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web |title=IRB Hall of Fame 2009 Inductee: Bennie Osler |publisher=IRB |date=27 October 2009 |url=http://www.irb.com/history/halloffame/newsid=2034085.html |access-date=8 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917090630/http://www.irb.com/history/halloffame/newsid=2034085.html |archive-date=17 September 2011 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> [[Hugo Porta]] is regarded as one of the finest players that [[Argentina national rugby union team|Argentina]] has produced and has been a member of the [[Laureus World Sports Awards|Laureus World Sports Academy]] since 2000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.laureus.com/members/167 |access-date=8 July 2011 |title=Hugo Porta: Laureus Academy Member |publisher=Laureus Academy}}</ref>
-<!--Please do not add players not in the International Rugby Hall of Fame or IRB Hall of Fame (see talk page).-->
-Fly-halves in the International Rugby Hall of Fame include [[Cliff Morgan]], as well as fellow Welshman [[Phil Bennett]], the latter of whom unleashed two great sidesteps to set up what some have described as "[[The greatest try ever scored|the greatest try of all time]]".<ref>{{cite news|first=Brendan|last=Gallagher|date=4 December 2009|work=The Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/international/newzealand/6729175/Barbarians-v-New-Zealand-73-the-greatest-try-of-them-all.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/international/newzealand/6729175/Barbarians-v-New-Zealand-73-the-greatest-try-of-them-all.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Barbarians v New Zealand '73 – the greatest try of them all|location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref> South African [[Naas Botha]] scored 312 points (including a record 17 drop goals) despite playing most of his career when the Springboks were boycotted.<ref>{{cite news|title=Naas still winning over new fans |date=4 March 2008|first=Murray|last=Staats|url=http://www.iol.co.za/sport/naas-still-winning-over-new-fans-1.585913|work=IOL Sport}}</ref> Australia's [[Mark Ella]] used his vision, passing skills and game management to orchestrate a new flat-back attacking style.<ref>{{cite news |title=The 10 greatest fly-halves in the history of rugby union |first=Eddie |last=Butler |date=6 January 2002 |work=The Guardian |url=http://observer.guardian.co.uk/osm/story/0,,626700,00.html |location=London }}</ref> [[Grant Fox]] was one of the most respected goal-kickers who scored more than 1,000 points in all matches for New Zealand.<ref>{{cite news |title=Rugby Union: Fox the hot-shot retires |date=5 January 1994 |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/rugby-union-fox-the-hotshot-retires-1397919.html |work=The Independent |location=London }}</ref> [[Barry John]] was known simply as "the king" to Welsh rugby fans<ref>{{cite news |title=Barry John puts rugby memorabilia up for sale |date=2 February 2009 |first1=Darren |last1=Devine |first2=Steffan |last2=Rhys |work=Wales Online |url=http://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/2009/02/02/barry-john-puts-rugby-memorabilia-up-for-sale-91466-22832300/ }}</ref> and was rated third in the 1971 [[BBC Sports Personality of the Year Award]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/pressoffice/keyfacts/stories/spoty.shtml |title=Sports Personality of the Year |work=BBC Press office |date=December 2009 |access-date=6 May 2011 }}</ref> [[Jack Kyle]] is widely considered Ireland's greatest player.<ref>{{cite news |first=Gavin |last=Mairs |date=20 March 2009 |title=Jack Kyle hopes to lose tag of 'last Grand Slam winner' as Ireland face Wales in Cardiff |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/international/ireland/5023871/Jack-Kyle-hopes-to-lose-tag-of-last-Grand-Slam-winner-as-Ireland-face-Wales-in-Cardiff.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/international/ireland/5023871/Jack-Kyle-hopes-to-lose-tag-of-last-Grand-Slam-winner-as-Ireland-face-Wales-in-Cardiff.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |location=London |work=The Daily Telegraph }}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[Michael Lynagh]] took over fly-half from Ella and in his first test in that position scored an Australian record of 23 points against Canada.<ref>{{cite news |title=Canadian rugby team thumped by Wallabies |work=Toronto Star |date=24 June 1985 |url=https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/thestar/access/474498031.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&type=current&date=Jun+24%2C+1985&author=from+CP&pub=Toronto+Star&desc=Canadian+rugby+team+thumped+by+Wallabies&pqatl=google }}</ref> [[Bennie Osler]] played for South Africa from 1924 until 1933, during which he played a South African record of 17 consecutive games and scored a then world record of 14 points in one game against New Zealand.<ref>{{cite web |title=IRB Hall of Fame 2009 Inductee: Bennie Osler |publisher=IRB |date=27 October 2009 |url=http://www.irb.com/history/halloffame/newsid=2034085.html |access-date=8 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917090630/http://www.irb.com/history/halloffame/newsid=2034085.html |archive-date=17 September 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> [[Hugo Porta]] is regarded as one of the finest players that [[Argentina national rugby union team|Argentina]] has produced and has been a member of the [[Laureus World Sports Awards|Laureus World Sports Academy]] since 2000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.laureus.com/members/167 |access-date=8 July 2011 |title=Hugo Porta: Laureus Academy Member |publisher=Laureus Academy }}</ref>
 Of the players mentioned above, Ella, Kyle, Morgan, Osler and Porta are members of the IRB Hall of Fame.<ref name="2013 IRB HOF"/><ref name="IRB Hall 2011"/> Four fly-halves are in the IRB Hall but not the International Hall. [[Gareth Rees (rugby union)|Gareth Rees]] of [[Canada national rugby union team|Canada]]<ref name="IRB Hall 2011"/> played in all of the first four Rugby World Cups, and remains the country's all-time leading Test points scorer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espnscrum.com/statsguru/rugby/stats/index.html?class=1;filter=advanced;orderby=points;team=25;template=results;type=player |title=Statsguru / Test matches / Player records (overall figures for Canada, ordered by total points scored) |work=ESPN Scrum |access-date=26 October 2011}}</ref> [[Kennedy Tsimba]] of [[Zimbabwe national rugby union team|Zimbabwe]], younger brother of the aforementioned Richard, only played four times for his country, but was one of the world's top fly-halves in the early 21st century, twice being named the player of the year in South Africa's domestic [[Currie Cup]]. He was also the first black player to captain the Zimbabwe national team.<ref name=Tsimba/> [[Tom Lawton, Snr|Thomas Lawton, Snr]], an Australian inducted in 2013, was one of the leading fly-halves of the 1920s and early 1930s.<ref name="2013 IRB HOF"/>
@@ Line 93: / Line 83: @@
 [[File:Flying pass.jpg|thumb|IRB Hall of Fame member [[Agustín Pichot]] passes the ball from the back of a [[scrum (rugby)|scrum]].]]
 <!--Please do not change the titles, they are IRB standard titles. Also this stops the anchored links from working. There is also no need to note any alternative names, there is a section for this at the top of the page.-->
 The scrum-half (number 9) is the link between the forwards and the backs.{{sfn|Bompa|Claro|2008|p=62}} They receive the ball from the line-out and remove the ball from the back of the scrum, usually passing it to the fly-half. They also feed the scrum.{{sfn|Bompa|Claro|2008|p=62}} Along with the fly-half, they make many of the tactical decisions on the field. During general play, the scrum-half is generally the player who receives the ball from the forwards and passes it to the backs.{{sfn|Bompa|Claro|2008|p=62}} They are good communicators,{{sfn|Brown|Guthrie|Growden|2010}} especially at directing the forwards around, and their aim is to provide the backs with clean ball.{{sfn|Bompa|Claro|2008|p=62}} Good scrum-halves have an excellent pass, a good tactical kick and are deceptive runners.{{sfn|Bompa|Claro|2008|p=62}} At defensive scrums they put pressure on the opposition scrum-half or defend the blindside. On defence in open play they generally cover for deep kicks after the ball has been passed wide.{{sfn|Bompa|Claro|2008|p=63}} Traditionally, scrum-halves have been the smallest players on the team, but many modern scrum-halves are a similar size to the other players in the team.{{sfn|Brown|Guthrie|Growden|2010}}
+Five scrum-halves are members of the International Rugby Hall of Fame; four of them are also in the IRB Hall of Fame. [[Ken Catchpole]] of Australia was made captain on his debut at 21 in 1961,<ref>{{cite news|title=Scott Miller, Ken Catchpole on drug charges|first=Simon|last=Kirby|date=17 April 2008|url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/national/scott-miller-goes-into-hiding/story-e6freooo-1111116088373|work=Courier Mail}}</ref> and went on to captain the Wallabies in nearly half of his 27 Tests.<ref name="2013 IRB HOF"/> [[Danie Craven]] from South Africa was one of the greatest scrum halves in the 1930s and a respected administrator of the [[South African Rugby Board]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/more_sport/article6972886.ece|work=Times Online|title=Countdown of Africa's top sporting figures (25–21)|first=Owen|last=Slot|location=London|date=1 January 2010}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> [[Gareth Edwards]] played for Wales and the British and Irish Lions during the 1970s and is regarded by many as the greatest player in history.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/rugby_union/2369877.stm|date=6 November 2002|first=Bryn|last=Palmer|work=BBC SportOnline|title=The state of the Union}}</ref> [[Nick Farr-Jones]] captained Australia through their [[1991 Rugby World Cup]] winning campaign; he was enshrined in the International Hall in 1999.<ref>{{cite news|title=Farr-Jones inducted into Hall of Fame|date=21 July 2008|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2008-07-21/farr-jones-inducted-into-hall-of-fame/446546|work=ABC News}}</ref> When [[Joost van der Westhuizen]] retired in 2003, he had 89 caps, at the time the most for any South African.<ref>{{cite news|date=8 November 2003|title=Joost tips SA recovery|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/rugby_union/rugby_world_cup/team_pages/south_africa/3253373.stm|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> Of these players, only van der Westhuizen is not in the IRB Hall.<ref name="2013 IRB HOF"/>
-<!--Please do not add players not in the International Rugby Hall of Fame or IRB Hall of Fame (see talk page).-->
-Five scrum-halves are members of the International Rugby Hall of Fame; four of them are also in the IRB Hall of Fame. [[Ken Catchpole]] of Australia was made captain on his debut at 21 in 1961,<ref>{{cite news|title=Scott Miller, Ken Catchpole on drug charges|first=Simon|last=Kirby|date=17 April 2008|url=http://www.couriermail.com.au/news/national/scott-miller-goes-into-hiding/story-e6freooo-1111116088373|work=Courier Mail}}</ref> and went on to captain the Wallabies in nearly half of his 27 Tests.<ref name="2013 IRB HOF"/> [[Danie Craven]] from South Africa was one of the greatest scrum halves in the 1930s and a respected administrator of the [[South African Rugby Board]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/more_sport/article6972886.ece|work=Times Online|title=Countdown of Africa's top sporting figures (25–21)|first=Owen|last=Slot|location=London|date=1 January 2010}}</ref> [[Gareth Edwards]] played for Wales and the British and Irish Lions during the 1970s and is regarded by many as the greatest player in history.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/rugby_union/2369877.stm|date=6 November 2002|first=Bryn|last=Palmer|work=BBC SportOnline|title=The state of the Union}}</ref> [[Nick Farr-Jones]] captained Australia through their [[1991 Rugby World Cup]] winning campaign; he was enshrined in the International Hall in 1999.<ref>{{cite news|title=Farr-Jones inducted into Hall of Fame|date=21 July 2008|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2008-07-21/farr-jones-inducted-into-hall-of-fame/446546|work=ABC News}}</ref> When [[Joost van der Westhuizen]] retired in 2003, he had 89 caps, at the time the most for any South African.<ref>{{cite news|date=8 November 2003|title=Joost tips SA recovery|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/rugby_union/rugby_world_cup/team_pages/south_africa/3253373.stm|work=BBC Sport}}</ref> Of these players, only van der Westhuizen is not in the IRB Hall.<ref name="2013 IRB HOF"/>
-Three scrum-halves are in the IRB Hall but not the International Hall. New Zealander [[David Kirk]], inducted in 2011, was captain of the All Blacks team that won the inaugural 1987 Rugby World Cup.<ref name="IRB Hall 2011"/> Fellow 2011 inductee [[Agustín Pichot]],<ref name="IRB Hall 2011"/> who played in three World Cups for [[Argentina national rugby union team|Argentina]], is perhaps best known as the Pumas' captain during their surprise run to third place in the 2007 World Cup,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espnscrum.com/argentina/rugby/player/12004.html |title=Players & Officials: Agustin Pichot |work=ESPN Scrum |access-date=24 October 2011}}</ref> which eventually led to their 2012 entry into The Rugby Championship, previously the Tri Nations. Australian [[George Gregan]], inducted in 2013, retired from international rugby in 2007 with a then-world record 139 Test caps, and also captained the Wallabies 59 times.<ref name="2013 IRB HOF PDF">{{cite web |url=http://www.irb.com/mm/document/unions/irbhalloffame/02/06/92/66/131021irbhalloffame2013inducteesbilandaustralia.pdf |title=IRB Hall of Fame 2013 Induction: "The British & Irish Lions and Australia" |website=International Rugby Board |access-date=2 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185458/http://www.irb.com/mm/document/unions/irbhalloffame/02/06/92/66/131021irbhalloffame2013inducteesbilandaustralia.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
+Three scrum-halves are in the IRB Hall but not the International Hall. New Zealander [[David Kirk]], inducted in 2011, was captain of the All Blacks team that won the inaugural 1987 Rugby World Cup.<ref name="IRB Hall 2011"/> Fellow 2011 inductee [[Agustín Pichot]],<ref name="IRB Hall 2011"/> who played in three World Cups for [[Argentina national rugby union team|Argentina]], is perhaps best known as the Pumas' captain during their surprise run to third place in the 2007 World Cup,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espnscrum.com/argentina/rugby/player/12004.html |title=Players & Officials: Agustin Pichot |work=ESPN Scrum |access-date=24 October 2011}}</ref> which eventually led to their 2012 entry into The Rugby Championship, previously the Tri Nations. Australian [[George Gregan]], inducted in 2013, retired from international rugby in 2007 with a then-world record 139 Test caps, and also captained the Wallabies 59 times.<ref name="2013 IRB HOF PDF">{{cite web |url=http://www.irb.com/mm/document/unions/irbhalloffame/02/06/92/66/131021irbhalloffame2013inducteesbilandaustralia.pdf |title=IRB Hall of Fame 2013 Induction: "The British & Irish Lions and Australia" |website=International Rugby Board |access-date=2 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029185458/http://www.irb.com/mm/document/unions/irbhalloffame/02/06/92/66/131021irbhalloffame2013inducteesbilandaustralia.pdf |archive-date=29 October 2013 |df=dmy-all}}</ref>
 ==Forwards==
@@ Line 107: / Line 95: @@
 ===={{anchor|8. Number Eight}} Number eight====
 <!--Please do not change the titles, they are IRB standard titles. Also this stops the anchored links from working. There is also no need to note any alternative names, there is a section for this at the top of the page.-->
-{{Redirect|Eighthman|the anime superhero "Eightman"|8 Man}}
+{{redirect|Eighthman|the anime superhero "Eightman"|8 Man}}
 [[File:Australia - Ireland 15-11-2006-3.jpg|thumb|A scrum is preparing to engage. The front row consists of two props on either side of the hooker. The number eight can be seen standing up at the back, while the flankers are bound on the side.]]
 The number eight, or eighthman in South Africa, binds between the locks at the back of the scrum, providing extra weight at the push.{{sfn|Bompa|Claro|2008|p=61}} Number eights interact with the scrum-half at the back of the scrum to control and provide clean ball for the backs.{{sfn|Bompa|Claro|2008|p=61}} They can also pick the ball from the back of the scrum and run with it or pass it to the scrum-half. At line-outs, they can be either another jumper or a lifter.{{sfn|Bompa|Claro|2008|p=61}} Around the field, they have a similar set of responsibilities as the flankers at the breakdown.{{sfn|Bompa|Claro|2008|p=61}} Number eights are often strong ball carriers and run off the backs in an attempt to break through or push past the opposition's defensive line.{{sfn|Bompa|Claro|2008|p=61}}
+Number eights in the International Rugby Hall of Fame include: [[Mervyn Davies (rugby union)|Mervyn Davies]] ([[Wales national rugby union team|Wales]] and [[British and Irish Lions]]), [[Morne du Plessis]] ([[South Africa national rugby union team|South Africa]]), [[Brian Lochore]] ([[New Zealand national rugby union team|New Zealand]]) and [[Hennie Muller]] ([[South Africa national rugby union team|South Africa]]).<ref name="IRB Hall 2011"/>
-<!--Please do not add players not in the International Rugby Hall of Fame or IRB Hall of Fame (see talk page).-->
-Number eights in the International Rugby Hall of Fame include: [[Mervyn Davies]] ([[Wales national rugby union team|Wales]] and [[British and Irish Lions]]), [[Morne du Plessis]] ([[South Africa national rugby union team|South Africa]]), [[Brian Lochore]] ([[New Zealand national rugby union team|New Zealand]]) and [[Hennie Muller]] ([[South Africa national rugby union team|South Africa]]).<ref name="IRB Hall 2011"/>
 ===={{anchor|6. Blindside flanker and 7. Openside flanker}} Flanker====
-{{Main|Flanker (rugby union)}}
+{{main|Flanker (rugby union)}}
 [[File:Shaun Perry.jpg|thumb|right|[[New Zealand national rugby union team|New Zealand]] blindside flanker [[Reuben Thorne]] detaches from a scrum to tackle [[England national rugby union team|England]]'s [[Shaun Perry]].]]
 <!--Please do not change the titles, they are IRB standard titles. Also this stops the anchored links from working. There is also no need to note any alternative names, there is a section for this at the top of the page.-->
 The flanker's role is to tackle the opposition and try to steal the ball.{{sfn|Brown|Guthrie|Growden|2010}} The openside flanker (number 7) binds to the side of the scrum that covers the greatest area, while the blindside flanker (number 6) covers the side nearest the side-line.{{sfn|Brown|Guthrie|Growden|2010}} They bind loosely to the side of the scrum, but still play an important role in keeping the props tight by pushing at an angle.{{sfn|Bompa|Claro|2008|p=60}} They should be the first forward to a breakdown from a scrum or line-out and are expected to link with the backline or secure the ball at the tackle.{{sfn|Bompa|Claro|2008|p=60}} Both positions have a high workrate, meaning the players need to be fit, fast and good at reading the opposition's attacking plays.{{sfn|Bompa|Claro|2008|p=59}}
-During open play if they have not made the tackle they usually stand in the loose next to the ruck or maul.{{sfn|Bompa|Claro|2008|p=59}} This allows them to arrive quickly at the next tackle. The blindside is generally the larger of the two and usually acts as a third jumping option at the line-out.{{sfn|Bompa|Claro|2008|p=58}} The openside flanker is usually faster than the blindside, with good opensides excellent at turning over the ball at the tackle.{{sfn|Bompa|Claro|2008|p=60}} Teams often use their openside flankers to 'charge' the opposition fly-half, putting pressure on him and forcing him to rush his decision making, kicking or passing.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rfu.com/TakingPart/Coach/CoachResourceArchive/PositionalSkills/~/media/Files/2009/Coaching/Articles/PositionalSkills/opensideflanker.ashx |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-10-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005145425/http://www.rfu.com/TakingPart/Coach/CoachResourceArchive/PositionalSkills/~/media/Files/2009/Coaching/Articles/PositionalSkills/opensideflanker.ashx |archive-date=5 October 2011 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> Blindside flankers also have the task of stopping any attempt by the opposition's number eight to run with the ball around the blindside of a scrum.
+During open play if they have not made the tackle they usually stand in the loose next to the ruck or maul.{{sfn|Bompa|Claro|2008|p=59}} This allows them to arrive quickly at the next tackle. The blindside is generally the larger of the two and usually acts as a third jumping option at the line-out.{{sfn|Bompa|Claro|2008|p=58}} The openside flanker is usually faster than the blindside, with good opensides excellent at turning over the ball at the tackle.{{sfn|Bompa|Claro|2008|p=60}} Teams often use their openside flankers to 'charge' the opposition fly-half, putting pressure on him and forcing him to rush his decision-making, kicking or passing.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rfu.com/TakingPart/Coach/CoachResourceArchive/PositionalSkills/~/media/Files/2009/Coaching/Articles/PositionalSkills/opensideflanker.ashx |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-10-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005145425/http://www.rfu.com/TakingPart/Coach/CoachResourceArchive/PositionalSkills/~/media/Files/2009/Coaching/Articles/PositionalSkills/opensideflanker.ashx |archive-date=5 October 2011 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> Blindside flankers also have the task of stopping any attempt by the opposition's number eight to run with the ball around the blindside of a scrum.
-<!--Please do not add players not in the International Rugby Hall of Fame or IRB Hall of Fame (see talk page).-->
 Flankers in the International Rugby Hall of Fame include: [[Dave Gallaher]], [[Michael Jones (rugby union)|Michael Jones]], [[Ian Kirkpatrick]], [[Graham Mourie]] (all [[New Zealand national rugby union team|New Zealand]]), [[Francois Pienaar]] ([[South Africa national rugby union team|South Africa]]), [[Jean Prat]] ([[France national rugby union team|France]]), [[Jean-Pierre Rives]] ([[France national rugby union team|France]]), [[Fergus Slattery]] ([[Ireland national rugby union team|Ireland]] and [[British and Irish Lions|Lions]]), and [[Wavell Wakefield]] ([[England national rugby union team|England]]). Pienaar and Prat are also members of the IRB Hall of Fame.
@@ Line 130: / Line 114: @@
 <!--Please do not change the titles, they are IRB standard titles. Also this stops the anchored links from working. There is also no need to note any alternative names, there is a section for this at the top of the page.-->
 [[File:Springbok-All Black lineout in tri nations 2006.jpg|thumb|Locks jumping for a ball at a [[lineout (rugby)|line-out]]]]
+The locks form the second row, with the loosehad lock (number 4) on the left and the   tighthead lock (number 5) on the right. They scrummage by pushing against the front row, thereby providing much of the power, and are commonly known as the engine room.{{sfn|Brown|Guthrie|Growden|2010}} They are almost always the tallest players in a team, and are the primary targets when the ball is thrown in at line-outs.{{sfn|Brown|Guthrie|Growden|2010}} Locks must also have good catching and tackling ability.{{sfn|Biscombe|Drewett|2009|p=117}} At the line-out the locks are lifted and supported by teammates, allowing them to compete for the ball, either passing or tapping it to the scrumhalf or setting up a drive.{{sfn|Biscombe|Drewett|2009|p=135}} In scrums the two locks bind tightly together, and each puts their head between a prop and the hooker.{{sfn|Biscombe|Drewett|2009|p=117}} They compete for the kick-offs, and are involved in securing the ball in rucks and mauls. They commonly make short runs carrying the ball into contact (sometimes known as "crash balls").{{sfn|Biscombe|Drewett|2009|p=118}}
-The locks form the second row. They scrummage by pushing against the front row thereby providing much of the power and are commonly known as the engine room.{{sfn|Brown|Guthrie|Growden|2010}} They are almost always the tallest players in a team and are the primary targets when the ball is thrown in at line-outs.{{sfn|Brown|Guthrie|Growden|2010}} Locks must also have good catching and tackling ability.{{sfn|Biscombe|Drewett|2009|p=117}} At the line-out, the locks are lifted and supported by teammates, allowing them to compete for the ball, either passing or tapping it to the scrumhalf or setting up a drive.{{sfn|Biscombe|Drewett|2009|p=135}} In scrums, the two locks bind tightly together and each put their heads between a prop and the hooker.{{sfn|Biscombe|Drewett|2009|p=117}} They compete for the kick-offs and are involved in securing the ball in rucks and mauls. They commonly make short runs carrying the ball into contact (sometimes known as "crash balls").{{sfn|Biscombe|Drewett|2009|p=118}}
-<!--Please do not add players not in the International Rugby Hall of Fame or IRB Hall of Fame (see talk page).-->
 Locks in the International Rugby Hall of Fame include: [[Bill Beaumont]] ([[England national rugby union team|England]] and [[British and Irish Lions|Lions]]), [[Gordon Brown (rugby player)|Gordon Brown]] ([[Scotland national rugby union team|Scotland]] and [[British and Irish Lions|Lions]]), [[Frik du Preez]] ([[South Africa national rugby union team|South Africa]]), [[John Eales]] ([[Australia national rugby union team|Australia]]), [[Martin Johnson (rugby union)|Martin Johnson]] ([[England national rugby union team|England]] and [[British and Irish Lions|Lions]]), [[Brian Lochore]] ([[New Zealand national rugby union team|New Zealand]]), [[Willie John McBride]] ([[Ireland national rugby union team|Ireland]] and [[British and Irish Lions|Lions]]), and [[Colin Meads]] ([[New Zealand national rugby union team|New Zealand]]). Du Preez, Eales, Johnson<ref name="IRB Hall 2011"/> and McBride are also members of the IRB Hall of Fame as players; Lochore was inducted into the IRB Hall primarily as a coach.<ref name="IRB Hall 2011"/> Three locks are members of the IRB Hall of Fame but not the International Hall—[[Fairy Heatlie]], a [[South Africa national rugby union team|South African]] great of the era around 1900 who was also one of the first [[Argentina national rugby union team|Argentina]] internationals; French international [[Lucien Mias]]; and early 20th-century Scottish international [[David Bedell-Sivright]].<ref name="2013 IRB HOF"/>
@@ Line 141: / Line 123: @@
 <!--Please do not change the titles, they are IRB standard titles. Also this stops the anchored links from working. There is also no need to note any alternative names, there is a section for this at the top of the page.-->
-The hooker is positioned between the two props in the scrum.{{sfn|Brown|Guthrie|Growden|2010}} After the scrumhalf throws the ball into the scrum, the hooker from the team which threw in the ball must strike for the ball. Any front-row player may use a foot to strike for the ball and gain possession,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.world.rugby/the-game/laws/law/19 |title=World Rugby Laws 19 Scrum |publisher=World Rugby Limited |access-date=7 August 2023}}</ref> however, given the role of the props in keeping the scrum stable, it is usually one of the hookers who successfully "hooks" the ball back with the movement of a leg and foot coming into contact with the ball to win possession for their team. Hookers generally have a short back and long arms to aid in binding to the props.{{sfn|Biscombe|Drewett|2009|p=112}} Hookers are usually more mobile than the props and are often used to carry the ball up during open play.{{sfn|Bompa|Claro|2008|p=56}} Only specialist front row players can play hooker; if a team cannot field one for any reason, the scrums will become uncontested.<ref name="Hewett"/> In addition to their role in the scrum, hookers generally throw the ball into the line-out.
+The hooker (number 2) is positioned between the two props in the scrum.{{sfn|Brown|Guthrie|Growden|2010}} After the scrumhalf throws the ball into the scrum, the hooker from the team which threw in the ball must strike for the ball. Any front-row player may use a foot to strike for the ball and gain possession.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.world.rugby/the-game/laws/law/19 |title=World Rugby Laws 19 Scrum |publisher=World Rugby Limited |access-date=7 August 2023}}</ref> However, given the role of the props in keeping the scrum stable, it is usually one of the hookers who successfully "hooks" the ball back with the movement of a leg and foot coming into contact with the ball to win possession for their team. Hookers generally have a short back and long arms to aid in binding to the props.{{sfn|Biscombe|Drewett|2009|p=112}} Hookers are usually more mobile than the props, and are often used to carry the ball up during open play.{{sfn|Bompa|Claro|2008|p=56}} Only specialist front-row players can play hooker; if a team cannot field one for any reason, the scrums will become uncontested.<ref name="Hewett"/> In addition to their role in the scrum, hookers generally throw the ball into the line-out.
-<!--Please do not add players not in the International Rugby Hall of Fame or IRB Hall of Fame (see talk page).-->
 Hookers in the International Rugby Hall of Fame include: [[Sean Fitzpatrick]] ([[New Zealand national rugby union team|New Zealand]]) and [[Keith Wood]] ([[Ireland national rugby union team|Ireland]] and [[British and Irish Lions|Lions]]). Two hookers are members of the IRB Hall but not the International Hall. [[John Smit]] of [[South Africa national rugby union team|South Africa]], captain of the World Cup-winning Springboks in 2007,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://stats.espnscrum.com/statsguru/rugby/stats/index.html?class=1;team=5;template=results;type=player |title=Statsguru / Test matches / Player records (filters: overall figures, South Africa, total matches played (descending order) |work=ESPN Scrum |publisher=SFMS Limited |access-date=24 October 2011}}</ref> was inducted in 2011.<ref name="IRB Hall 2011"/> [[Ronnie Dawson (rugby union)|Ronnie Dawson]] of Ireland and the Lions was inducted in 2013. He earned 27 caps for Ireland and appeared 17 times for the Lions from 1958 to 1965, captaining the Lions in six Tests; after his playing career ended, he became the first head coach of Ireland and still later served as president of the [[Irish Rugby Football Union|IRFU]] and chairman of the IRB Council.<ref name="2013 IRB HOF PDF"/>
@@ Line 150: / Line 131: @@
 [[File:Russia georgia scrum.jpg|thumbnail|right|Opposing props attempt to gain the upper hand in the scrum.]]
-The props "prop up" the hooker in the scrum.{{sfn|Brown|Guthrie|Growden|2010}} They form part of the front row of the scrum and push against the opposition's props. The loosehead prop is positioned to the left of the hooker and their head will be on the outside of the scrum when it engages. The tighthead is to the right of the hooker with their head positioned between the opposition hooker and the opposition loosehead prop.{{sfn|Brown|Guthrie|Growden|2010}} The prop's main role is to provide stability at the scrum and support the hooker in quickly winning the ball.{{sfn|Biscombe|Drewett|2009|p=107}} At the line-out, the prop's role is to support the jumper as they compete for the ball. They are usually positioned at the front of the line-out with a jumper in between them. They are also often involved in lifting jumpers when receiving kick-offs.{{sfn|Bompa|Claro|2008|p=56}} While scrummaging is still seen as their main responsibility, modern props are also expected to contribute in the attack and defence.{{sfn|Biscombe|Drewett|2009|p=107}}
+The props "prop up" the hooker in the scrum.{{sfn|Brown|Guthrie|Growden|2010}} They form part of the front row of the scrum and push against the opposition's props. The loosehead prop (number 1) is positioned to the left of the hooker and their head will be on the outside of the scrum when it engages. The tighthead prop (number 3) is to the right of the hooker with their head positioned between the opposition hooker and the opposition loosehead prop.{{sfn|Brown|Guthrie|Growden|2010}} The prop's main role is to provide stability at the scrum and support the hooker in quickly winning the ball.{{sfn|Biscombe|Drewett|2009|p=107}} At the line-out, the prop's role is to support the jumper as they compete for the ball. They are usually positioned at the front of the line-out with a jumper in between them. They are also often involved in lifting jumpers when receiving kick-offs.{{sfn|Bompa|Claro|2008|p=56}} While scrummaging is still seen as their main responsibility, modern props are also expected to contribute in the attack and defence.{{sfn|Biscombe|Drewett|2009|p=107}}
-Props have to take in pressure from the locks and loose forwards pushing from behind and the opposition pushing against them, so they are often among the strongest players in a team. Some of the more successful props have short necks and broad shoulders to absorb this force as well as powerful legs to drive the scrum forward. Since the game has become professional, non-specialist props or hookers cannot play in the front row. If, through sendings-off or injuries, a team does not have enough specialist front row players, the scrums become 'uncontested' (i.e. no pushing is allowed and the team putting the ball into the scrum wins it).<ref name="Hewett">{{cite news|title=Scrum safety? That's not as easy as it sounds|first=Chris |last=Hewett|date=14 December 2002|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/rugby/rugby-union/scrum-safety-thats-not-as-easy-as-it-sounds-610928.html|location=London|work=The Independent}}{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> On their own scrum, the loosehead's role is to provide the hooker with a clear view to strike the ball, while the tighthead tries to keep the scrum stable.<ref name="Drake"/> When the opposition is putting the ball in, the tighthead attempts to disrupt the opposing hooker or loosehead, making it difficult for them to win the ball.<ref name="Drake">{{cite news |title=The rules of engagement – tighthead v loosehead |first=John |last=Drake |date=17 November 2005 |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/the-rules-of-engagement-tighthead-v-loosehead/SPRZBRJ7H4SF2OSVN22IIJPLSM/ |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] }}</ref>
+Props have to take in pressure from the locks and loose forwards pushing from behind and the opposition pushing against them, so they are often among the strongest players in a team. Some of the more successful props have short necks and broad shoulders to absorb this force as well as powerful legs to drive the scrum forward. Since the game has become professional, non-specialist props or hookers cannot play in the front row. If, through sendings-off or injuries, a team does not have enough specialist front row players, the scrums become 'uncontested' (i.e. no pushing is allowed and the team putting the ball into the scrum wins it).<ref name="Hewett">{{cite news|title=Scrum safety? That's not as easy as it sounds|first=Chris |last=Hewett|date=14 December 2002|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/sport/rugby/rugby-union/scrum-safety-thats-not-as-easy-as-it-sounds-610928.html|location=London|work=The Independent}}{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> On their own scrum, the loosehead's role is to provide the hooker with a clear view to strike the ball, while the tighthead tries to keep the scrum stable.<ref name="Drake"/> When the opposition is putting the ball in, the tighthead attempts to disrupt the opposing hooker or loosehead, making it difficult for them to win the ball.<ref name="Drake">{{cite news |title=The rules of engagement – tighthead v loosehead |first=John |last=Drake |date=17 November 2005 |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/sport/the-rules-of-engagement-tighthead-v-loosehead/SPRZBRJ7H4SF2OSVN22IIJPLSM/ |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]]}}</ref>
-<!--Please do not add players not in the International Rugby Hall of Fame or IRB Hall of Fame (see talk page).-->
 Props in the International Rugby Hall of Fame include: [[Jason Leonard]] ([[England national rugby union team|England]] and [[British and Irish Lions|Lions]]), [[Syd Millar]] ([[Ireland national rugby union team|Ireland]] and [[British and Irish Lions|Lions]]) and [[Wilson Whineray]] ([[New Zealand national rugby union team|New Zealand]]).
 ==Utility players==
-Players who have the ability to play a number of positions in a team are called utility players.<ref name="Foden">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/international/england/4241515/Ben-Foden-keen-to-side-step-curse-of-the-utility-player.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/international/england/4241515/Ben-Foden-keen-to-side-step-curse-of-the-utility-player.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Ben Foden keen to side-step curse of the utility player|date=3 August 2011|work=The Telegraph|location=London|first=Mick|last=Cleary}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Utility players can be seen as "Jack of all trades"<ref name="Foden"/> and they generally occupy the reserve position in a team.<ref>{{cite news|work=Times Online|date=5 February 2009|title=I want to be England's rock, says Delon .Armitage|first=Patrick|last=Kidd|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/rugby_union/article5669832.ece|location=London}}</ref> For this reason, many try to avoid being labelled as utilities.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ashton: Cipriani To Be Specialist |first=Andrew|last=Baldock|url=http://www.sportinglife.com/rugbyunion/news/story_get.cgi?STORY_NAME=rugby/08/01/10/RUGBYU_England_Ashton.html|work=Sporting Life|access-date=3 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Horns forward for the Boks |first=Andy|last=Capostagno |date=5 June 2009|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2009-06-05-horns-forward-for-the-boks|work=Mail and Guardian}}</ref> Players in the forward positions are generally more specialised than those that play in the backs. However, [[Flanker (rugby union)|flankers]] can usually play [[Rugby union positions#Number eight|number eight]], like [[Grégory Alldritt]], [[David Pocock]], [[Caelan Doris]] and [[Kieran Read]]. Many players may also be capable of playing [[Lock (rugby union)|lock]] as well as a [[Rugby union positions#Back row|back-row position]], with several modern examples being [[Sébastien Chabal]], [[Maro Itoje]], [[Tadhg Beirne]], [[Courtney Lawes]], [[Steven Luatua]], and [[Cameron Woki]], all with international caps in both rows of the scrum. The front row positions are usually very specialised, although some props can play both sides or even hooker. South African captain and IRB Hall of Fame member [[John Smit]] has played test matches in every front row position.<ref>{{cite news|title=Smit dismisses prop problem|date=7 November 2008|url=http://www.sport24.co.za/Rugby/Smit-dismisses-prop-problem-20081107|work=Sport 24}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ton-up Smit very 'special'|date=19 August 2009|url=http://www.iol.co.za/sport/ton-up-smit-very-special-1.675555|work=Independent Online}}</ref> Another IRB Hall member to have played multiple forward positions is 2013 inductee [[John Thornett]], an Australian utility forward who played at flanker, number 8, lock and prop for the Wallabies from 1955 to 1967.<ref name="2013 IRB HOF PDF"/>
+Players who have the ability to play a number of positions in a team are called utility players.<ref name="Foden">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/international/england/4241515/Ben-Foden-keen-to-side-step-curse-of-the-utility-player.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/sport/rugbyunion/international/england/4241515/Ben-Foden-keen-to-side-step-curse-of-the-utility-player.html |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Ben Foden keen to side-step curse of the utility player|date=3 August 2011|work=The Telegraph|location=London|first=Mick|last=Cleary}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Utility players can be seen as "Jack of all trades"<ref name="Foden"/> and they generally occupy the reserve position in a team.<ref>{{cite news|work=Times Online|date=5 February 2009|title=I want to be England's rock, says Delon .Armitage|first=Patrick|last=Kidd|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/sport/rugby_union/article5669832.ece|location=London}}{{dead link|date=September 2024|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> For this reason, many try to avoid being labelled as utilities.<ref>{{cite news|title=Ashton: Cipriani To Be Specialist |first=Andrew|last=Baldock|url=http://www.sportinglife.com/rugbyunion/news/story_get.cgi?STORY_NAME=rugby/08/01/10/RUGBYU_England_Ashton.html|work=Sporting Life|access-date=3 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Horns forward for the Boks |first=Andy|last=Capostagno |date=5 June 2009|url=http://mg.co.za/article/2009-06-05-horns-forward-for-the-boks|work=Mail and Guardian}}</ref> Players in the forward positions are generally more specialised than those that play in the backs. However, [[Flanker (rugby union)|flankers]] can usually play [[Rugby union positions#Number eight|number eight]], like [[Grégory Alldritt]], [[David Pocock]], [[Caelan Doris]] and [[Kieran Read]]. Many players may also be capable of playing [[Lock (rugby union)|lock]] as well as a [[Rugby union positions#Back row|back-row position]], with several modern examples being [[Sébastien Chabal]], [[Maro Itoje]], [[Tadhg Beirne]], [[Ryan Baird]], [[Courtney Lawes]], [[Steven Luatua]], and [[Cameron Woki]], all with international caps in both rows of the scrum. The front row positions are usually very specialised, although some props can play both sides or even hooker. South African captain and IRB Hall of Fame member [[John Smit]] has played test matches in every front row position.<ref>{{cite news|title=Smit dismisses prop problem|date=7 November 2008|url=http://www.sport24.co.za/Rugby/Smit-dismisses-prop-problem-20081107|work=Sport 24}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Ton-up Smit very 'special'|date=19 August 2009|url=http://www.iol.co.za/sport/ton-up-smit-very-special-1.675555|work=Independent Online}}</ref> Another IRB Hall member to have played multiple forward positions is 2013 inductee [[John Thornett]], an Australian utility forward who played at flanker, number 8, lock and prop for the Wallabies from 1955 to 1967.<ref name="2013 IRB HOF PDF"/>
-Utility backs tend to cover a greater number of positions, with players commonly switching between scrum-half and fly-half, fly-half and centre or wing and full-back. Another famous utility player was [[Austin Healey]], who started and played test matches for England and club matches for [[Leicester Tigers]] at [[fly half]], [[Scrum-half (rugby union)|scrum half]], [[Fullback (rugby union)|full back]] and [[winger (rugby union)|winger]]. Among members of the International Rugby or IRB Halls of Fame, [[Mike Gibson (rugby union)|Mike Gibson]] has 28 caps at fly-half, 48 at centre and 4 on the wing<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espnscrum.com/statsguru/rugby/player/6881.html?class=1;template=results;type=player;view=match |title=Statsguru / Player analysis / Mike Gibson / Test matches |website=Scrum.com|access-date=4 August 2011}}</ref> and [[Tim Horan]] played 62 tests at centre, 2 on the wing and 9 at full-back.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espnscrum.com/statsguru/rugby/player/10595.html?class=1;template=results;type=player;view=match |title=Statsguru / Player analysis / Tim Horan / Test matches |website=Scrum.com|access-date=4 August 2011}}</ref> Danie Craven mostly played at half-back, but has also started a Test in the forwards at number 8.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espnscrum.com/statsguru/rugby/player/3907.html?class=1;template=results;type=player;view=match |title=Statsguru / Player analysis / Danie Craven / Test matches |work=Scrum.com |access-date=27 June 2009}}</ref> [[Matt Giteau]], has also shown great versatility throughout his career, played 6 tests at scrum-half, 46 at fly-half, 50 at centre and one on the wing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espnscrum.com/statsguru/rugby/player/14078.html?class=1;template=results;type=player;view=match |title=Statsguru / Player analysis / Matt Giteau / Test matches |website=Scrum.com|access-date=3 October 2015}}</ref> 2013 IRB Hall inductee [[Waisale Serevi]],<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.irb.com/history/halloffame/newsid=2065761.html#sevens+great+serevi+enters+irb+hall+fame |title=Sevens great Serevi enters IRB Hall of Fame |publisher=International Rugby Board |date=23 March 2013 |access-date=4 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628151226/http://www.irb.com/history/halloffame/newsid%3D2065761.html#sevens+great+serevi+enters+irb+hall+fame |archive-date=28 June 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref> although most famous as a sevens player and primarily a fly-half in 15s, also started Tests as a scrum-half, wing and full-back, and came off the bench once as a centre and once as an emergency lock.<ref name="Serevi match list">{{cite web|url=http://www.espnscrum.com/statsguru/rugby/player/10648.html?class=1;template=results;type=player;view=match |title=Statsguru: Player analysis / Waisale Serevi / Test matches |author=SFMS Limited |website=ESPN Scrum |access-date=23 March 2013}}</ref>
+Utility backs tend to cover a greater number of positions, with players commonly switching between scrum-half and fly-half, fly-half and centre, or wing and full-back. Another famous utility player was [[Austin Healey]], who started and played test matches for England and club matches for [[Leicester Tigers]] at [[fly half]], [[Scrum-half (rugby union)|scrum-half]], [[Fullback (rugby union)|full-back]] and [[Winger (rugby union)|winger]]. Among members of the International Rugby or IRB Halls of Fame, [[Mike Gibson (rugby union)|Mike Gibson]] has 28 caps at fly-half, 48 at centre and 4 on the wing,<ref>{{cite web |title=Statsguru / Player analysis / Mike Gibson / Test matches |url=http://www.espnscrum.com/statsguru/rugby/player/6881.html?class=1;template=results;type=player;view=match |website=Scrum.com |access-date=4 August 2011}}</ref> and [[Tim Horan]] played 62 tests at centre, 2 on the wing and 9 at full-back.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espnscrum.com/statsguru/rugby/player/10595.html?class=1;template=results;type=player;view=match |title=Statsguru / Player analysis / Tim Horan / Test matches |website=Scrum.com|access-date=4 August 2011}}</ref> Danie Craven mostly played at half-back, but has also started a Test in the forwards at number 8.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.espnscrum.com/statsguru/rugby/player/3907.html?class=1;template=results;type=player;view=match |title=Statsguru / Player analysis / Danie Craven / Test matches |work=Scrum.com |access-date=27 June 2009}}</ref> [[Matt Giteau]] has also shown great versatility throughout his career, playing 6 tests at scrum-half, 46 at fly-half, 50 at centre and one on the wing.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.espnscrum.com/statsguru/rugby/player/14078.html?class=1;template=results;type=player;view=match |title=Statsguru / Player analysis / Matt Giteau / Test matches |website=Scrum.com |access-date=3 October 2015}}</ref> 2013 IRB Hall inductee [[Waisale Serevi]],<ref>{{cite press release |title=Sevens great Serevi enters IRB Hall of Fame |url=http://www.irb.com/history/halloffame/newsid=2065761.html#sevens+great+serevi+enters+irb+hall+fame |publisher=International Rugby Board |date=23 March 2013 |access-date=4 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130628151226/http://www.irb.com/history/halloffame/newsid%3D2065761.html#sevens+great+serevi+enters+irb+hall+fame |archive-date=28 June 2013 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> although most famous as a sevens player and primarily a fly-half in 15s, also started Tests as a scrum-half, full-back and wing, and came off the bench once as a centre and once as an emergency lock.<ref name="Serevi match list">{{cite web|url=http://www.espnscrum.com/statsguru/rugby/player/10648.html?class=1;template=results;type=player;view=match |title=Statsguru: Player analysis / Waisale Serevi / Test matches |author=SFMS Limited |website=ESPN Scrum |access-date=23 March 2013}}</ref>
 ==Rugby sevens==