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Earl Cameron

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For the Canadian news anchor, see Earl Cameron (broadcaster).

Earl Cameron
CBE
Earl Cameron (aged 100) in 2017
Born
Earlston Jewitt Cameron

(1917-08-08)8 August 1917
Pembroke, Bermuda
Died3 July 2020(2020-07-03) (aged 102)
Kenilworth, Warwickshire, England
OccupationActor
Years active1941-2017
Spouses
  • Audrey J. P. Godowski
    ​
    ​
    (m. 1959; died 1994)​
    [1][2]
  • Barbara Bower
    ​
    (m. 1994)​
    [3]
Children6

Earlston Jewett Cameron, CBE (8 August 1917 – 3 July 2020), known as Earl Cameron, was a Bermudian actor who lived and worked in the United Kingdom.[Note 1] After appearing on London's West End stage, he became one of the first black stars in the British film industry.[4]

With his appearance in 1951's Pool of London, Cameron became one of the first black actors to take up a starring role in a British film after Paul Robeson, Nina Mae McKinney and Elisabeth Welch in the 1930s.[5][6]

According to Screenonline, "Earl Cameron brought a breath of fresh air to the British film industry's stuffy depictions of race relations. Often cast as a sensitive outsider, Cameron gave his characters a grace and moral authority that often surpassed the films' compromised liberal agendas."[7]

He starred alongside Sean Connery in Thunderball (1965). He made appearances in many 1960s British science fiction programmes, including Doctor Who, where he was reportedly one of the first black actors to play an astronaut on television,[8] The Prisoner, and The Andromeda Breakthrough.[9] His film appearances continued until 2013, when he was 96.[10]

Early career

Cameron was born in Pembroke, Bermuda,[9] and grew up on Princess Street, Hamilton. His father was a stonemason who died in 1922, after which Cameron's mother took on various jobs to support the family.[11] As a young man, Cameron joined the British Merchant Navy: "I was working on a ship, going from Bermuda to New York and back. I always had a great desire to travel as a kid, and so I transferred to another ship called the Eastern Prince sailing to South America. On our second trip, the war started. ...the British Admiralty sent for the ship, and that brought me to London."[12] He went AWOL, claiming: "I arrived in London on 29 October 1939. I got involved with a young lady and you know the rest. The ship left without me, and the girl walked out too."[12]

Cameron faced difficulties as a black person trying to find employment; he was reluctantly taken on as a dishwasher in a hotel and had to accept whatever casual work came his way.[9][12] In 1941, his friend Harry Crossman gave Cameron a ticket to see a revival of Chu Chin Chow at the Palace Theatre. Crossman and five other black actors had bit parts in the West End production. Cameron, who was working at the kitchen of the Strand Corner House at the time, was fed up with menial jobs and asked Crossman if he could get him on the show. He told Cameron that all the parts had been cast, but two or three weeks later, when one of the actors did not show up, Crossman arranged a meeting with the director Robert Atkins, who cast Cameron on the spot.[9]

According to Cameron, he had an easier time than other black actors because his Bermudian accent sounded American to British ears (Bermuda, nearest to North Carolina, was settled as an extension of Virginia and retained strong links to Virginia and the Carolinas for the first two centuries of settlement, though it had remained British when they and ten other continental colonies had seceded to form the USA). The following year, he landed a speaking role as Joseph, the chauffeur in the American play The Petrified Forest by Robert E. Sherwood.[9] He encountered fellow Bermudian Ernest Trimingham still working in the West End.[13][14]

In 1945 and 1946, Cameron took on the role of one of the Dukes in the singing trio the Duchess and Two Dukes, which toured with the Entertainments National Service Association (ENSA) to play to British armed forces personnel in India in 1945, and the Netherlands in 1946. In 1946, Cameron went back to Bermuda for five months but then returned to work as an actor in the UK. He took a job on the London stage as an understudy in the play Deep Are the Roots.[15] Written by Arnaud d'Usseau and James Gow, this play was staged at the Wyndham's Theatre[16] in London for six months (featuring Gordon Heath)[17] and then went on tour. It was during this tour that Cameron first met, and worked alongside, Patrick McGoohan during a production of that play in Coventry. In 2012, Cameron participated alongside local actors in Bermuda in a reading of Deep Are the Roots, which the Bermuda Sun described as a play "dear to Earl's heart, for it not only gave him his first break in the West End as Britain's first black actor, but he also met his first wife when he travelled on tour with the production."[16]

He understudied in Deep are the Roots with fellow understudy Ida Shepley, a singer.[18] As Cameron was having problems with his diction, she introduced him to voice coach Amanda Ira Aldridge, the daughter of Ira Aldridge, a black Shakespearian American actor of the 19th century.[19]

Film career

Cameron's breakthrough acting role was in Pool of London, a 1951 film directed by Basil Dearden, set in post-war London involving racial prejudice, romance — Cameron's character is a merchant sailor who falls in love with a young white woman, played by Susan Shaw — and a diamond robbery. He won much critical acclaim for his part in the film, which is considered "the first major role for a black actor in a British mainstream film".[20]

Cameron's next major film role was in the 1955 film Simba. In this drama about the Mau Mau uprising in Kenya, Cameron played the role of Peter Karanja, a doctor trying to reconcile his admiration for Western civilisation with his Kikuyu heritage. That same year Cameron played the Mau Mau general Jeroge in Safari.[21]

He told The Guardian in a 2017 interview: "I never saw myself as a pioneer. It was only later, looking back, that it occurred to me that I was."[22] He also found work hard to come by: "Unless it was specified that this was a part for a black actor, they would never consider a black actor for the part. And they would never consider changing a white part to a black part. So that was my problem. I got mostly small parts, and that was extremely frustrating – not just for me but for other black actors. We had a very hard time getting worthwhile roles."[22]

From the 1950s, Cameron gained major parts in many films, including: The Heart Within (1957), in which he played a character Victor Conway in a crime movie again set in the London docklands; and Sapphire (1959) in which he played Dr. Robbins, the brother of a murdered girl; and The Message (1976) – the story of the Prophet Muhammad, where he played the King of Abyssinia.[23]

Cameron's other film appearances include Tarzan the Magnificent (1960), in which he played Tate; Flame in the Streets (1961), in which he played Gabriel Gomez; Tarzan's Three Challenges (1963), in which he played Mang; Guns at Batasi (1964), in which he played Captain Abraham; and Battle Beneath the Earth (1967), in which he played Sergeant Seth Hawkins;[24] A Warm December (1973), working with Sidney Poitier and Esther Anderson, in which Cameron played the part of an African ambassador to the UK.[25][26]

Cameron was considered for the role of Quarrel in Dr. No (1962) by director Terence Young and co-producer Albert R. Broccoli, whom he knew from his Warwick Films work; however, producer Harry Saltzman did not think him suitable for the role and cast John Kitzmiller.[27] They asked Cameron back to the James Bond series for Thunderball (1965), in which he played Bond's Bahamian assistant Pinder.[24][26] Cameron also acted alongside Thunderball lead Sean Connery in Cuba (1979), in which he played Colonel Levya.[28]

Cameron's later film appearances include a major role in Sidney Pollack's The Interpreter (2005) as dictator Edmond Zuwanie who is a fictionised version of Robert Mugabe (then leader of Zimbabwe).[22][29] Cameron's performance was praised. The Baltimore Sun wrote: "Earl Cameron is magnificent as the slimy old fraud of a dictator...",[30] and Rolling Stone described his appearance as "subtle and menacing".[31] Philip French in The Observer referred to "that fine Caribbean actor Earl Cameron".[32] He appeared in a cameo as a portrait artist in the 2006 film The Queen (directed by Stephen Frears), alongside Helen Mirren.[33] In 2010 he appeared as "Elderly Bald Man" in the film Inception.[34] In 2013, he appeared as Grandad in the short film Up on the Roof.[35]

Television career

Cameron had roles in a wide range of TV shows, but one of his earliest major roles was a starring part in the BBC 1960 TV drama The Dark Man, in which he played a West Indian cab driver in the UK. The show examined the reactions and prejudices he faced in his work. In 1956 he had a smaller part in another BBC drama exploring racism in the workplace, A Man From The Sun, in which he appeared as community leader Joseph Brent, the cast also featuring Errol John, Cy Grant, Colin Douglas and Nadia Cattouse.[36]

Cameron appeared in a range of popular television shows including series Danger Man (Secret Agent in the US) alongside series star Patrick McGoohan.[37] Cameron worked with McGoohan again when he appeared in the TV series The Prisoner as the Haitian supervisor in the episode "The Schizoid Man" (1967).[24]

His other television work includes Emergency – Ward 10,[38] The Zoo Gang,[39] Crown Court (two different stories in 1973, one as Antoine Mbula from the legal department of the Diplomatic Mission of Zaire in episode three of the three part story Wise Child ), Jackanory (a BBC children's series in which he read five of the Brer Rabbit stories in 1971), Dixon of Dock Green,[39] Doctor Who – The Tenth Planet[21][40] (reportedly becoming the first black actor to portray an astronaut on television, and also became only the third actor from the series to reach 100 years of age),[41] Waking the Dead, Kavanagh QC, Babyfather, EastEnders (a small role as a Mr Lambert), Dalziel and Pascoe,[42] and Lovejoy.[39] In 1996 he appeared on BBC2 as The Abbot in Neverwhere, an urban fantasy television series by Neil Gaiman.[42]

He also appeared in many one-off TV dramas, including: Television Playhouse (1957); A World Inside BBC (1962); ITV Play of the Week (two stories – The Gentle Assassin (1962) and I Can Walk Where I Like Can't I? (1964); the BBC's Wind Versus Polygamy (1968); ITV's A Fear of Strangers (1964), in which he played Ramsay, a black saxophonist and small-time criminal who is detained by the police on suspicion of murder and is also racially abused by a Chief Inspector Dyke (played by Stanley Baker); Festival: the Respectful Prostitute (1964); ITV Play of the Week – The Death of Bessie Smith (1965); Theatre 625: The Minister (1965); The Great Kandinsky (1994); and two episodes of Thirty-Minute Theatre (Anything You Say in 1969 and Soldier Ants in 1971).

Radio work

In 2017, a month after his 100th birthday, Cameron was cast in a BBC Radio 4 adaptation of Neil Gaiman's novel Anansi Boys, starring Lenny Henry.[43][44]

Personal life

From 1963,[23] Cameron was a practitioner of the Baháʼí Faith,[45] joining the religion at the time of the first Baháʼí World Congress, held at London's Royal Albert Hall.[46]

In the mid-to-late 1970s, Cameron stopped acting for a time. He and his family moved to the Solomon Islands, as he sought to dedicate himself more fully to the Bahá'í faith. During this time, he ran an ice cream business in Honiara. Following the death of his wife Audrey in 1994, Cameron returned to the UK and resumed his acting career.[47][48]

The Baháʼí community held a reception in London in 2007 to honour his 90th birthday.[49] He lived in Kenilworth, Warwickshire, England.[50] He was survived by his second wife, Barbara Bower.[51] His first wife, Audrey Godowski, whom he had married in 1959, died in 1994.[5][50] He had six children, five by his first marriage.[22][52]

Honours

Cameron was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2009 New Year Honours.[53][54][55]

The Earl Cameron Theatre in Hamilton, Bermuda, was named in his honour at a ceremony he attended there in December 2012.[56]

The University of Warwick awarded Cameron an honorary doctorate in January 2013.[57]

In 2015, the British Film Institute (BFI) featured a special presentation and screening to honour Cameron's work.[58]

In September 2016, he became the first inductee into the Screen Nation "Hall of Frame" at the BFI Southbank, where he was interviewed by Samira Ahmed.[59][60]

In 2017, Cameron's 100th birthday was marked in Bermuda at an event he attended held at the theatre now named in honour of him.[61]

In 2019, the Earl Cameron Award – for "a Bermudian professional who has demonstrated exceptional passion and talent in the field of theatre, cinematography, film or video production" – was established in his honour by the Bermuda Arts Council.[62]

Death and legacy

Cameron died at his home in Kenilworth, Warwickshire, England, on 3 July 2020 at the age of 102, surrounded by his wife and family.[21]

His children said in a statement: "Our family have been overwhelmed by the outpourings of love and respect we have received at the news of our father's passing … As an artist and as an actor he refused to take roles that demeaned or stereotyped the character of people of colour. He was truly a man who stood by his moral principles and was inspirational."[21]

Bermudian Premier Edward David Burt paid tribute to Cameron, describing him as an "iconic actor" and "a proud son of Bermuda whose constant, dignified presence added to stage and screen over decades. All Bermuda joins with me in celebrating his long and remarkable life."[11] In the following days Cameron's films were shown on CITV government television.[63]

In the UK, on Twitter, David Harewood described Cameron as a "total legend" and Paterson Joseph wrote: "His generation's pioneering shoulders are what my generation of actors stand on. No shoulders were broader than this gentleman with the voice of god and the heart of a kindly prince."[21] Historian David Olusoga wrote: "A remarkable and wonderful man. Not just a brilliant actor but a link to a deeper history."[21]

In 2021, Burt Caesar programmed a season of films and talks at the BFI commemorating the life and career of Earl Cameron.[64][65]

Filmography cinema

Year Title Role Notes
1951 Pool of London Johnny Lambert [28]
There Is Another Sun (or Wall of Death) Ginger Jones [66]
1952 Emergency Call (or The Hundred Hour Hunt) George Robinson [66]
1953 The Heart of the Matter Ali
1955 Simba Karanja [28]
La grande speranza Johnny Brown, POW
The Woman for Joe Lemmie [67]
Dollars for Sale Earl Rutters
1956 Safari Jeroge (Njoroge) [66]
Odongo Hassan [67]
1957 The Heart Within Victor Conway [66]
The Mark of the Hawk Prosecutor [67]
1959 Sapphire Dr. Robbins [28]
Killers of Kilimanjaro Witchdoctor [67]
1960 Tarzan the Magnificent Tate [28]
No Kidding (or Beware of Children) Black father [67]
1961 Flame in the Streets Gabriel Gomez [67]
1962 Term of Trial Chard
1963 Tarzan's Three Challenges Mang [67]
1964 Guns at Batasi Captain Abraham [28]
1965 Thunderball Pinder [28]
1966 Doctor Who Glyn Williams Serial The Tenth Planet
1966 The Sandwich Man Bus conductor [66]
1967 Battle Beneath the Earth Sgt. Seth Hawkins [67]
1968 Two a Penny Verger [67]
1969 Two Gentlemen Sharing Charles Marriott, Jane's step-father [67]
1971 The Revolutionary Speaker
1973 Scorpio Black employee in toilet
A Warm December Ambassador George Oswandu [28]
1976 The Message (Al-Risâlah) Annajashi
1977 Mohammad, Messenger of God Annajashi [67]
1979 Cuba Col. Rosell Leyva [28]
1996 Neverwhere The Abbott
1998 Déjà Vu Doctor
Hiekkamorsian (or Sand Bride) Rui (voice)
2001 Revelation Cardinal Chisamba [34][68]
2005 The Interpreter Edmond Zuwanie [28]
2006 The Queen Portrait artist [28]
2010 Inception Elderly bald man [28]
2013 Up on the Roof Grandad [69]

Notes

  1. ^ Some use report his given name as "Jewitt" instead of "Jewett". The Oxford Dictionary of National Biography uses "Jewett".

References

  1. ^ "England and Wales Marriage Registration Index, 1837-2005". FamilySearch.
  2. ^ "England and Wales Marriage Registration Index, 1837-2005". FamilySearch.
  3. ^ "Earl Cameron - Actor", Bermudians.uk. Accessed 20 November 2022.
  4. ^ "Video: Channel 4 Interviews Actor Earl Cameron - Bernews". Bernews. 20 October 2016. Retrieved 26 December 2017.
  5. ^ a b Blake, Imogen (7 April 2016), "Pioneering actor Earl Cameron, 98: 'Showbusiness was just a means to an end'" Archived 24 October 2016 at the Wayback Machine, Ham & High.
  6. ^ Morris, Nathalie (3 April 2017), "Paul Robeson: the singer and activist who pioneered a path for black actors", BFI.org.uk.
    As the movie posters on this website show, Robeson, McKinney and Welch all received top billing for their work on the 1930s British screen.
  7. ^ Cave, Dylan, "Cameron, Earl", Screenonline.org.uk. Accessed 20 November 2022.
  8. ^ Haring, Bruce (4 July 2020). "Earl Cameron Dies: Black Pioneer In British Film And TV Was 102". Deadline. Retrieved 24 November 2022.
  9. ^ a b c d e Bourne, Stephen (2001). "Earl Cameron:A Class Act". Black in the British Frame. London and New York: Continuum. pp. 104–10. ISBN 9780826478986. Throughout the 1950s and 1960s Earl Cameron added a touch of class to a number of British film and television productions.
  10. ^ Young, Graham (30 May 2013). "No slowing down for Earl Cameron, Britain's first black film actor". Birmingham Post.
  11. ^ a b 1st Earl of the silver screen. The Royal Gazette, City of Hamilton, Pembroke Parish, Bermuda. Published 4 July, 2020
  12. ^ a b c Brewsteer, Yvonne, "Earl Cameron—Actor", in Rodreguez King-Dorset, Black British Theatre Pioneers: Yvonne Brewster and the First Generation of Actors, Playwrights and Other Practitioners, McFarland & Company, 2014, p. 112.
  13. ^ "Such stuff as dreams are made on". The Royal Gazette. City of Hamilton, Pembroke Parish, Bermuda. 17 July 2013.
  14. ^ "Bermudian Actor's Play Was A Black UK First". Bernews. 28 December 2010.
  15. ^ Johnston-Barnes, Owain (20 October 2017). "Acting legend Cameron thrilled to be back on island". The Royal Gazette.
  16. ^ a b Lagan, Sarah (27 April 2012). "Earl Cameron in play reading". Bermuda Sun.
  17. ^ Blau, Eleanor (31 August 1991). "Gordon Heath, 72; Co-Starred in Play 'Dweep are the Roots'". The New York Times.
  18. ^ King–Dorset, Rodreguez (1 October 2014). Black British Theatre Pioneers: Yvonne Brewster and the First Generation of Actors, Playwrights and Other Practitioners. McFarland. p. 117. ISBN 9781476616896.
  19. ^ "Coventry pays tribute to African-American actor Ira Aldridge". University of Warwick. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  20. ^ Wendy Mitchell, "Earl Cameron on breaking racial boundaries in Pool of London", The Telegraph, 12 July 2017.
  21. ^ a b c d e f Pulver, Andrew (4 July 2020). "Earl Cameron, 'Britain's first black film star', dies aged 102". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  22. ^ a b c d Brooks, Xan (8 August 2017). "'I've not retired!' Earl Cameron, Britain's first black film star, on Bond, racism – and turning 100". The Guardian.
  23. ^ a b Baháʼí World News Service. "100-year-old pioneering actor reflects on life, faith, and change", 8 August 2017.
  24. ^ a b c "Earl Cameron". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  25. ^ "A Warm December (1973)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  26. ^ a b Young, Graham (8 October 2010). "Encore for Earl Cameron, Britain's first black film actor". Birmingham Post.
  27. ^ Bourne, Stephen, Black in the British Frame (2005), p. 110.
  28. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Mordeu, Jordan (4 July 2020). "Earl Cameron, One of British Cinema's First Lead Black Actors, Dies at 102". Variety.
  29. ^ "The Interpreter (2005)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  30. ^ Sragow, Michael (22 April 2005). "The Language of Suspense". The Baltimore Sun. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  31. ^ Travers, Peter (22 April 2005). "The Interpreter". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  32. ^ French, Philip (17 April 2005). "Listen very carefully". The Observer. London. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  33. ^ "The Queen (2006)". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  34. ^ a b "Earl Cameron". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on 13 June 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  35. ^ "Up on the Roof (2013)". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on 5 July 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  36. ^ "A Man from the Sun (1956)". British Film Institute. Archived from the original on 4 July 2020. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  37. ^ "Danger Man – Season 3 Episode 6". Rotten Tomatoes. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  38. ^ Bourne, Stephen (1 May 2005). Black in the British Frame: The Black Experience in British Film and Television. A&C Black. p. 117. ISBN 9781441161352.
  39. ^ a b c Hope, Russell (4 July 2020). "Earl Cameron: Tributes paid to 'groundbreaking' black actor who appeared in Bond and Doctor Who". Sky News. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  40. ^ "Doctor Who News - Earl Cameron 1917 - 2020". m.doctorwhonews.net.
  41. ^ Haring, Bruce (4 July 2020). "Earl Cameron Dies: Black Pioneer In British Film And TV Was 102". Deadline. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  42. ^ a b "Cameron, Earl – credits". BFI Screenonline. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  43. ^ "Earl Cameron To Star in Radio 4's Anansi Boys". Bernews. 25 November 2017. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  44. ^ "Anansi Boys - Who's Who". BBC Radio 4. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  45. ^ Weinberg, Robert, "Veteran actor Earl Cameron brings a sense of world citizenship to UN role", One Country, Volume 17, Issue 1, April–June 2005.
  46. ^ Bell, Jonathan (8 August 2017). "Legendary actor Cameron hits 100". The Royal Gazette.
  47. ^ "Pioneering actor, now 100, reflects on life, faith, and change". news.bahai.org. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
  48. ^ "Remembering Earl Cameron". bahaiblog.net. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
  49. ^ Watson, Brian (2007). "Earl Cameron 90th Birthday Tribute". The Unmutual.
  50. ^ a b "Breakthrough black actor who starred with 007 turns 100", BBC News, Coventry & Warwickshire, 8 August 2017.
  51. ^ Baxter, Brian (5 July 2020). "Earl Cameron obituary". The Guardian. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
  52. ^ Biography: Audrey Cameron, bahaihistoryuk.wordpress.com. Accessed 20 November 2022.
  53. ^ "No. 58929". The London Gazette (Supplement). 31 December 2008. p. 7.
  54. ^ Smyth, Chris (31 December 2008). "Terry Pratchett "flabbergasted" over knighthood". The Times. London, UK: News International. Archived from the original on 16 June 2011.
  55. ^ "Actor Earl Cameron recieves [sic] a CBE in honours list", Birmingham Post, 31 December 2008.
  56. ^ Zuill, Rebecca (6 November 2012). "City Hall Theatre named after 'back of town boy'". The Royal Gazette. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  57. ^ "Bond, Baking, Buildings & BBC in Roll Call of Honorary Graduates Announced by University of Warwick", News & Events, Warwick, 17 December 2012.
  58. ^ "British Film Institute Features Actor Earl Cameron". Bernews. 17 July 2015. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  59. ^ Campbell, Joel (2 November 2016). "Screen Nation Pays Tribute To Pioneer". Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  60. ^ "Watch: Earl Cameron CBE (First Black British Screen Star) in Revealing 40-Minute Hall of Fame Induction Conversation". Shadow and Act. 20 April 2017. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
  61. ^ "Evening Celebrates Actor Earl Cameron". Bernews. 20 October 2017. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  62. ^ Bell, Jonathan (4 July 2020). "1st Earl of the silver screen". The Royal Gazette. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  63. ^ "Govt TV To Air Tribute To The Late Earl Cameron". Bernews. 6 July 2020. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  64. ^ "Earl Cameron remembered at the BFI". Close Up. Writers Mosaic. 4 August 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2021.
  65. ^ "Carmen Munroe and Baroness Lola Young discuss Earl Cameron | BFI Southbank Q&A". 19 August 2021. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021 – via YouTube.
  66. ^ a b c d e "Earl Cameron List of Movies and TV Shows". TV Guide. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  67. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Filmography for Earl Cameron". Turner Classic Movies. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  68. ^ "Cameron, Earl (1917– )". BFI Screenonline. Retrieved 4 July 2020.
  69. ^ "Up on the Roof (2013) – Full Cast & Crew". IMDb. Retrieved 5 July 2020.
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