kraj
Czech
editEtymology
editInherited from Old Czech kraj, from Proto-Slavic *krajь.
Pronunciation
editNoun
editkraj m inan
Declension
editDerived terms
editRelated terms
editFurther reading
editLower Sorbian
editEtymology
editProbably borrowed from Upper Sorbian kraj, from Proto-Slavic *krajь. Doublet of kšaj, which was inherited.
Noun
editkraj m inan
Declension
editFurther reading
edit- Muka, Arnošt (1921, 1928) “kraj”, in Słownik dolnoserbskeje rěcy a jeje narěcow (in German), St. Petersburg, Prague: ОРЯС РАН, ČAVU; Reprinted Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag, 2008
- Starosta, Manfred (1999) “kraj”, in Dolnoserbsko-nimski słownik / Niedersorbisch-deutsches Wörterbuch (in German), Bautzen: Domowina-Verlag
- Lower Sorbian vocabulary. In: Haspelmath, M. & Tadmor, U. (eds.) World Loanword Database. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
Old Czech
editEtymology
editInherited from Proto-Slavic *krajь.
Pronunciation
editNoun
editkraj m inan
- edge, boundary, end (boundary line of a surface)
- (chiefly in the plural) borderland
- landscape, area, territory, country
Declension
editsingular | dual | plural | |
---|---|---|---|
nominative | kraj | krajě | kraji, krajové |
genitive | krajě | krajú | krajóv |
dative | kraju | krajoma | krajóm |
accusative | kraj | krajě | krajě |
vocative | kraju | krajě | kraji, krajové |
locative | kraji, kraju | krajú | krajích |
instrumental | krajem | krajoma | kraji |
See also Appendix:Old Czech nouns and Appendix:Old Czech pronunciation.
Descendants
edit- Czech: kraj
References
edit- Jan Gebauer (1903–1916) “kraj”, in Slovník staročeský (in Czech), Prague: Česká grafická společnost "unie", Česká akademie císaře Františka Josefa pro vědy, slovesnost a umění
Old Polish
editEtymology
editInherited from Proto-Slavic *krajь. First attested in the 14th century.
Pronunciation
editNoun
editkraj m inan
- (attested in Lesser Poland) border (edge of a territory)
- 1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki[1], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego, pages 2, 8:
- Dam cy... w trzimane twoie craie zemske (terminos terrae)
- [Dam ci... w trzymanie twoje kraje ziemskie (terminos terrae)]
- 1930 [c. 1455], “Gen”, in Ludwik Bernacki, editor, Biblia królowej Zofii (Biblia szaroszpatacka)[2], section 13,11:
- Wiswolyl sobye Loth kray (regionem) podle Yordana
- [Wyzwolił sobie Lot kraj (regionem) podle Jordana]
- (attested in Lesser Poland) edge, boundary, end (boundary line of a surface)
- 1939 [end of the 14th century], Ryszard Ganszyniec, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Kubica, Ludwik Bernacki, editors, Psałterz florjański łacińsko-polsko-niemiecki[3], Krakow: Zakład Narodowy imienia Ossolińskich, z zasiłkiem Sejmu Śląskiego, pages 132, 3:
- Yasz stanpa w kray odzena gego (quod descendit in oram vestimenti eius)
- [Jaż zstąpa w kraj odzienia jego (quod descendit in oram vestimenti eius)]
- 1880-1894 [Fifteenth century], Sprawozdania Komisji Językowej Akademii Umiejętności[4], volume V, page 266:
- Ab oriente, hoc est ab illa plaga mundi, od onego krayv szwyatha, ubi sol oritur
- [Ab oriente, hoc est ab illa plaga mundi, od onego kraju świata, ubi sol oritur]
Derived terms
editDescendants
editReferences
edit- Boryś, Wiesław (2005) “kraj”, in Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie, →ISBN
- Bańkowski, Andrzej (2000) “kraj”, in Etymologiczny słownik języka polskiego (in Polish)
- Sławski, Franciszek (1958-1965) “kraj”, in Jan Safarewicz, Andrzej Siudut, editors, Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego (in Polish), Kraków: Towarzystwo Miłośników Języka Polskiego
- B. Sieradzka-Baziur, Ewa Deptuchowa, Joanna Duska, Mariusz Frodyma, Beata Hejmo, Dorota Janeczko, Katarzyna Jasińska, Krystyna Kajtoch, Joanna Kozioł, Marian Kucała, Dorota Mika, Gabriela Niemiec, Urszula Poprawska, Elżbieta Supranowicz, Ludwika Szelachowska-Winiarzowa, Zofia Wanicowa, Piotr Szpor, Bartłomiej Borek, editors (2011–2015), “kraj”, in Słownik pojęciowy języka staropolskiego (in Polish), Kraków: IJP PAN, →ISBN
Polish
editPronunciation
editEtymology 1
editInherited from Old Polish kraj.
Noun
editkraj m inan (related adjective krajowy)
- country (territory of a nation)
- (government) krai (administrative division of some countries)
- (chiefly dated or archaic) edge, boundary, end (boundary line of a surface)
- Synonym: skraj
Declension
editRelated terms
editTrivia
editAccording to Słownik frekwencyjny polszczyzny współczesnej (1990), kraj is one of the most used words in Polish, appearing 107 times in scientific texts, 193 times in news, 205 times in essays, 37 times in fiction, and 19 times in plays, each out of a corpus of 100,000 words, totaling 561 times, making it the 83rd most common word in a corpus of 500,000 words.[1]
Etymology 2
editSee the etymology of the corresponding lemma form.
Verb
editkraj
References
editFurther reading
edit- kraj in Wielki słownik języka polskiego, Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN
- kraj in Polish dictionaries at PWN
- Maria Renata Mayenowa, Stanisław Rospond, Witold Taszycki, Stefan Hrabec, Władysław Kuraszkiewicz (2010-2023) “kraj”, in Słownik Polszczyzny XVI Wieku
- “KRAJ”, in Elektroniczny Słownik Języka Polskiego XVII i XVIII Wieku, 2010 September 6
- Samuel Bogumił Linde (1807–1814) “kraj”, in Słownik języka polskiego
- Aleksander Zdanowicz (1861) “kraj”, in Słownik języka polskiego, Wilno 1861
- J. Karłowicz, A. Kryński, W. Niedźwiedzki, editors (1902), “kraj”, in Słownik języka polskiego (in Polish), volume 2, Warsaw, page 522
Serbo-Croatian
editEtymology 1
editInherited from Proto-Slavic *krajь, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *kroh₁(y)-.
Pronunciation
editNoun
editkrȃj m (Cyrillic spelling кра̑ј)
Declension
editsingular | plural | |
---|---|---|
nominative | krȃj | krȁjevi / kràjevi |
genitive | krȁja | krȁjēvā / krajévā / kràjēvā |
dative | krȁju | krȁjevima / krajèvima / kràjevima |
accusative | kraj | krȁjeve / kràjeve |
vocative | krȁju | krȁjevi / kràjevi |
locative | krȁju / kràju | krȁjevima / krajèvima / kràjevima |
instrumental | krȁjem | krȁjevima / krajèvima / kràjevima |
Etymology 2
editInherited from Proto-Slavic *krajь.
Pronunciation
editPreposition
editkrȁj (Cyrillic spelling кра̏ј) (+ genitive case)
- near, next to, beside (= pȍred, pȍkraj, dȍ)
- Dođi, s(j)edni kraj mene. ― Come, sit next to me.
- past, by (= pȍred, pȍkraj)
- Metak je proletio točno kraj mene. ― The bullet flew right by me.
- (proscribed) in spite of, despite (= ȕprkos/ȕsprkos, pȍred)
- I kraj svega toga, preživio sam. ― And despite all of it, I survived.
Silesian
editEtymology
editInherited from Old Polish kraj.
Pronunciation
editNoun
editkraj m inan
- country (territory of a nation)
- edge, boundary, end (boundary line of a surface)
- (government) krai (administrative division of some countries)
- Synonyms: rant, brzyg
- Antonym: postrzodek
Further reading
edit- kraj in silling.org
Slovak
editEtymology
editInherited from Proto-Slavic *krajь.
Pronunciation
editNoun
editkraj m inan (genitive singular kraja, nominative plural kraje, genitive plural krajov, declension pattern of stroj)
Declension
editFurther reading
edit- “kraj”, in Slovníkový portál Jazykovedného ústavu Ľ. Štúra SAV (in Slovak), https://slovnik.juls.savba.sk, 2024
Slovene
editEtymology
editInherited from Proto-Slavic *krajь.
Pronunciation
editNoun
editkrȁj m inan
- place (location, position)
- town, village or place
- Iz katerega kraja si ravnokar prišel? ― What place have you just come from?
- end or beginning
Inflection
editMasculine inan., soft o-stem | |||
---|---|---|---|
nom. sing. | kràj | ||
gen. sing. | krája | ||
singular | dual | plural | |
nominative (imenovȃlnik) |
kràj | krája | kráji |
genitive (rodȋlnik) |
krája | krájev | krájev |
dative (dajȃlnik) |
kráju | krájema | krájem |
accusative (tožȋlnik) |
kràj | krája | kráje |
locative (mẹ̑stnik) |
kráju | krájih | krájih |
instrumental (orọ̑dnik) |
krájem | krájema | kráji |
Further reading
edit- “kraj”, in Slovarji Inštituta za slovenski jezik Frana Ramovša ZRC SAZU, portal Fran
Upper Sorbian
editEtymology
editInherited from Proto-Slavic *krajь.
Noun
editkraj m inan
Descendants
edit- → Lower Sorbian: kraj
Further reading
edit- “kraj” in Soblex
- Czech terms inherited from Old Czech
- Czech terms derived from Old Czech
- Czech terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Czech terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Czech terms with IPA pronunciation
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- Lower Sorbian terms borrowed from Upper Sorbian
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- Old Polish terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
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- Lesser Poland Old Polish
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- Rhymes:Polish/aj
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- Polish terms derived from Proto-Slavic
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- pl:Government
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- Serbo-Croatian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European
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- Rhymes:Serbo-Croatian/âːj
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- Silesian terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Silesian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Silesian terms inherited from Old Polish
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- Silesian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Silesian/aj
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- Silesian lemmas
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- szl:Government
- Slovak terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
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