-ka
Basque
editSuffix
edit-ka
- Used to form adverbs from nouns.
- looking for
- divided in, distributed in
Derived terms
editCurripaco
editSuffix
edit-ka
- progressive tense marker
- nuiraka : I am drinking
References
edit- Swintha Danielsen, Tania Granadillo, Agreement in two Arawak languages, in The Typology of Semantic Alignment (edited by Mark Donohue, Søren Wichmann) (2008, →ISBN), page 398
Czech
editEtymology
editInherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.
Suffix
edit-ka f (noun-forming suffix)
- appended to words to create a feminine version of a noun, especially a profession, origin, or proper name
Suffix
edit-ka f or m anim (noun-forming suffix)
- appended to words to create a diminutive form of a noun
Derived terms
editFurther reading
edit- -ka in Slovník afixů užívaných v češtině, 2017
Finnish
editEtymology
editFrom Proto-Finnic *-ka, from Proto-Uralic *-ka. Originally probably an emphatic particle.
Particle
edit-ka (front vowel harmony variant -kä, linguistic notation -kA) (enclitic particle)
- (non-productive) Used for emphasis or for prosodic purposes
Usage notes
edit- This suffix is no longer productive.
- In some words the suffix may appear as -kka; this is either due to the previous word incurring gemination, or from an earlier -hka (with a preceding -h-).
Derived terms
editHungarian
editEtymology
editFrom Proto-Finno-Ugric. Compare Finnish -kka.
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit-ka
- (diminutive suffix) Added to a word to express smallness, youth, unimportance, or endearment. When added to present participles, it can also express the instrument or place of the action indicated in the base word.
Usage notes
edit- (diminutive suffix) Variants:
- -ka is added to back-vowel words
- -ke is added to front-vowel words
Derived terms
editSee also
editIlocano
editEtymology
editFrom Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *ka.
Pronunciation
editPronoun
edit-ka
- Second-person absolutive enclitic personal pronoun; you
- Napankan? ― Did you go already?
- Estudianteka. ― You are a student.
- Fused enclitic with first-person singular agent and second-person singular patient; fuses -ko (“I, my”) and -ka (“you”)
- Ay-ayatenka. ― I love you.
- Estudianteka. ― You are my student.
See also
editPerson | Number | Absolutive | Ergative | Oblique | Possessive | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Disjunctive | Enclitic | Enclitic3 | bági form | kukua form | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
First | singular | siak | -ak | -ko, -k | kaniak | bagik | kukuak, kuak | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
dual | data, sita1 | -ta | kaniata, kadata | bagita | kukuata | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
plural inclusive | datayo, sitayo1 | -tayo, -tay | kaniatayo, kadatayo | bagitayo | kukuatayo | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
plural exclusive | dakami, sikami1 | -kami, -kam | -mi | kaniami, kadakami | bagimi | kukuami | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Second | singular | sika | -ka | -mo, -m | kaniam, kenka | bagim | kukuam | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
plural | dakayo, sikayo1 | -kayo, -kay | -yo | kaniayo, kadakayo | bagiyo | kukuayo | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Third | singular | isu, isuna | Ø2 | -na | kaniana, kenkuana | bagina | kukuana | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
plural | isuda | -da | kaniada, kadakuada | bagida | kukuada | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
1Regional variants. 2Null morpheme. There is no absolutive enclitic for the third person singular pronoun. The disjunctives isu or isuna may also be used. 3Ergative enclitics are also used as possessive markers. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Fused enclitics
|
Ingrian
editEtymology 1
editFrom Proto-Finnic *-ka. Cognates include Finnish -ka.
Pronunciation
editParticle
edit-ka (front-vowel variant -kä)
- Used to turn a clause interrogative.
- Used after negative verbs to join two verb clauses: neither, nor, and not
Usage notes
edit- In the interrogative function, when added to verbs, -ka is only used after the consonant -t. Otherwise, the reduced form -k or its alternative form -ko/-kö is used.
- In the joining function, an alternative -k is (rarely) also used.
Suffix
edit-ka (front vowel variant -kä)
- (unproductive) Used in some words to introduce an interrogative aspect.
- Proto-Finnic *mi- + -ka → mikä
- Proto-Finnic *ku- + -ka → kuka
- (unproductive) Used in some words to introduce a negative aspect.
Derived terms
editEtymology 2
editAkin to dialectal Finnish -kaa and Estonian -ga.
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit-ka (front vowel variant -kä)
- (chiefly Ala-Laukaa) Used to form the comitative case when added to a genitive of a noun.
References
edit- Ruben E. Nirvi (1971) Inkeroismurteiden Sanakirja, Helsinki: Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura, page 118
Japanese
editRomanization
edit-ka
Kambera
editPronoun
edit-ka
- first person singular accusative enclitic
Particle
edit-ka
- perfective aspect enclitic
See also
editLower Sorbian
editEtymology
editFrom Proto-Slavic *-ъka.
Suffix
edit-ka f
- added to masculine nouns to form a feminine
- added to feminine nouns to form a diminutive
Derived terms
editOld Polish
editEtymology
editInherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit-ka f
Derived terms
editSuffix
edit-ka n
Polish
editEtymology
editInherited from Old Polish -ka, from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit-ka f
- feminine noun suffix
- diminutive noun suffix
Declension
editDerived terms
editSuffix
edit-ka n
Further reading
edit- -ka in Polish dictionaries at PWN
Serbo-Croatian
editEtymology
editInherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.
Suffix
edit-ka (Cyrillic spelling -ка)
- Suffix appended to words to create a feminine noun, denoting a part, profession, feature, membership, origin, social status, complexion, proper name, abstract noun or animal's name.
See also
editSlovak
editEtymology
editInherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit-ka
- denotes that the word is a feminine version of the word it is appended to
- sometimes denotes a word as a diminutive
Declension
editDerived terms
editSlovincian
editEtymology
editInherited from Proto-Slavic *-ъka.
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit-ka f
- forms feminine nouns, sometimes diminutive in nature
Derived terms
editSomali
editArticle
edit-ka (feminine -ta)
- The masculine definite article; the
Usage notes
edit- This form is used after the consonants -b, -d, -f, -l, -n, -r, -s and -sh.
- After words ending in -g, -aa, -i, -y and -w, the form -ga is used.
References
edit- Puglielli, Annarita, Mansuur, Cabdalla Cumar (2012) “ka”, in Qaamuuska Af-Soomaliga[1], Rome: RomaTrE-Press, →ISBN
Swahili
editSuffix
edit-ka
- Alternative form of -ika used in some verbs ending in -ia, in all verbs ending in -e, in conversive verbs ending in -oa, or -ua, in all words ending in -i, and in nouns and adjectives ending in -u
Derived terms
editUpper Sorbian
editEtymology
editFrom Proto-Slavic *-ъka.
Suffix
edit-ka
- added to masculine nouns to form a feminine
- added to feminine nouns to form a diminutive
Derived terms
editVotic
editEtymology
editFrom kaaz, kaa. Compare Estonian -ga, Ingrian -ka.
Pronunciation
editSuffix
edit-ka
- Forms the comitative case to mean "with" (accompanying, implement, etc.); added to the genitive forms.
Usage notes
editThis suffix is not subject to vowel harmony.
Ye'kwana
editALIV | -ka |
---|---|
Brazilian standard | -ka |
New Tribes | -ca |
Pronunciation
editEtymology 1
editCognate to Kari'na ka (“to take away, to deprive of”, verb), Trió -ka (privative verbalizer).
Alternative forms
edit- -kkwa (allomorphs)
Suffix
edit-ka
- forms privative transitive verbs from nouns, with a meaning of ‘to deprive of X’, ‘to extract X from’, ‘to X away’: dis-, ex-
Usage notes
editThis suffix exists in related languages but is rare in spontaneous speech and possibly non-productive in Ye'kwana. When it does occur, it can trigger syllable reduction and in some cases become -kkwa.
Derived terms
editEtymology 2
editFrom Proto-Cariban *-ka (suffix forming allative postpositions).
Suffix
edit-ka
- forms allative or locative postpositions: to, at
Derived terms
editEtymology 3
editSuffix
edit-ka
- allomorph of -a (nonpast or past imperfective suffix) used for stems with a reducing final syllable that begins with k
References
edit- Cáceres, Natalia (2011) “-ka”, in Grammaire Fonctionnelle-Typologique du Ye’kwana[2], Lyon, page 148
- Douglas, Jordan A. G. (2019) A Formal and Semantic Reconstruction of Cariban Postpositions, page 34–36
- Basque lemmas
- Basque suffixes
- Curripaco lemmas
- Curripaco suffixes
- Czech terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Czech terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Czech lemmas
- Czech suffixes
- Czech noun-forming suffixes
- Czech feminine suffixes
- Czech masculine suffixes
- Czech suffixes with multiple genders
- Czech animate suffixes
- Finnish terms inherited from Proto-Finnic
- Finnish terms derived from Proto-Finnic
- Finnish terms inherited from Proto-Uralic
- Finnish terms derived from Proto-Uralic
- Finnish lemmas
- Finnish particles
- Finnish clitics
- Finnish coordinating conjunctions
- Hungarian terms derived from Proto-Finno-Ugric
- Hungarian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Rhymes:Hungarian/kɒ
- Rhymes:Hungarian/kɒ/1 syllable
- Hungarian lemmas
- Hungarian suffixes
- Hungarian diminutive suffixes
- Ilocano terms inherited from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
- Ilocano terms derived from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian
- Ilocano terms with IPA pronunciation
- Ilocano lemmas
- Ilocano pronouns
- Ilocano terms with usage examples
- Ingrian terms inherited from Proto-Finnic
- Ingrian terms derived from Proto-Finnic
- Ingrian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Ingrian lemmas
- Ingrian particles
- Ingrian clitics
- Ingrian suffixes
- Japanese non-lemma forms
- Japanese romanizations
- Kambera lemmas
- Kambera pronouns
- Kambera particles
- Kambera terms with usage examples
- Kambera pronominal clitics
- Lower Sorbian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Lower Sorbian terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Lower Sorbian lemmas
- Lower Sorbian suffixes
- Lower Sorbian diminutive suffixes
- Lower Sorbian noun-forming suffixes
- Lower Sorbian female equivalent suffixes
- Lower Sorbian feminine suffixes
- Old Polish terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Old Polish terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Old Polish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Old Polish lemmas
- Old Polish suffixes
- Old Polish feminine suffixes
- Old Polish non-lemma forms
- Old Polish suffix forms
- Polish terms inherited from Old Polish
- Polish terms derived from Old Polish
- Polish terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Polish terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Polish 1-syllable words
- Polish terms with IPA pronunciation
- Polish terms with audio links
- Rhymes:Polish/a
- Rhymes:Polish/a/1 syllable
- Polish lemmas
- Polish suffixes
- Polish diminutive suffixes
- Polish feminine suffixes
- Polish non-lemma forms
- Polish suffix forms
- Serbo-Croatian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Serbo-Croatian terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Serbo-Croatian lemmas
- Serbo-Croatian suffixes
- Slovak terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Slovak terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Slovak 1-syllable words
- Slovak terms with IPA pronunciation
- Slovak lemmas
- Slovak suffixes
- Slovak diminutive suffixes
- Slovincian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Slovincian terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Slovincian terms with IPA pronunciation
- Slovincian lemmas
- Slovincian suffixes
- Slovincian feminine suffixes
- Somali lemmas
- Somali articles
- Swahili lemmas
- Swahili suffixes
- Upper Sorbian terms inherited from Proto-Slavic
- Upper Sorbian terms derived from Proto-Slavic
- Upper Sorbian lemmas
- Upper Sorbian suffixes
- Upper Sorbian diminutive suffixes
- Votic terms with IPA pronunciation
- Votic lemmas
- Votic suffixes
- Ye'kwana terms with IPA pronunciation
- Ye'kwana lemmas
- Ye'kwana suffixes
- Ye'kwana terms inherited from Proto-Cariban
- Ye'kwana terms derived from Proto-Cariban