良
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Translingual
editStroke order | |||
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Han character
edit良 (Kangxi radical 138, 艮+1, 7 strokes, cangjie input 戈日女 (IAV), four-corner 30732, composition ⿱丶艮(GHT) or ⿱丨艮(JK) or ⿱一艮(V))
Derived characters
edit- 俍 哴 埌 娘 㟍 悢 𢭗 浪 狼 斏 㫰 朖 桹 㱢 烺 琅 䀶 硠 稂 𧚅 粮 羪 艆 蜋 誏 踉 躴 䡙 酿 鋃(锒) 𫝥 駺 䯖 𩷕(鿶) 郞 食 㝗 崀 莨 䆡 䍚 筤 飬 籑 㢃 㾗 閬(阆)
- 剆 㓪 朗 欴 郎 郒 飠
Descendants
editReferences
edit- Kangxi Dictionary: page 1013, character 23
- Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 30597
- Dae Jaweon: page 1472, character 16
- Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 3170, character 2
- Unihan data for U+826F
Chinese
editsimp. and trad. |
良 | |
---|---|---|
alternative forms |
Glyph origin
editHistorical forms of the character 良 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Shang | Western Zhou | Warring States | Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) | Liushutong (compiled in Ming) |
Oracle bone script | Bronze inscriptions | Chu slip and silk script | Small seal script | Transcribed ancient scripts |
Old Chinese | |
---|---|
剆 | *raːl, *raːlʔ |
郎 | *raːŋ |
稂 | *raːŋ |
桹 | *raːŋ |
鋃 | *raːŋ |
硠 | *raːŋ |
浪 | *raːŋ, *raːŋs |
蜋 | *raːŋ, *raŋ |
琅 | *raːŋ |
狼 | *raːŋ |
欴 | *raːŋ |
踉 | *raːŋ, *raŋ, *raŋs |
莨 | *raːŋ, *raːŋs |
艆 | *raːŋ |
駺 | *raːŋ |
躴 | *raːŋ |
筤 | *raːŋ |
閬 | *raːŋ, *raːŋs |
哴 | *raːŋ, *raŋs |
蓈 | *raːŋ |
廊 | *raːŋ |
榔 | *raːŋ, *raːŋʔ |
螂 | *raːŋ |
瑯 | *raːŋ |
朗 | *raːŋʔ |
朖 | *raːŋʔ |
誏 | *raːŋʔ |
俍 | *raːŋʔ |
崀 | *raːŋʔ |
埌 | *raːŋs |
蒗 | *raːŋs |
娘 | *naŋ |
良 | *raŋ |
粮 | *raŋ |
悢 | *raŋs |
Pictogram (象形) . Possibly depicts corridors and a room, in which case it would be the original form of 廊.
Etymology
editPossibly from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *l(j)a(k/ŋ) (“good, beautiful”).
Pronunciation 1
edit- Mandarin
- Cantonese
- Gan (Wiktionary): liong4
- Hakka
- Jin (Wiktionary): lion1
- Northern Min (KCR): liǒng
- Eastern Min (BUC): luòng
- Southern Min
- Wu (Shanghai, Wugniu): 6lian
- Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): lian2
- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄤˊ
- Tongyong Pinyin: liáng
- Wade–Giles: liang2
- Yale: lyáng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: liang
- Palladius: лян (ljan)
- Sinological IPA (key): /li̯ɑŋ³⁵/
- (Dungan)
- Cyrillic and Wiktionary: лён (li͡on, I)
- Sinological IPA (key): /liɑŋ²⁴/
- (Note: Dungan pronunciation is currently experimental and may be inaccurate.)
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: loeng4
- Yale: lèuhng
- Cantonese Pinyin: loeng4
- Guangdong Romanization: lêng4
- Sinological IPA (key): /lœːŋ²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
- Wiktionary: liang3
- Sinological IPA (key): /liaŋ²²/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Gan
- (Nanchang)
- Wiktionary: liong4
- Sinological IPA (key): /liɔŋ³⁵/
- (Nanchang)
- Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: liòng
- Hakka Romanization System: liongˇ
- Hagfa Pinyim: liong2
- Sinological IPA: /li̯oŋ¹¹/
- (Meixian)
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
- Jin
- (Taiyuan)+
- Wiktionary: lion1
- Sinological IPA (old-style): /liɒ̃¹¹/
- (Taiyuan)+
- Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
- Kienning Colloquial Romanized: liǒng
- Sinological IPA (key): /liɔŋ²¹/
- (Jian'ou)
- Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
- Bàng-uâ-cê: luòng
- Sinological IPA (key): /l̃uoŋ⁵³/
- (Fuzhou)
- Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Jinjiang, General Taiwanese)
- (Hokkien: variant in Taiwan, Zhangzhou)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: liâng
- Tâi-lô: liâng
- Phofsit Daibuun: liaang
- IPA (Kaohsiung): /liaŋ²³/
- IPA (Zhangzhou): /liaŋ¹³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, Xiamen)
- Pe̍h-ōe-jī: niû
- Tâi-lô: niû
- Phofsit Daibuun: niuu
- IPA (Quanzhou, Xiamen): /niũ²⁴/
Note:
- liông/liâng - literary;
- niû - vernacular.
- Middle Chinese: ljang
- Old Chinese
- (Baxter–Sagart): /*[r]aŋ/
- (Zhengzhang): /*raŋ/
Definitions
edit良
- good; fine; well
- good; virtuous; respectable
- good person; virtuous person
- (literary) innate; inherent; natural
- very; very much; quite
- (literary) really; certainly; surely
- (obsolete) term of address used by a woman for her husband
- a surname: Liang
- (Catholicism) Leo (papal name)
Synonyms
edit- (good, fine):
- (very):
- 不要太 (bùyàotài) (slang)
- 十分 (shífēn)
- 危險/危险 (Wu)
- 壞/坏 (huài)
- 孔 (kǒng) (literary, or in compounds)
- 很 (hěn)
- 極其/极其 (jíqí)
- 極度/极度 (jídù)
- 極為/极为 (jíwéi)
- 極端/极端 (jíduān)
- 滾/滚 (gǔn) (literary, or in compounds)
- 異常/异常 (yìcháng)
- 老大 (lǎodà) (colloquial, usually in the negative)
- 超 (chāo)
- 非常 (fēicháng)
- 頗/颇 (pō) (literary)
- 頗為/颇为 (pōwéi) (literary)
Compounds
edit- 不良 (bùliáng)
- 不良之心
- 不良事濟/不良事济
- 不良人 (bùliángrén)
- 不良分子
- 不良導體/不良导体
- 不良少年 (bùliáng shàonián)
- 不良帥/不良帅
- 不良才
- 不良會/不良会
- 不良適應/不良适应
- 乘堅驅良/乘坚驱良
- 乞留乞良
- 優良/优良 (yōuliáng)
- 兀良
- 功同良相
- 勿失良機/勿失良机
- 吉日良辰
- 吐良
- 品種改良/品种改良
- 喪盡天良/丧尽天良 (sàngjìntiānliáng)
- 善良 (shànliáng)
- 坐失良機/坐失良机
- 壓良為賤/压良为贱
- 天付良緣/天付良缘
- 天假良緣/天假良缘
- 天地良心
- 天理良心
- 天良 (tiānliáng)
- 奧爾良/奥尔良 (Ào'ěrliáng)
- 孟良盜馬/孟良盗马
- 安良
- 將遇良才/将遇良才
- 居心不良 (jūxīnbùliáng)
- 廣結良緣/广结良缘
- 張良借箸/张良借箸
- 張良擇留/张良择留
- 從良/从良 (cóngliáng)
- 循良
- 忠孝賢良/忠孝贤良
- 忠良 (zhōngliáng)
- 憑良心說/凭良心说
- 改良 (gǎiliáng)
- 放良
- 放良書/放良书
- 新奧爾良/新奥尔良 (Xīn-Ào'ěrliáng)
- 明良
- 昧良心
- 有良心
- 沒良心/没良心 (méiliángxīn)
- 消化不良 (xiāohuà bùliáng)
- 淳良
- 溫良/温良 (wēnliáng)
- 滅良心/灭良心
- 無印良品/无印良品
- 營養不良/营养不良 (yíngyǎng bùliáng)
- 狄良突盧/狄良突卢
- 獲益良多/获益良多 (huòyìliángduō)
- 用心良苦
- 百夫良
- 萬杞良/万杞良
- 秦良玉
- 精良 (jīngliáng)
- 精金良玉
- 素絲良馬/素丝良马
- 純良/纯良 (chúnliáng)
- 素行不良
- 美景良辰
- 良久 (liángjiǔ)
- 良人 (liángrén)
- 良伴 (liángbàn)
- 良儔/良俦
- 良兵
- 良冶
- 良匠 (liángjiàng)
- 良友 (liángyǒu)
- 良史 (liángshǐ)
- 良善 (liángshàn)
- 良圖/良图
- 良士 (liángshì)
- 良多 (liángduō)
- 良夜 (liángyè)
- 良好 (liánghǎo)
- 良媒
- 良家 (liángjiā)
- 良宵 (liángxiāo)
- 良家女子
- 良家婦女/良家妇女
- 良家子
- 良家子弟
- 良宵美景
- 良將/良将 (liángjiàng)
- 良將賢相/良将贤相
- 良工
- 良工心苦
- 良師/良师 (liángshī)
- 良師益友/良师益友 (liángshīyìyǒu)
- 良庖
- 良弓
- 良弼
- 良心 (liángxīn)
- 良心不安
- 良心未泯
- 良心發現/良心发现
- 良心話/良心话
- 良性 (liángxìng)
- 良性瘤
- 良性競爭/良性竞争
- 良性腫瘤/良性肿瘤 (liángxìng zhǒngliú)
- 良方 (liángfāng)
- 良日
- 良時/良时
- 良時美景/良时美景
- 良月 (Liángyuè)
- 良朋 (liángpéng)
- 良朋益友
- 良材
- 良機/良机 (liángjī)
- 良民 (liángmín)
- 良深
- 良玉精金
- 良田 (liángtián)
- 良田美地
- 良相
- 良知 (liángzhī)
- 良知良能
- 良禽擇木/良禽择木 (liángqínzémù)
- 良種/良种 (liángzhǒng)
- 良窳
- 良策 (liángcè)
- 良緣/良缘 (liángyuán)
- 良耜
- 良能
- 良臣 (liángchén)
- 良莠不一
- 良莠不分
- 良莠不齊/良莠不齐 (liángyǒubùqí)
- 良莠淆雜/良莠淆杂
- 良藥/良药 (liángyào)
- 良藥苦口/良药苦口 (liángyàokǔkǒu)
- 良言 (liángyán)
- 良謀/良谋 (liángmóu)
- 良貴/良贵
- 良質/良质
- 良賤/良贱 (liángjiàn)
- 良質米/良质米
- 良質美手/良质美手
- 良辰 (liángchén)
- 良辰吉日 (liángchénjírì)
- 良辰媚景
- 良辰美景 (liángchénměijǐng)
- 良造
- 良遊/良游
- 良遇
- 良醞/良酝
- 良醞可戀/良酝可恋
- 良醫/良医
- 良金美玉
- 良馬/良马 (liángmǎ)
- 良駒/良驹 (liángjū)
- 誣良為盜/诬良为盗
- 賢妻良母/贤妻良母 (xiánqīliángmǔ)
- 賢良/贤良
- 賣良姜/卖良姜
- 賢良方正/贤良方正
- 迫良為娼/迫良为娼
- 逼良為娼/逼良为娼 (bīliángwéichāng)
- 金玉良言 (jīnyùliángyán)
- 金石良言 (jīnshíliángyán)
- 錯失良機/错失良机
- 除暴安良 (chúbào'ānliáng)
- 馬良/马良 (Mǎliáng)
- 馬良白眉/马良白眉
- 馴良/驯良 (xùnliáng)
- 駿良/骏良
- 黃道良辰/黄道良辰
Pronunciation 2
edit- Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Hanyu Pinyin:
- Zhuyin: ㄌㄧㄤˇ
- Tongyong Pinyin: liǎng
- Wade–Giles: liang3
- Yale: lyǎng
- Gwoyeu Romatzyh: leang
- Palladius: лян (ljan)
- Sinological IPA (key): /li̯ɑŋ²¹⁴/
- (Standard Chinese)+
- Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
- Jyutping: loeng5
- Yale: léuhng
- Cantonese Pinyin: loeng5
- Guangdong Romanization: lêng5
- Sinological IPA (key): /lœːŋ¹³/
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
Definitions
edit良
References
edit- (Min Nan) “Query for 良”, in 臺灣閩南語常用詞辭典 [Dictionary of Frequently-Used Taiwan Minnan] (overall work in Hokkien and Mandarin), Ministry of Education, R.O.C., 2023.
- “良”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)[1], 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–
Japanese
editKanji
edit良
Readings
edit- Go-on: ろう (rō)←らう (rau, historical)
- Kan-on: りょう (ryō, Jōyō)←りやう (ryau, historical)
- Kun: よい (yoi, 良い, Jōyō); いい (ii, 良い)
- Nanori: じ (ji); つかさ (tsukasa); なが (naga); まこと (makoto); よし (yoshi); ら (ra); りょ (ryo)
Compounds
edit- 良い (yoi), 良い (ii, “good, beneficial”)
- 良さ (yosa, “merit, virtue”)
- 良く (yoku, “well, much”)
- 良好 (ryōkō, “good, fine”)
- 良質 (ryōshitsu, “good quality”)
- 良否 (ryōhi, “quality”)
- 良心 (ryōshin, “conscience”)
- 良識 (ryōshiki, “good sense”)
- 良い男 (yoi otoko, “handsome man”)
- 良導体 (ryōdōtai, “good conductor”)
- 良い天気 (yoi tenki, “fair weather”)
- 良かったら (yokattara, “if you like”)
- 最良 (sairyō, “best, ideal”)
- 優良 (yūryō, “superior, excellent”)
- 改良 (kairyō, “improvement, reform”)
- 不良 (furyō, “badness, delinquency”)
- 善良 (zenryō, “goodness, excellence”)
- 野良 (nora, “the fields”)
- 純良品 (junryōbin, “genuine article”)
- 仲良し (nakayoshi, “intimacy, bosom buddy”)
- 読み良い (yomiyoi, “easy to read”)
- 気分が良い (kibun ga yoi, “feel good”)
- 健康に良い (kenkō ni yoi, “be good for the health”)
- 丁度良い時に (chōdo yoi toki ni, “none too soon”)
Etymology
editKanji in this term |
---|
良 |
りょう Grade: 4 |
kan'on |
Noun
editProper noun
edit- a male given name
Korean
editEtymology
editFrom Middle Chinese 良 (MC ljang).
Historical Readings | ||
---|---|---|
Dongguk Jeongun Reading | ||
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448 | 랴ᇰ (Yale: lyàng) | |
Middle Korean | ||
Text | Eumhun | |
Gloss (hun) | Reading | |
Gwangju Cheonjamun, 1575 | 알 (Yale: al) | 량 (Yale: lyang) |
Sinjeung Yuhap, 1576 | 어딜 (Yale: etil) | 량 (Yale: lyang) |
Seokbong Cheonjamun, 1583 | 어딜 (Yale: etil) | 냥 (Yale: nyang) |
Pronunciation
edit- (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [ja̠ŋ] ~ [ɾja̠ŋ]
- Phonetic hangul: [양/량]
Hanja
edit良 (eumhun 어질 량 (eojil ryang), word-initial (South Korea) 어질 양 (eojil yang))
Compounds
editOld Korean
editEtymology 1
editPhonogram
edit良 (*a)
- A syllabic phonogram denoting the syllable *a (generally not word-initial)
Etymology 2
editSuffix
edit良 (*-a)
- The verbal and adjectival infinitive suffix.
Descendants
editEtymology 3
editParticle
edit良 (*-a)
- in; at; on; locative case marker, attested primarily in hyangga poems
- c. 750, 月明師 (Wolmyeongsa), “祭亡妹歌 (Jemangmae-ga)”, in 三國遺事 (Samguk Yusa) [Memorabilia of the Three Kingdoms]:
- 一等隱枝良出古
- *HAton KACI-a NA-kwo
- even though they sprout on a single branch
Usage notes
edit- First-millennium Old Korean also featured the locative particle 中 (*-kuy). The two particles were compounded as 良中 (*-a-kuy) as early as the seventh century. The compounded form becomes predominant in the corpus after the eleventh century, after which 良 (*-a) in isolation is not encountered. The compounded form eventually fused into a single morpheme, becoming the Middle Korean locative particle 에〮/애〮 (-éy/áy).
- After the fourteenth century, Korean scribes occasionally reused the character 良 to write 에〮/애〮 (-éy/áy). This is a feature of Middle Korean writing, not Old Korean.
Descendants
editSee also
edit- 中 (*-kuy) (locative case marker)
- 矣 (*-uy) (locative case marker)
- 良中 (*-akuy) (locative case marker predominant after the eleventh century)
References
edit- 배대은 (Bae Dae-eun) (1996) “이두 처격조사의 통시적 고찰 [Idu cheogyeok josa-ui tongsijeok gochal, A diachronic study of locative case markers in Idu]”, in Baedalmal, volume 21, pages 139–156
- 이승재 (Lee Seung-jae) (2000) “차자표기 자료의 격조사 연구 [Chaja pyogi jaryo-ui gyeokjosa yeon'gu, Study of case markers in the Chinese-based orthography [of Korean]]”, in Gugeo Gukmunhak, volume 127, pages 107–132
- Hwang Seon-yeop (2006). "Godae gugeo-ui cheogyeok josa" 고대국어의 처격조사] ["The locative case markers of Old Korean"]. Hanmal Yeon'gu Hakhoe Jeon'guk Haksul Daehoe (conference). Seongnam, South Korea. pp. 35–48.
- Nam Pung-hyun (2012) “Old Korean”, in Tranter, Nicolas, editor, The Languages of Japan and Korea, Routledge, →ISBN, pages 41–72
Vietnamese
editHan character
edit- This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text
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- Northern Min proper nouns
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- Hokkien proper nouns
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- Chinese terms with IPA pronunciation
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- Japanese kanji with historical goon reading らう
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- Japanese kanji with kun reading よ・い
- Japanese kanji with kun reading い・い
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading じ
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading つかさ
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading なが
- Japanese kanji with nanori reading まこと
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