罅

Translingual

Han character

罅 (Kangxi radical 121, 缶+11, 17 strokes, cangjie input 人山卜心木 (OUYPD), four-corner 8174₉, composition ⿰缶虖)

Derived characters

嚹

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 945, character 47
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 28169
Dae Jaweon: page 1386, character 20
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 5, page 2938, character 16
Unihan data for U+7F45

Chinese

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 罅
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)
Small seal script

Characters in the same phonetic series (乎) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
罅	*qʰraːs
呼	*qʰaː
軤	*qʰaː
苸	*qʰaː
嘑	*qʰaː
歑	*qʰaː
謼	qʰaː, qʰaːs
滹	*qʰaː
乎	*ɢaː
虖	qʰaː, qʰʷa, qʰaː, qʰʷa
嫭	*ɢaːs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qʰraːs) : phonetic 虖 (OC *qʰaː, *qʰʷa, *qʰaː, *qʰʷa) + semantic 缶 (“pot”)

Etymology 1

trad.		罅
simp. ^#		罅
alternative forms		㙤鏬𡨄

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “are the Cantonese and Hakka readings related?”)

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): xià (xia⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄚˋ
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): laa³

(Taishan, Wiktionary): la⁴
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): la

(Meixian, Guangdong): la⁴
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): hà / hèe

(Teochew, Peng'im): hia³

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: xià
  - Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄚˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: sià
  - Wade–Giles: hsia⁴
  - Yale: syà
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiah
  - Palladius: ся (sja)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯ä⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)
  - Jyutping: laa³
  - Yale: la
  - Cantonese Pinyin: laa³
  - Guangdong Romanization: la³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /laː³³/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: la⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /la²¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: la
  - Hakka Romanization System: la
  - Hagfa Pinyim: la⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /la⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: la⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /la⁵³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hà
  - Tâi-lô: hà
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hax
  - IPA (Taipei): /ha¹¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ha⁴¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Kaohsiung): /ha²¹/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hèe
  - Tâi-lô: hèe
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /hɛ²¹/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: hia³
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hià
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hia²¹³/

Middle Chinese: xaeH

Rime
Character	罅
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	曉 (32)
Final (韻)	麻 (98)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	呼訝切
Baxter	xaeH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/hˠa^H/
Pan Wuyun	/hᵚa^H/
Shao Rongfen	/xa^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/haɨ^H/
Li Rong	/xa^H/
Wang Li	/xa^H/
Bernhard Karlgren	/xa^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xià
Expected Cantonese Reflex	haa³

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*qʰraːs/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	罅
Reading #	1/1
No.	5180
Phonetic component	乎
Rime group	魚
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	嚇
Old Chinese	/*qʰraːs/

Definitions

罅

crack; gap; rift; split (Classifier: 條／条 c)

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 縫 (“gap; crack”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		縫, 罅隙
Northeastern Mandarin	Beijing	縫兒
Northeastern Mandarin	Harbin	縫子
Jilu Mandarin	Jinan	縫兒
Central Plains Mandarin	Luoyang	縫兒
	Wanrong	縫兒
	Xi'an	縫子
	Xuzhou	縫子, 縫兒
Southwestern Mandarin	Chengdu	縫縫
Southwestern Mandarin	Wuhan	縫縫, 縫
Jianghuai Mandarin	Yangzhou	縫
Jianghuai Mandarin	Hefei	縫
Cantonese	Guangzhou	罅
	Hong Kong	罅
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou)	罅
	Macau	罅
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	罅
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	罅
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	罅
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	罅
	Foshan	罅
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	罅
	Foshan (Shunde)	罅
	Foshan (Sanshui)	罅
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	罅
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	罅
	Zhuhai (Qianshan, Xiangzhou)	罅
	Zhuhai (Shangheng, Doumen; Tanka)	罅
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	裂
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	裂
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	罅
	Taishan	罅
	Kaiping (Chikan)	罅
	Enping (Niujiang)	罅
	Heshan (Yayao)	罅
	Dongguan	罅
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	罅
	Yangjiang	罅
Gan	Nanchang	縫
Hakka	Meixian	必罅, 縫
	Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua)	罅
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	罅
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	罅
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	罅
	Guangzhou (Lütian, Conghua)	裂
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	縫仔, 罅
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	縫仔, 罅
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	縫仔, 罅
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	縫, 罅
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	縫仔, 縫, 罅
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	縫
Jin	Taiyuan	縫兒, 縫縫
Northern Min	Jian'ou	縫
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	縫縫
Southern Min	Xiamen	縫
	Chaozhou	縫
	Leizhou	縫
Zhongshan Min	Zhongshan (Longdu, Shaxi)	罅
Wu	Shanghai	縫, 縫縫
	Suzhou	縫縫, 縫
	Wenzhou	縫
	Jinhua	縫
Xiang	Changsha	縫
Xiang	Shuangfeng	罅

Compounds

Etymology 2

trad.		罅
simp. ^#		罅

Cognate with Teochew 𤰉 (la6).

Pronunciation

Hakka (Sixian, PFS): la

Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Neipu)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: la
  - Hakka Romanization System: la
  - Hagfa Pinyim: la⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /la⁵⁵/

Definitions

罅

(Hakka) enough
- 2008, 陳逸豪 (lyrics and music), “天阿爸个心”, in 陳建中, transl., 不同凡響的頌讚‎^[1], performed by 客家聖樂團:
  
  試鍊中𥘹愛賜畀𠊎罅用个恩典 [Sixian Hakka, trad.]
  试炼中𥘹爱赐畀𠊎罅用个恩典 [Sixian Hakka, simp.]
  chhṳ-lien chûng Kì oi su pûn ngài la yung ke ên-tién [Pha̍k-fa-sṳ]
  (please add an English translation of this quotation)

Etymology 3

trad.		罅
simp. ^#		罅
alternative forms		痚

Pronunciation

Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): heⁿ / he / hee

Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, variant in Taiwan)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: heⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: henn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hvef
  - IPA (Xiamen, Kaohsiung): /hẽ⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Taipei): /hẽ⁴⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /hẽ³³/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: he
  - Tâi-lô: he
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hef
  - IPA (Xiamen, Taipei, Kaohsiung): /he⁴⁴/
- (Hokkien: Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hee
  - Tâi-lô: hee
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /hɛ⁴⁴/

Definitions

罅

Only used in 含罅.

Japanese

Kanji

罅

(Hyōgai kanji)

Readings

Go-on: け (ke)
Kan-on: か (ka)
Kun: ひび (hibi, 罅)、はぜる (hazeru, 罅ぜる)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
罅
ひび Hyōgai
kun'yomi

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) ひび [hìbíꜜ] (Odaka – [2])^[1]^[2]^[3]
IPA^(key): [çibʲi]

Noun

罅(ひび) or 罅(ヒビ) • (hibi)

crack
家(いえ)の壁(かべ)にひびが入(はい)る
ie no kabe ni hibi ga hairu
the walls of the houses have cracks

References

^ Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN
^ NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

罅 • (ha) (hangeul 하, revised ha, McCune–Reischauer ha, Yale ha)

crack, fissure, split

[DJR-1] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 (in Japanese), Third edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[SMK5-2] Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tokyo: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-3] NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 (in Japanese), Tokyo: NHK Publishing, Inc., →ISBN

[1]

[2]

[3]