In New Zealand politics, waka-jumping[a] is a colloquial term for when a member of Parliament (MP) either switches political party between elections (taking their parliamentary seat with them and potentially upsetting electoral proportionality in the New Zealand Parliament) or when a list MP's party membership ceases.[2]
In 2001, legislation was enacted that required MPs to leave Parliament if they left their party; this law expired after the 2005 election. In 2018 a similar law was passed which requires a defecting MP to give up their seat on the request of their former party leader. Electorate MPs may re-contest their seat in a by-election, whereas list MPs are replaced by the next available person on the party list.
A 2013 Fairfax-Ipsos poll found that 76% of those surveyed oppose MPs staying in Parliament if they leave their party.[3]
Legislation
editThe implementation of the mixed-member proportional (MMP) electoral system after a referendum in 1993 led to a series of defections and re-alignments as the former two-party system adjusted to the change. This led to the rise and fall of a number of political parties in New Zealand, including the creation of New Zealand First and ACT. The new political climate tended to favour the establishment of new political parties since in former times, dissidents had often simply become independent MPs.[citation needed] In the two previous parliaments before the 2001 act had been passed, 22 MPs defected.[4]
Electoral (Integrity) Amendment Act 2001
editThe frequency of waka-jumping made New Zealand enact the Electoral (Integrity) Amendment Act 2001, which had been introduced by Labour Party associate justice minister Margaret Wilson in 1999 but had been promoted by Labour's coalition partner Alliance ahead of that year's general election. The act expired at the 2005 election, when the sunset clause came into effect. It required MPs who had entered Parliament via a party list to resign from Parliament if they left that party's parliamentary caucus.[5]
However, parties were still able to find ways around this law. When the Alliance split in 2002 over how to respond to the invasion of Afghanistan, Jim Anderton nominally remained the leader of the Alliance inside Parliament while he campaigned outside Parliament as the leader of the newly-founded Progressive Party.[6] The resulting uncertainty around the Alliance’s position contributed to Prime Minister Helen Clark's decision to call an early general election in 2002.[7] While the law was in force, it was used once to expel a list MP from Parliament (an electorate MP who changed parties could still fight a by-election, as Tariana Turia did[8]).
In December 2003, the ACT Party caucus voted to expel Donna Awatere Huata, an ACT list MP who became an independent after she had been charged with fraud.[9] The expulsion became the subject of litigation, and Awatere Huata was not expelled from Parliament until a Supreme Court decision handed down in November 2004.[10] A proposed bill to replace the act in 2005 failed.[11]
Electoral (Integrity) Amendment Act 2018 and repeal attempt
editThe Electoral (Integrity) Amendment Act 2018 received Royal Assent on 3 October 2018 and entered into force in New Zealand the next day.[12] The provisions on waka-jumping now appear as section 55A of the Electoral Act 1993.[13] Under those provisions, members of Parliament who choose to leave their party or are expelled from their party are also expelled from Parliament if the leader of the party under which they were elected issues appropriate notice to the Speaker that the MP should be expelled, with the seat becoming vacant.[14][15] Unlike the 2001 act, the 2018 act did not have a sunset clause and so remains in force until it is deliberately repealed. The act was passed as part of the coalition agreement between New Zealand First and the Labour Party and supported through Parliament "begrudgingly" by the Green Party under the terms of its own confidence-and-supply agreement with Labour.[14][16]
A member's bill in the name of National Party MP David Carter with the intent of repealing the Electoral (Integrity) Amendment Act 2018 was introduced into Parliament in July 2020.[17] The Green Party defied other government parties to support the repeal bill, with the first reading in Parliament passing by 64 to 55 votes.[18] Carter's Electoral (Integrity Repeal) Amendment Bill was then referred to the justice select committee.[19] After the 2020 New Zealand general election, the bill's second reading was held on 12 May and 14 June 2021, and the Labour Party used its majority of 65 seats to block its passage.[20]
List of MPs who left their party
editBelow is a list of members who left their party while in parliament. With the introduction of MMP came list MPs, and the potential for a member to be brought into parliament without being voted upon directly.
Since MMP
edit- 1.^ After becoming an independent politician, Peters successfully contested a by-election in his Tauranga electorate.
- 2.^ After switching to the Maori Party, Turia had to contest a by-election, in line with the ban on waka-jumping then in force. She won the resulting contest in Te Tai Hauauru.
- 3.^ After crossing to the Mana Movement, Harawira successfully contested a by-election in his constituency of Te Tai Tokerau.
Before MMP
editMPs elected to parliament before the introduction of mixed-member proportional representation in 1996:[25]
See also
edit- Aaya Ram Gaya Ram
- Anti-defection law (India)
- Crossing the floor (United Kingdom)
- Floor crossing (South Africa)
- Frog (Malaysian politics) for a similar concept in Malaysia
- Trasformismo for a similar concept in Italy
Notes
edit- ^ Waka is the Māori language word for various types of large canoe.[1] Hence, "waka-jumping" refers to the seafaring term "jump ship" – to leave a ship's crew abruptly and against the terms of a fixed-term contract (or naval enlistment).
References
edit- ^ "waka". Māori Dictionary. Te Aka Māori Dictionary. Retrieved 1 November 2022.
- ^ "Maori Party vote vital to save 'waka-jumping act'". The New Zealand Herald. 23 October 2005. Archived from the original on 20 November 2018. Retrieved 5 December 2011.
- ^ Rutherford, Hamish (31 May 2013). "Majority oppose 'waka jumping'". Stuff NZ.
- ^ "Electoral (Integrity) Amendment Bill — First Reading". New Zealand Parliament. 6 December 2005. Archived from the original on 17 February 2019.
- ^ Electoral (Integrity) Amendment Act 2001 (PDF) (105). 21 December 2001.
- ^ Geddis, Andrew (2002). "Party-hopping". New Zealand Law Journal: 137–138.
- ^ Martin, John (2004). The House: New Zealand's House of Representatives, 1854–2004. Palmerston North: Dunmore Press. p. 330. ISBN 0-86469-463-6.
- ^ Geddis, Andrew (11 January 2018). "Who controls the past now, controls the future". Pundit. Archived from the original on 15 February 2021. Retrieved 27 May 2017.
- ^ "ACT Caucus Votes to Expel Donna Awatere Huata" (Press release). ACT New Zealand. Scoop. 16 December 2003. Archived from the original on 16 November 2018. Retrieved 27 May 2018.
- ^ Taylor, Kevin (19 November 2004). "Awatere facing expulsion from Parliament after court decision". The New Zealand Herald. Archived from the original on 15 June 2018. Retrieved 27 May 2018.
- ^ "Electoral (Integrity) Amendment Bill 3-1 (2005), Government Bill". New Zealand Legislation. Parliamentary Counsel Office. Archived from the original on 11 November 2020. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
- ^ "New Zealand Acts: Electoral (Integrity) Amendment Act 2018". New Zealand Legal Information Institute. Archived from the original on 30 June 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
- ^ "New Zealand Legislation: Electoral Act 1993". New Zealand Legislation. Parliamentary Counsel Office. Archived from the original on 18 May 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
- ^ a b Craig McCulloch (27 September 2018). "Waka-jumping bill passes into law after heated debate". Radio New Zealand. Archived from the original on 25 November 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
- ^ Zane Small (2 July 2020). "National Party 'prepared to work with the Greens' to repeal 'waka-jumping' legislation". Newshub. Archived from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
- ^ "Waka jumping bill finally passes, with begrudging support of Green Party". Stuff. 27 September 2018. Archived from the original on 16 March 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
- ^ "Members' bills: Defying sad odds". Radio New Zealand. 2 July 2020. Archived from the original on 22 October 2020. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
- ^ "Dead rat spat back up: Green Party vote to repeal waka jumping law with National, infuriating Winston Peters". Stuff. 29 July 2020. Archived from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
- ^ "Electoral (Integrity Repeal) Amendment Bill — First Reading". New Zealand Parliament. 29 July 2020. Archived from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
- ^ "Electoral (Integrity Repeal) Amendment Bill — Second Reading". New Zealand Parliament. 9 June 2021. Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 14 June 2021.
- ^ Boston; et al. (1996). New Zealand Under MMP: A New Politics?. Auckland: Auckland University Press. p. 51. ISBN 1869401387.
- ^ Ensor, Jamie. "Meka Whaitiri: Te Pāti Māori to make announcement". Newshub. Retrieved 2 May 2023.
- ^ Lynch, Jenna. "Elizabeth Kerekere resigns from the Green Party; to sit as an Independent MP". Newshub. Retrieved 7 May 2023.
- ^ Gunson, Isaac. "Darleen Tana resigns from Green Party, asked to resign as MP too". Te Ao Māori News. Retrieved 28 July 2024.
- ^ Johns, Geraldine (16 August 1991). "Few go alone and survive". The New Zealand Herald. p. 9.