Tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) is an organic compound with the chemical formula (N≡C−)2C=C6H4=C(−C≡N)2. It is an orange crystalline solid. This cyanocarbon, a relative of para-quinone, is an electron acceptor that is used to prepare charge transfer salts, which are of interest in molecular electronics.
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 Sample of TCNQ
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| Names | |||
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| Preferred IUPAC name
2,2′-(Cyclohexa-2,5-diene-1,4-diylidene)dipropanedinitrile | |||
| Other names
(2,5-Cyclohexadiene-1,4-diylidene)
-dimalononitrile, 7,7,8,8-Tetracyanoquinodimethane | |||
| Identifiers | |||
3D model (JSmol)
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| ChEBI | |||
| ChemSpider | |||
| ECHA InfoCard | 100.014.704 | ||
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PubChem CID
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| UNII | |||
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
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| Properties | |||
| C12H4N4 | |||
| Molar mass | 204.192 g·mol−1 | ||
| Appearance | green colored powder or orange crystals | ||
| Melting point | 293.5 to 296 °C (560.3 to 564.8 °F; 566.6 to 569.1 K) | ||
| Boiling point | Sublimes | ||
| Hazards | |||
| GHS labelling:[1] | |||
 
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| Danger | |||
| H302, H311, H312, H331 | |||
| P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P301+P310, P301+P312, P302+P352, P304+P312, P304+P340, P311, P312, P321, P322, P330, P361, P363, P403+P233, P405, P501 | |||
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Preparation and structure
editTCNQ is prepared by the condensation of 1,4-cyclohexanedione with malononitrile, followed by dehydrogenation of the resulting diene with bromine:[2]
- C6H8O2 + 2 CH2(CN)2 → C6H8(C(CN)2)2 + 2 H2O
- C6H8(C(CN)2)2 + 2 Br2 → C6H4(C(CN)2)2 + 4 HBr
Reactions
editLike tetracyanoethylene (TCNE), TCNQ is easily reduced to give a blue-coloured radical anion. The reduction potential is about −0.3 V relative to the ferrocene/ferrocenium couple. This property is exploited in the development of charge-transfer salts. TCNQ also forms complexes with electron-rich metal complexes.[clarification needed][4]
Charge transfer salts
editTCNQ achieved great attention because it forms charge-transfer salts with high electrical conductivity. These discoveries were influential in the development of organic electronics. Illustrative is the product from treatment of TCNQ with the electron donor tetrathiafulvene (TTF), TCNQ forms an ion pair, the TTF-TCNQ complex, in which TCNQ is the acceptor. This salt crystallizes in a one-dimensionally stacked polymer, consisting of segregated stacks of cations and anions of the donors and the acceptors, respectively. The complex crystal is an organic semiconductor that exhibits metallic electric conductivity.[5]
Related compounds
edit- Tetracyanoethylene, another cyanocarbon that functions as an electron acceptor.
- Tetrathiafulvalene, another organic compound that functions as an electron donor.
References
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- ^ "7,7,8,8-Tetracyanoquinodimethane". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Retrieved 16 December 2021.
- ^ Acker, Donald S.; Hertler, Walter R. (1962). "Substituted Quinodimethans. I. Preparation and Chemistry of 7,7,8,8-Tetracyanoquinodimethan". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 84 (17): 3370. doi:10.1021/ja00876a028.
- ^ Long, Robert E.; Sparks, Robert A.; Trueblood, Kenneth N. (1965). "The crystal and molecular structure of 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane". Acta Crystallographica. 18 (5): 932. Bibcode:1965AcCry..18..932L. doi:10.1107/S0365110X65002256.
- ^ Kaim, Wolfgang; Moscherosch, Michael (1994). "The coordination chemistry of TCNE, TCNQ and related polynitrile π acceptors". Coordination Chemistry Reviews. 129 (1–2): 157–193. doi:10.1016/0010-8545(94)85020-8.
- ^ Torrance, Jerry B. (1979). "The difference between metallic and insulating salts of tetracyanoquinodimethone (TCNQ): how to design an organic metal". Accounts of Chemical Research. 12 (3): 79–86. doi:10.1021/ar50135a001.