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John Holt (Lord Chief Justice)

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Sir John Holt (23 December 1642 – 5 March 1710) was an English lawyer who served as Lord Chief Justice of England from 17 April 1689 to his death. He is frequently credited with playing a major role in ending the prosecution of witches in English law.

The Right Honourable
Sir John Holt
Portrait by Richard van Bleeck, c. 1700
Born(1642-12-23)23 December 1642
Abingdon-on-Thames
Died5 March 1710(1710-03-05) (aged 67)
London
Monument to Sir John Holt in Redgrave Church, Suffolk

Biography

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Holt was born in Abingdon in Berkshire (now Oxfordshire), the son of Sir Thomas Holt, MP for that town, and his wife, Susan, the daughter of John Peacock of Chieveley, also in Berkshire. He was educated at John Roysse's Free School in Abingdon (now Abingdon School) from 1652 to 1658,[1][2] Gray's Inn and Oriel College, Oxford.

He purchased Redgrave Manor in Suffolk, which had been the seat of the Bacon family in 1702, when debts forced the fifth baronet, Sir Robert Bacon, to sell the estate. A letter in the Bodleian Library reads: "The celebrated Dr Radcliffe, the physician ... took special pains to preserve the life of LCJ Holt's wife, whom he attended out of spite to her husband, who wished her dead." Sir John Holt's sister Susan was married to Francis Levett, Esq., tobacco merchant and brother of Sir Richard Levett, Lord Mayor of London.[3][4]

Holt's father, Sir Thomas Holt, possessed a small patrimonial estate, but in order to supplement his income had adopted the profession of law, in which he was not very successful, although he was appointed serjeant-at-law in 1677, and afterwards for his political services to the Tories was rewarded with a knighthood. Sir Thomas Holt's father was Rowland Holt (d. 1634 according to the Berkshire herald's visitation of 1664–66), who was probably identical to the merchant Rowland Holt who was murdered by muggers in Clerkenwell Fields in January 1635 (1634 OS). The crime was particularly notorious in the ballads and broadsheets of the time.[5]

After attending for some years the free school of the town of Abingdon, of which his father was recorder, young Holt in his sixteenth year entered Oriel College, Oxford. He is said to have spent a very dissipated youth, and even to have been in the habit of taking purses on the highway,[6] but after entering Gray's Inn about 1660 he applied himself with exemplary diligence to the study of law. He was called to the bar in 1663. A supporter of civil and religious liberty, he distinguished himself in state trials by the manner in which he supported the pleas of the defendants.

In 1675 he married Ann Cropley, a daughter of Sir John Cropley, 1st Baronet, of Clerkenwell, Middlesex, but the marriage was without issue.[7]

In 1685–1686 Holt was appointed recorder of London, and about the same time he was made king's serjeant and received the honour of knighthood. His giving a decision adverse to the pretensions of the king to exercise martial law in time of peace led to his dismissal from the office of recorder, but he was continued in the office of king's serjeant in order to prevent him from becoming counsel for accused persons. Having been one of the judges who acted as assessors to the peers in the Convention parliament, he took a leading part in arranging the constitutional change by which William III was called to the throne, and after his accession he was appointed Lord Chief Justice of the King's Bench. He is best known for the firmness with which he upheld his own prerogatives in opposition to the authority of the Houses of Parliament. While in sympathy with the Whig party, Holt maintained on the bench political impartiality, and held himself aloof from political intrigue.

On the retirement of Somers from the chancellorship in 1700 Holt was offered the Great Seal, but declined it.

He died in London on 5 March 1710 and was buried in the chancel of Redgrave church. His magnificent monument was sculpted by Thomas Green.[8]

Witchcraft trials

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Historian John Callow argues in his 2022 book, The Last Witches of England, that sceptical judges, especially Holt, had already largely stopped convictions for witchcraft under English law even before the Witchcraft Act 1735 finally concluded such prosecutions. Callow particularly credits Holt with great courage in doing so in the face of religious pressure, mob violence, and popular superstitious belief in witchcraft.[9] Wallace Notestein was of the same opinion, that by "the decisions of Powell and Parker, and most of all by those of Holt, the statute of the first year of James I was practically made obsolete twenty-five or fifty years before its actual repeal in 1736".[10]: 314  For Notestein, "Holt did more than any other man in English history to end the prosecution of witches".[10]: 320 

According to Callow, judges like Holt found "creative and practical ways around the statute book in order to prevent the execution of witches", with Holt "skilfully combining directions to jurymen that permitted religious faith and even the law's acceptance of the validity of witchbelief with measures to seek acquittals through the raising of questions of reasonable doubt and the unmasking of fraudulent cases of possession".[11]: 209–210  At the end of one trial, that of Sarah Moordike, accused of witchcraft by Richard Hathaway, Holt ruled that Moordike's fees should be paid by Hathaway and that he should be arrested and imprisoned on charges of perjury for bringing false accusations about Moordike and for pretending to be bewitched. Hathaway was convicted at his own trial and, according to Callow, "the two trials of July 1701 and March 1702 registered highly significant verdicts in the history of witch persecution as they registered, respectively, not just the acquittal of an accused witch but the prosecution and punishment of her persecutor as a deterrent to others who might have been tempted to levy similar charges in the future".[11]: 236–239 

George Lyman Kittredge wrote Holt "has a highly honorable name in the annals of English witchcraft" because all of the dozen to twenty trials he presided over resulted in acquittal.[12]: 365  Contemporary with Holt, Lancelot Blackburne, Archdeacon of Cornwall, somewhat disturbed by Holt's actions in a trial, wrote to the Bishop of Exeter[13] that the "Lord Chief Justice by his questions and manner of summing up the Evidence seem'd to me to believe nothing of witchery at all".[12]: 364  Jonathan Barry, Professor of History at the University of Exeter, wrote that Holt, along with other sceptics like Francis Hutchinson and Francis North, "clearly regarded the witchcraft statute, and the uses to which it could be put by factious politicians feeding on the passions of the people, as the real danger to the establishment in state and church".[13]

Cases

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Main article: List of Sir John Holt's cases

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Preston, Arthur Edwin (1929). St.Nicholas Abingdon and Other Papers, pre isbn. Oxford University Press.
  2. ^ Hinde/St John Parker, Thomas/Michael (1977). The Martlet and the Griffen. James and James Publishers Ltd. ISBN 0-907-383-777.
  3. ^ Holt named his two Levett nephews, Richard and John, in his 1708 will.
  4. ^ Pedigree of Sir John Holt, LeNeve's Pedigrees of the Knights Made by King Charles II, Peter LeNeve, George Marshall, 1873.
  5. ^ A Pepysian garland: black-letter broadside ballads of the years 1595–1639, Samuel Pepys and Hyder Edward Rollins, Cambridge University Press, 1922, p. 431.
  6. ^ "636" . Page:EB1911 - Volume 13.djvu – via Wikisource.
  7. ^ HOLT, Sir John (1642-1710), of Bedford Row, Mdx. and Redgrave, Suff. Published in The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1660-1690, ed. B.D. Henning, 1983 [1].
  8. ^ Dictionary of British Sculptors 1660-1851 by Rupert Gunnis p. 179.
  9. ^ Callow, John (2022). "Chapter 8, The politics of death, and Chapter 9, Disenchantment". The Last Witches of England: A Tragedy of Sorcery and Superstition. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-7883-1439-8.
  10. ^ a b Notestein, Wallace (1911). A History of Witchcraft in England from 1558 to 1718. The American historical association. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
  11. ^ a b Callow, John (2022). The last witches of England: a tragedy of sorcery and superstition. London: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-7883-1439-8. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
  12. ^ a b Kittredge, George Lyman (1929). Witchcraft in Old and New England. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 365. Retrieved 21 December 2023.
  13. ^ a b Barry, Jonathan (2012). "The Politics of Pandaemonium". Witchcraft and Demonology in South-West England, 1640–1789. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 103–123. doi:10.1057/9780230361386_4. ISBN 978-0-230-36138-6.
  14. ^ Elmer, Peter; Grell, Ole Peter (2004). "131. Challenging the physicians monopoly in London; The Rose Case of 1704". Health, Disease and Society in Europe, 1500-1800: A Sourcebook. Manchester University Press. p. 347. ISBN 9780719067372.

Reports of Cases determined by Sir John Holt (1681–1710) appeared at London in 1738; John Paty and others, printed from original MSS., at London (1837). See Burnet's Own Times; Tatter, No. xiv.; a Life, published in 1764; Welsby, Lives of Eminent English Judges of the 17th and 18th Centuries (1846); Campbell's Lives of the Lord Chief Justices; and Foss, Lives of the Judges.

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Parliament of England
Preceded by Member of Parliament for Bere Alston
1689
With: John Elwill 		Succeeded by
Legal offices
Preceded by Lord Chief Justice
1689–1710 		Succeeded by
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