The Senate Republican Conference is the formal organization of the Republican senators in the United States Senate. Over the last century, the mission of the conference has expanded and been shaped as a means of informing the media of the opinions and activities of Senate Republicans. The Senate Republican Conference assists Republican senators by providing a full range of communications services including graphics, radio, television, and the Internet. Its chairman is Senator John Barrasso,[1] and its vice chairwoman is Senator Shelley Moore Capito.[2]
Senate Republican Conference | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Part of | United States Senate |
| Floor Leader | Mitch McConnell (KY) |
| Floor Whip | John Thune (SD) |
| Chair | John Barrasso (WY) |
| Vice Chair | Shelley Moore Capito (WV) |
| Ideology | Conservatism |
| Political position | Center-right to right-wing |
| Affiliation | Republican Party |
| Colors | Red |
| Seats | 49 / 100 |
| Website | |
| republican.senate.gov | |
Conference hierarchy
editEffective as of January 3, 2023[update], the conference leadership is:
- Mitch McConnell (KY) as Senate Minority Leader (retiring in January 2025)
- John Thune (SD) as Senate Minority Whip
- John Barrasso (WY) as Chairman of the Republican Conference
- Joni Ernst (IA) as Chairwoman of the Senate Republican Policy Committee
- Shelley Moore Capito (WV) as Vice Chairwoman of the Republican Conference
- Steve Daines (MT) as Chairman of the National Republican Senatorial Committee
- Mike Lee (UT) as Chairman of the Senate Republican Steering Committee
- Mike Crapo (ID) as Senate Republican Chief Deputy Whip
- Chuck Grassley (IA) as President pro tempore emeritus
History
editThe Republican Conference of the United States Senate is a descendant of the early American party caucus that decided party policies, approved appointees, and selected candidates. The meetings were private, and early records of the deliberations do not exist. Senate Republicans began taking formal minutes only in 1911, and they began referring to their organization as the "conference" in 1913. An early outgrowth of the effort to enhance party unity was the creation, in 1874, of a steering committee to prepare a legislative schedule for consideration by the conference. The committee became a permanent part of the Republican organization.
The steering committee, formalized Republican "leadership" in the 19th century was minimal; most legislative guidance came from powerful committee chairmen managing particular bills. The conference began to acquire significance, however, with the election of Senator William B. Allison of Iowa as chairman in 1897, and during the terms of successors such as Senator Orville H. Platt of Connecticut and Senator Nelson W. Aldrich of Rhode Island. The chairman in 1915, Senator Jacob H. Gallinger of New Hampshire, who two years earlier had elected a whip to maintain a quorum to conduct Senate business. Senator James W. Wadsworth, Jr. of New York was elected both conference secretary and whip; a week later the responsibilities were divided between Senator Wadsworth as Secretary and Senator Charles Curtis of Kansas, who was elected whip.
The conference continued to meet in private to assure confidentiality and candor. This practice was suspended only once, on May 27, 1919, when the conference reaffirmed its commitment to the seniority system for choosing committee chairmen by electing Senator Boies Penrose of Pennsylvania as chairman of the finance committee over objections from Progressive Republican insurgents. (This was apparently the only open party conference in the history of the Senate.)
During this period, the chairman also served as informal floor leader. One reason for the lack of a formal post was that committee chairmen usually took responsibility to move to proceed to the consideration of measures reported by their respective committees and managed the legislation on the floor. The first recorded Conference election of a formal floor leader was held March 5, 1925, when the conference chairman, Senator Curtis of Kansas, was unanimously chosen to serve in both posts.
Throughout the 1920s, when Republicans held the Senate majority, the conference met chiefly at the beginning of each session to make committee assignments; for the remainder of the session, Members were notified of the order of business by mail. This slow pace continued through the 1930s, when Republican senators were so few that they dispensed with a permanent whip, and the conference chairman and floor leader, Senator Charles L. McNary of Oregon, appointed senators to serve as whip on particular pieces of legislation.
Senator McNary died in 1944, and the posts of conference chairman and floor leader were separated in 1945. Senator Arthur H. Vandenberg of Michigan became chairman and Senator Wallace H. White, Jr., of Maine became floor leader. This separation has continued to be one of the chief differences between the Republican and Democratic Conferences, since the floor leader of the Democrats has continued to serve as their conference chairman.
In 1944, Senator Robert A. Taft of Ohio, still in his first term, persuaded Republicans to revive their steering committee, and he became its chairman. In 1946, it became the Republican Policy Committee under legislation appropriating equal funds for majority and minority parties (a separate steering committee was created in 1974 but its operations are funded by member dues, not by Congress[3]). Until the mid-1970s the staffs of the Conference and Policy Committee were housed together under a single staff director who administered their budgets jointly. Staff separation was begun during 1979–1980, while Senator Bob Packwood of Oregon was chairman of the conference, and completed under Senator James McClure of Idaho. Under Senator McClure's leadership in the 1980s, the conference began providing television, radio and graphics services for Republican senators. Senator Connie Mack, as conference chairman, in 1997 created the first digital Information Technology department to communicate the Republican agenda over the web.
Meetings of Republican Conference
editThe form and frequency of conference meetings has depended upon leadership personalities and legislative circumstances. Since the late 1950s, the conference has met at the beginning of each United States Congress to elect the leadership, approve committee assignments, and attend to other organizational matters. Although other meetings are called from time to time to discuss pending issues, the weekly Policy Committee luncheons afford a regular forum for discussion among senators. As a former Republican Leader, Senator Everett M. Dirksen of Illinois, said in 1959:
- When the Republican Policy Committee meets weekly, it is actually a meeting of the Republican Conference over the luncheon table, at which time we discuss all matters of pending business. Thus, so far as possible, all the information which is within the possession and the command of the leadership is freely diffused to every member.
At the time Senator Dirksen spoke, the elected party leadership included: chairman of the conference, secretary of the conference, floor leader, whip (now assistant floor leader), and chairman of the Policy Committee. On July 31, 1980, Conference rules were amended to make the chairman of the National Republican Senatorial Committee an elected position, a change which brought the rules into conformity with what had become custom.
"Conference" versus "caucus"
editThe Republican Conference has never been a caucus in the dictionary sense, that is, a "partisan legislative group that uses caucus procedures to make decisions binding on its members." Even during the tense years of Reconstruction, Republican senators were not bound to vote according to conference decisions. In 1867, for example, when Senator Charles Sumner of Massachusetts refused to follow conference policy on an issue, and Senator William P. Fessenden of Maine charged, "you should not have voted on the subject [in Conference] if you did not mean to be bound by the decision of the majority," Sumner retorted, "I am a Senator of the United States," and no attempt was made to discipline him. Such independence was reiterated on March 12, 1925, when a resolution introduced by Senator Wesley L. Jones of Washington passed in the conference without objection:
- To make clear and beyond question the long-settled policy of Republicans that our Conferences are not caucuses or of binding effect upon those participating therein but are meetings solely for the purpose of exchanging views to promote harmony and united action so far as possible.
- Be It Resolved: That no Senator attending this Conference or any Conference held hereafter shall be deemed to be bound in any way by any action taken by such Conference, but he shall be entirely free to act upon any matter considered by the Conference as his judgment may dictate, and it shall not be necessary for any Senator to give notice of his intention to take action different from any recommended by the Conference."
Floor leaders
edit| Congress | Leader | State | Took office | Left office | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 69th | 
|
Charles Curtis (1860–1936) |
Kansas | November 28, 1924 | March 3, 1929 |
| 70th | |||||
| 71st | 
|
James Eli Watson (1874–1944) |
Indiana | March 4, 1929 | March 4, 1933 |
| 72nd | |||||
| 73rd | 
|
Charles L. McNary (1874–1944) |
Oregon | March 4, 1933 | February 25, 1944[a] |
| 74th | |||||
| 75th | |||||
| 76th | |||||
| 77th | |||||
| 78th | |||||
| 79th | 
|
Wallace H. White (1877–1952) |
Maine | February 25, 1944 | January 3, 1949 |
| 80th | |||||
| 81st | 
|
Kenneth S. Wherry (1892–1951) |
Nebraska | January 3, 1949 | November 29, 1951 |
| 82nd | |||||
| 83rd | 
|
Robert A. Taft (1889–1953) |
Ohio | January 3, 1953 | July 31, 1953 |
| 84th | 
|
William Knowland (1908–1974) |
California | August 3, 1953 | January 3, 1959 |
| 85th | |||||
| 86th | 
|
Everett Dirksen (1896–1969) |
Illinois | January 3, 1959 | September 7, 1969 |
| 87th | |||||
| 88th | |||||
| 89th | |||||
| 90th | |||||
| 91st | |||||
| 92nd | 
|
Hugh Scott (1900–1994) |
Pennsylvania | September 24, 1969 | January 3, 1977 |
| 93rd | |||||
| 94th | |||||
| 95th | 
|
Howard Baker (1925–2014) |
Tennessee | January 3, 1977 | January 3, 1985[b] |
| 96th | |||||
| 97th | |||||
| 98th | |||||
| 99th | 
|
Bob Dole (1923–2021) |
Kansas | January 3, 1985 | June 11, 1996[c] |
| 100th | |||||
| 101st | |||||
| 102nd | |||||
| 103rd | |||||
| 104th | |||||
| 105th | 
|
Trent Lott (born 1941) |
Mississippi | June 11, 1996 | January 3, 2003 |
| 106th | |||||
| 107th | |||||
| 108th | 
|
Bill Frist (born 1952) |
Tennessee | January 3, 2003 | January 3, 2007 |
| 109th | |||||
| 110th | 
|
Mitch McConnell (born 1942) |
Kentucky | January 3, 2007 | Incumbent |
| 111th | |||||
| 112th | |||||
| 113th | |||||
| 114th | |||||
| 115th | |||||
| 116th | |||||
| 117th | |||||
| 118th | |||||
List of conference chairmen and chairwomen
editThe Republican conference of the United States Senate chooses a conference chairperson. The office was created in the mid-19th century with the founding of the Republican party. The office of "party floor leader" was not created until 1925, and for twenty years, the Senate's Republican conference chairman was also the floor leader.
In recent years, the conference chair has come to be regarded as the third-ranking Republican in the Senate, behind the floor leader and whip. According to Congressional Quarterly, "The conference chairman manages the private meetings to elect floor leaders, handles distribution of committee assignments and helps set legislative priorities. The modern version drives the conference’s message, with broadcast studios for television and radio."[3]
| Dates | Name | State | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1859 – December 1862 | John P. Hale | New Hampshire | |
| December 1862 – September 2, 1884 | Henry B. Anthony | Rhode Island | |
| September 2, 1884 – December 1885 | John Sherman | Ohio | |
| December 1885 – November 1, 1891 | George F. Edmunds | Vermont | |
| December 1891 – March 4, 1897 | John Sherman | Ohio | |
| March 4, 1897 – August 4, 1908 | William B. Allison | Iowa | |
| December 1908 – March 4, 1911 | Eugene Hale | Maine | |
| April 1911 – March 4, 1913 | Shelby Moore Cullom | Illinois | |
| March 4, 1913 – August 17, 1918 | Jacob Harold Gallinger | New Hampshire | |
| August 17, 1918 – November 9, 1924 | Henry Cabot Lodge | Massachusetts | |
| November 28, 1924 – March 4, 1929 | Charles Curtis | Kansas | Also Republican floor leader from 1925 |
| March 4, 1929 – March 4, 1933 | James Eli Watson | Indiana | Also Republican floor leader |
| March 4, 1933 – February 25, 1944 | Charles L. McNary | Oregon | Also Republican floor leader |
| February 25, 1944 – January 3, 1947 Acting: February 25, 1944 – January 3, 1945 |
Arthur Vandenberg | Michigan | |
| January 3, 1947 – January 3, 1957 | Eugene Millikin | Colorado | |
| January 3, 1957 – January 3, 1967 | Leverett Saltonstall | Massachusetts | |
| January 3, 1967 – January 3, 1973 | Margaret Chase Smith | Maine | |
| January 3, 1973 – January 3, 1975 | Norris Cotton | New Hampshire | |
| January 3, 1975 – January 3, 1979 | Carl Curtis | Nebraska | |
| January 3, 1979 – January 3, 1981 | Bob Packwood | Oregon | |
| January 3, 1981 – January 3, 1985 | James A. McClure | Idaho | |
| January 3, 1985 – January 3, 1991 | John Chafee | Rhode Island | |
| January 3, 1991 – January 3, 1997 | Thad Cochran | Mississippi | |
| January 3, 1997 – January 3, 2001 | Connie Mack III | Florida | |
| January 3, 2001 – January 3, 2007 | Rick Santorum | Pennsylvania | |
| January 3, 2007 – December 19, 2007 | Jon Kyl | Arizona | |
| December 19, 2007 – January 26, 2012 | Lamar Alexander | Tennessee | |
| January 26, 2012 – January 3, 2019 | John Thune | South Dakota | |
| January 3, 2019 – present | John Barrasso | Wyoming |
List of secretaries and vice chairmen
editThe vice chair of the Senate Republican Conference, also known previously as the conference secretary until 2001, is the fifth-ranking leadership position (behind the Policy Committee chair) within the Republican Party conference in the United States Senate. The vice-chair/secretary is responsible for keeping the minutes of the Senate Republican Conference and serves alongside the Senate Republican Conference chairperson. The vice chairwoman is Shelley Moore Capito, serving since 2023.[4]
| Officeholder | State | Term |
|---|---|---|
| Charles Curtis | Kansas | 1911–1913 |
| William Kenyon | Iowa | 1913–1915 |
| James Wadsworth | New York | 1915–1927 |
| Frederick Hale | Maine | 1927–1941 |
| Wallace H. White Jr. | Maine | 1941–1944 |
| Harold Burton | Ohio | 1944–1945 |
| Chan Gurney | South Dakota | 1945–1946 |
| Milton Young | North Dakota | 1946–1971 |
| Norris Cotton | New Hampshire | 1971–1973 |
| Wallace F. Bennett | Utah | 1973–1975 |
| Robert Stafford | Vermont | 1975–1977 |
| Clifford Hansen | Wyoming | 1976–1977 |
| Jake Garn | Utah | 1979–1985 |
| Thad Cochran | Mississippi | 1985–1991 |
| Bob Kasten | Wisconsin | 1991–1993 |
| Trent Lott | Mississippi | 1993–1995 |
| Connie Mack | Florida | 1995–1997 |
| Paul Coverdell | Georgia | 1997–2000 |
| Kay Bailey Hutchison[d] | Texas | 2001–2007 |
| John Cornyn | Texas | 2007–2009 |
| John Thune | South Dakota | 2009 |
| Lisa Murkowski | Alaska | 2009–2010 |
| John Barrasso | Wyoming | 2010–2012 |
| Roy Blunt | Missouri | 2012–2019 |
| Joni Ernst | Iowa | 2019–2023 |
| Shelley Moore Capito | West Virginia | 2023–present |
Members
editNotes
edit- ^ Warren Austin (Vermont) was acting Leader from 1940-1941.
- ^ Ted Stevens (Alaska) was acting Leader from 1979-1980
- ^ Resigned in order to run for President of the United States
- ^ Position known as Vice Chair from here on
References
edit- ^ Shutt, Jennifer (2022-11-16). "McConnell re-elected U.S. Senate GOP leader, fending off bid by Florida's Rick Scott". Idaho Capital Sun. Retrieved 2024-09-26.
- ^ "Capito elected to GOP Leadership". Senate.gov. November 16, 2022. Retrieved January 3, 2023.
- ^ a b "With Lott's Exit, Kyl to Assume Republican Whip Position Unopposed". 30 November 2007. Archived from the original on 2008-11-04. Retrieved 2007-12-03.
- ^ "U.S. Senate: Republican Conference Secretaries/Vice Chair".
External links
edit- Official home of the Senate Republican Conference
- About the Senate Republican Conference — The content of this article was derived from this public domain resource.
- Information on Senate party leadership
- Minutes of the Senate Republican Conference: Sixty-second Congress through Eighty-eighth Congress, 1911-1964, edited by Wendy Wolff and Donald A. Ritchie. Washington: GPO, 1999, Senate Document 105-19.