The Raizal are a Black Colombian ethnic group from the Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina, off Colombia's Caribbean coast. They are not defined by race but are labeled by the Colombian authorities as one of the Afro-Colombian ethnic groups under the multicultural policy pursued since 1991. They are speakers of the San Andrés-Providencia Creole, one of many English Creoles used in the Caribbean.
 Flag of the Raizal people | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| 25,515 (2018 census)[1] | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| San Andrés and Providencia | |
| Languages | |
| San Andrés–Providencia Creole, English, Spanish | |
| Religion | |
| Protestant, Roman Catholic | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Afro-Colombians, Afro-Jamaicans, Miskito, English people |
Demographics
editIn 2005, the Raizal were 57% of the 60,000 inhabitants of the San Andrés y Providencia Department, according to official statistics,[2] but based on the 2015 census, they are now only 39.4% of the population[3] in the archipelago because of migration from and to mainland Colombia. Raizals are mostly multi-racial, with a majority being of West African and Northern European descent. The Raizal community in the mainland is represented by the Organización de la comunidad raizal con residencia fuera del archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina (Orfa, based in Bogotá).[4]
Self-determination
edit
In 1903, the local Raizal population of the Providencia and Santa Catalina Islands rejected an offer from the United States to separate from Colombia and to imitate Panama.
Towards the late 1960s, separatist movements became active in the archipelago. The first separatists, an underground movement, were led by Marcos Archbold Britton, who addressed a memorandum to the United Nations asking for the inclusion of the archipelago in the list of colonized territories. The UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) paid a private visit to the archipelago shortly afterwards, arousing suspicion in mainland Colombia.[5]
The second movement, which started in the late 1970s, grew stronger in the following decade, and culminated in the creation in March 1984 of the Sons of the Soil Movement (S.O.S.), openly claiming the right to self-determination.
Since 1999, another organization, the Archipelago Movement for Ethnic Native Self-Determination for the Archipelago of San Andrés, Providence and Santa Catalina (AMEN-SD),[6] a radical separatist movement led by Rev. Raymond Howard Britton, has demanded the creation of an independent state.[7]
There are now, according to a document from the Colombian government, two trends among the Raizals: a radical one, the Pueblo Indígena Raizal, represented by the Indigenous Native Organizations, among whom Amen, Barraca New Face, Infaunas (a Rastafarian-inspired group of farmers and fishermen), Ketna (Ketlënan National Association) and the SOS Foundation, and a more moderate one, Comunidad Raizal (Native Foundation and Integración Básica) led by former governors who are friends of the Colombian establishment, mainly Felix Palacios, Carlos Archbold and Alvaro Archbold N. The latter group is understandably more ready to participate in bipartite institutions set up by the Colombian authorities.[8]
On April 28, 2002, the Raizal people signed a declaration of self-determination[9] and asked the Colombian government and the International Court of Justice for a major recognition of their autonomy and for appropriate resources to improve the quality of life in the island.
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Estadística de los grupos étnicos 2018". Censo General 2018. Departamento Administrativo Nacional de Estadistica (DANE). Retrieved 10 February 2020.
- ^ Fernando Urrea Giraldo (October 12, 2007). "La visibilidad estadística de la población negra o afrodescendiente en Colombia, 1993-2005: entre lo étnico y lo racial" (PDF) (in Spanish). 12º Congreso de Antropología, Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-02-27. Retrieved 2007-12-29.
- ^ Kolumbien, ed. (2012). Caracterización de la población con limitaciones permanentes en Colombia, 2005. Estudios poscensales. Bogotá: DANE. ISBN 978-958-624-078-9.
- ^ website: Organización de la Comunidad Raizal con Residencia Fuera del Archipiélago
- ^ Adriana Matamoros Insignares (January 15, 2007). "Recordando a Marcos Archbold Britton, líder independentista raizal" (PDF) (in Spanish). Fundación Hemera. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 22, 2021. Retrieved 2007-12-29.
- ^ website: Archipelago Movement for Ethnic Native Self-Determination for the Archipelago of San Andrés, Providence and Kethlena Archived 2007-12-13 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Actualidad Étnica (June 4, 2007). "Raizales de San Andrés reclaman autonomía" (in Spanish). Fundación Hemera. Archived from the original on 2007-06-10. Retrieved 2007-12-29.
- ^ Programa Presidencial de Derechos Humanos y Derecho Internacional Humanitario (November 23, 2007). "Diagnóstico Archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina" (PDF) (in Spanish). Archived from the original (PDF) on November 22, 2021. Retrieved 2007-12-29.
- ^ https://www.urosario.edu.co/jurisprudencia/catedra-viva-intercultural/Documentos/DeclaracionAutodeterminacionRaizal.pdf Archived 2022-02-21 at the Wayback Machine [bare URL PDF]
Further reading
edit- Londoño, Wilhelm; González, Pablo Alonso (2017-06-28). "From plantation to proletariat: Raizals in San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina". Race & Class. 59 (1): 84–92. doi:10.1177/0306396817701680. ISSN 0306-3968. S2CID 149022354.
- Alonso González, Pablo; Londoño, Wilhelm; Parga-Dans, Eva (2018-11-03). "Equality and hierarchy, sovereignty and multiculturalism: the heritagisation of Raizals in Santa Catalina (Colombia)". Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies. 46 (19): 4066–4085. doi:10.1080/1369183X.2018.1543018. hdl:10261/223808. ISSN 1369-183X. S2CID 149975057.