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Paul Quinn College

Paul Quinn College (PQC) is a private historically black Methodist college in Dallas, Texas. The college is affiliated with the African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME). It is the oldest historically black college west of the Mississippi River and the nation's first urban work college.[3]

Paul Quinn College
Former names
Connectional High School and Institute (1872–1877)
Waco College (1877–1881)
MottoWE Over Me
TypePrivate historically black college
Established1872
AffiliationTransnational Association of Christian Colleges and Schools
Religious affiliation
African Methodist Episcopal Church
Endowment$4.98M (2021)
PresidentMichael J. Sorrell, Esq.[1]
Students551[2]
Location
Dallas
,
Texas
,
United States

32°40′38″N 96°45′18″W / 32.677097°N 96.754935°W / 32.677097; -96.754935
Campus146 acres (59 ha)
ColorsPurple, Black & Gold
     
NicknameTigers
Sporting affiliations
NAIA – RRAC
Websitewww.pqc.edu

Paul Quinn is home to the WE over ME Farm, which was created through a partnership with PepsiCo to bring healthy food to the food desert of Dallas.[4]

History

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PQC entrance sign
 
Paul Quinn College as it appeared in an 1898 publication of the A.M.E. Church journal The Educator.

The college was founded by a small group of African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church preachers in Austin, Texas, on April 4, 1872, as the Connectional School for the Education of Negro Youth.[5] Originally, its classes were held in churches and people's homes, but in 1877 the school moved into its own building in Waco, Texas.[6]

The college was renamed Waco College. Classes were held in a modest one-building trade school; freedmen were taught the skills of blacksmithing, carpentry, tanning, and saddle work, common occupations for the era, especially in the increasingly segregated state. This was the model established by the Tuskegee Institute.

Presidents of Paul Quinn College
1872 – 1876 Bishop John M. Brown
1876 – 1880 Bishop Richard Harvey Cain
1880 – 1883 H.T. Kealing
1883 – 1891 I.M. Burgan
1891 – 1892 N.A. Banks
1904 – 1908 W.I. Laws
1908 – 1911 D.A. Butler
1911 – 1914 I.M. Burgan
1914 – 1924 J.K. Williams
1924 – 1926 J.F. Williams
1926 – 1928 N.A. Banks
1928 – 1932 Dean Mohr
1932 – 1939 A.S. Jackson
1939 – 1942 J.W. Yancy II
1942 – 1943 George Davis
1943 – 1946 George Singleton
1946 – 1951 Nanie Bell Aycock
1951 – 1953 Sherman L. Green, Jr.
1953 – 1956 Frank R. Veal
1956 – 1962 John H. Adams
1962 – 1969 L.H. McCloney
1969 – 1976 Stanley E. Rutland
1976 – 1978 Reuben D. Manning
1979 – 1981 William D. Watley
1981 – 1982 L.H. McCloney
1982 – 1984 Norman W. Handy
1984 – 1992 Warren W. Morgan
1992 – 1992 Winston D. Powers
1992 – 2001 Lee E. Monroe
2002 – 2005 Dwight J. Fennell
2006 – 2007 John Waddell
2007 – Present Michael J. Sorrell[7]

Later, under the direction of Bishop William Paul Quinn (1788–1873), A.M.E. districts were developed throughout the South and tasked with raising funds to improve the college. During this period, more than twenty acres of additional land was purchased and the curriculum was expanded to include the classical subjects of Latin, mathematics, music, theology, English, plus vocational skills in carpentry, sewing, and household, kitchen, and dining room work. In May 1881, the college was chartered by the State of Texas and changed its name to Paul Quinn College to commemorate the contributions of Bishop William Paul Quinn. In 1898 the school had seven faculty, including four women.[8]

Expansion

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The campus was expanded, with new buildings constructed with capital raised from interested patrons. In 1950, the college began significant physical expansion. A campus church, student union building, gymnasium and administration building were erected between 1950 and 1954. Two new dormitories, a modern two-story classroom building, a fully equipped science department, and a new library were added to the campus.

In spring of 1954, the Waco Chamber of Commerce successfully completed a campaign which raised $100,000 for a new women's dormitory to replace one destroyed by a fire. Bishop O.L. Sherman was assigned to supervise the work of the A.M.E. Church in Texas in 1962. His first official act was to have the Charter of the college changed so that trustees could be elected without regard to race, creed, or color. Because of this significant innovation, new leaders from Central Texas were added to the board of trustees.

Dr. Stanley E. Rutland became President of the college in 1969. Under his leadership, the physical plant of the college continued to improve. Among the changes were the addition of a new gymnasium, the renovation of historic Johnson Hall, and the development of the Ethnic Cultural Center. Under Dr. Rutland, the college received accreditation in 1972 with the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools (SACS) for the first time.[9]

Move to Dallas

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The college relocated to southeast Dallas in 1990. It acquired the former campus of Bishop College from African-American businessman Comer Cottrell.[10] During the first semester in its new home, the college boasted an enrollment of 1,020 students and became the only HBCU in the Dallas-Fort Worth area.

In 2006, Board of Trustees member Peggy Sterling and her employer, American Airlines, secured the services of global management-consulting firm the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) to analyze the operations and performance of the college. BCG's work ultimately provided the Institution with a blueprint that eventually became the college's Strategic Plan from 2007 to 2012.[citation needed]

New direction

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In September 2007, Michael Sorrell, a former member of the Board of Trustees, was selected as president, after having served as the interim president since March of that year.[11]

Since his arrival, the college has raised academic standards and embarked on an ambitious revitalization of the campus, which has included spending over $4 million in capital improvements. It has reduced institutional debt by 40 percent and resolved all previous issues with the audit findings.

Sorrell instituted a "business casual" dress code on campus in order to prepare students for work life after college.[12] His next set of plans for the college call for an increased commitment to recruitment and retention.[13]

In 2009, the college's accreditation was challenged by SACS, based on problems with institutional effectiveness and financial stability.[14] Following a lawsuit, a judge issued an injunction which reinstated accreditation prior to hearing of the lawsuit.[15]

Since that time, Sorrell has continued improvements: the college produced over $2 million in budget surpluses in fiscal 2009, 2010, and 2011; achieved unqualified audits for 2009 and 2010; invested more than $4 million in infrastructure improvements without adding any debt; and formed a groundbreaking partnership with PepsiCo to convert an unused football stadium into a fully operational urban farm.[16][17][18]

In 2011, the college received membership into the Transnational Association of Christian Colleges and Schools (TRACS) accrediting agency.[19]

Paul Quinn's Hispanic student population has grown steadily in recent years, making up at least 12% of the student body.[20]

As of 2016, Paul Quinn is one of only eight work colleges in the nation and the first to be in an urban environment.[3]

In 2016, Paul Quinn implemented the African-American Leadership Institute. President Sorrell stated the institute is Paul Quinn's attempt to address economic development, educational, public policy, and leadership development in the North Texas African-American community.[21]

In 2018, Paul Quinn broke ground on the first new campus building in over 40 years. The Trammel S. Crow Living and Learning Center will include a 30,000-square-foot (2,800 m2) dormitory and gym to hold up to 1,500 people. Construction of the new building is expected to be completed in 2019.[22]

Also in 2018, Paul Quinn opened a work program expansion site in Plano, Texas.[23]

In 2021, it was announced Paul Quinn would house an International Baccalaureate school on its campus for students in grades sixth through 12.[24]

Campus life

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The WE over Me Farm at Paul Quinn College

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The WE over Me Farm at Paul Quinn College, formerly called the Food for Good Farm at Paul Quinn College, began as an answer to the food desert conditions in the Southern sector of Dallas.[25][26][27][28][29] In 2008, college president Michael Sorrell, who had shuttered the school's football program shortly after taking office in 2007, talked with a real estate investor about devoting a tract of land to community farming. Although the idea of using the former football field was initially a joke by Sorrell, it soon became reality.[30]

The reconstruction of the football field into a 100-yard farm that produces spinach, herbs, watermelon, potatoes, sweet potatoes, arugula, and other produce has produced partnerships with Yale University and other institutions for the continued study of the impact of urban farming.[31][32][33][34][35] The dedication of the farm was on May 10, 2010. The farm gives 20 percent of the gross yield to the community.[36][37][38][39][40] Even before the farm was officially dedicated, it had picked up a major customer in Legends Hospitality,[30] a venue management firm partially owned by the Dallas Cowboys[41] that provides food services for the Cowboys' AT&T Stadium.[30] Yahoo! Sports reported in 2013 that the farm will produce about 17,500 pounds of food for AT&T Stadium in the 2013 football season.[30]

In April 2011, the farm hosted its first major fundraising event. "A Community Cooks" featured 13 top local chefs cooking various dishes for the community. Will Allen, the keynote speaker, is a MacArthur Fellow and one of the foremost thinkers on urban farming. "A Community Cooks" is an annual event.[42][43][44][45][46][47][48]

Cafeteria

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Citing health concerns, in August 2012, Paul Quinn banned pork and pork products from being sold at the cafeteria. More turkey, salads and other healthy food options have been included.[49]

We Are Not Trash

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The college ended 2011 locked in a battle with the city of Dallas over the McCommas Bluff Landfill, which is approximately 1.5 miles east of the campus. The city's decision to re-route all of Dallas' waste to the landfill, effectively transforming it into one of the largest landfills in the southwest, infuriated the student population. This anger was exacerbated by the fact the school is located in the middle of an area the United States Department of Agriculture has labeled a food desert.[50][51][52][53][54][55][56]

In June 2011, the students organized a town hall meeting and invited city officials to explain the efficacy of expanding the landfill.[57] More than 250 residents attended.[58] This was the largest town hall meeting in this city council district in more than 20 years. The town hall meeting eventually turned into "I AM NOT TRASH", two student-led demonstrations at the Dallas City Hall.[59] Despite the students efforts, the city council voted 8–7 to move forward with the plans to dump all the city's waste into the landfill without any prior study as to the effect of such a decision.[59][60]

In response, the Quinnite Nation mobilized into WE ARE NOT TRASH, a student-led, community-oriented effort to advocate for thoughtful, citizen-oriented policy-making from their elected leaders.[61] On Saturday, November 5, 2011, approximately 500 people marched alongside a group of civic leaders from south Dallas across one of the Trinity River bridges into Downtown Dallas.[62][63][64][65]

Trayvon Martin verdict

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On March 23, 2012, hundreds of community members joined Paul Quinn students to protest the shooting of 17-year-old Trayvon Martin in Sanford, Florida, by George Zimmerman on February 26 of the same year.[66][67]

August 6, 2013, vice-president of content with HBCU Buzz, Robert K. Hoggard wrote, "Incensed by the legal protections that led to Zimmerman’s acquittal for the killing of Trayvon Martin, Paul Quinn College, a historically black college in Southern Dallas, is offering the new $7,500 Scholarship for Social Justice to a student who shows potential to bring about change in the community and in the justice system."[68]

Student organizations

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Student organizations on campus include the Student Government Association, class organizations, the Vocal Ensemble, and the PQC Spirit Team. Furthermore, students can be initiated into honor societies, such as Phi Delta Kappa and Alpha Chi National College Honor Society, as well as National Pan-Hellenic Council fraternities and sororities. PQC also offers Multicultural Greek Council organizations.

Dress code

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Since the 2007 academic year, the college uses a "business casual" dress code. This encourages students to develop professional attitudes and behaviors in preparation for future success. Students are not allowed to wear saggy pants, jeans, flip flops, slippers, pajama bottoms, nor shorts, sweatsuits, or shirts without collars outside their dormitories on weekdays from 7 am - 5:30 pm, unless involved in exercise. A college closet was established to help provide professional business clothing for students in need.[69][70]

Athletics

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A women's basketball game between Paul Quinn and North American University in 2024

The Paul Quinn athletic teams are called the Tigers. The college is a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing in the Red River Athletic Conference (RRAC) since the 1998–99 academic year. They are also a member of the United States Collegiate Athletic Association (USCAA). The Tigers previously competed as a founding member of the Southwestern Athletic Conference (SWAC) from 1920–21 to 1928–29, which is currently an NCAA Division I FCS athletic conference.

Paul Quinn competes in nine intercollegiate varsity sports: Men's sports include basketball, cross country, soccer and track & field; while women's sports include basketball, cross country, soccer, track & field and volleyball.

Accomplishments

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Paul Quinn teams have won 18 conference championships since 1983.

The men's basketball team has won three national championships in the United States Collegiate Athletic Association, including two under coach James Summers. The first in 1990 featured Roland E. Williams, an NAIA All-American from Tampa. The Tigers and coach Summers won their second title in 1995[71] and their third in 2022.[72]

The men's track and field team won two Red River Athletic Conference championships, in 2006 and 2007.[71]

The 1924 Paul Quinn Tigers football team coached by Harry Long was the black college football national champion. The Tigers won the SWAC in 1922 and 1924.

Paul Quinn's football and marching band programs ended in 2007 due to budget cuts.[73]

Campus

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A building on campus

The John Hurst Adams Administrative Building, formerly Price-Branch Classroom Building, contains the presidential suite administrative offices and classrooms. In the fall of 2011, two fully interactive technology classrooms were built on the second level of the building. These classrooms have state of the art video conferencing capability.

The Isabel and Comer Cottrell Student Union Building, also known as the SUB, was completed in 1970. The SUB includes the cafe, the Tiger's Den, the student lounge, and the student workout facility. In the fall of 2012, the institution will convert the student workout facility into the Quinnite Retention Center, a 24-hour study facility that will aide in the college's efforts to improve retention rates. The space that was formerly the campus bookstore will now be a state of the art gym facility that students, staff, and faculty can use. The Grand Lounge is the campus' primary meeting space. It is also where the weekly Chapel services are held.

The Richard Allen Chapel, formerly Carr P. Collins Chapel, completed in 1970, is currently under renovation. The lawn of the chapel is the venue for the annual commencement exercises. Completed in 1970, it serves as the religious education building.

The gymnasium was completed in 1961. In spring 2011, the gymnasium was outfitted with a new HVAC system.

Zale Library was completed in 1963. The library contains a 9x23 foot mural that was painted by artist Louis Freund in 1968. The mural depicts the progression and struggles of African-Americans in the pursuit of an education. In spring 2011, more than 900 volumes of legal publications were donated by Hunton & Williams, LLP to start the Paul Quinn College Law Library.

The school has one residence hall, the Lucy Hughes Hall, formerly Pearl C. Anderson hall. the dormitory for females opened in 1969 as a facility of Bishop College. It currently serves men and women. The other dormitory buildings were demolished in a 15-building demolition that began in 2010.[74] The campus is gated.

The campus is 91 miles (146 km) from Waco, 190 miles (310 km) from Austin, 230 miles (370 km) from Houston, and 520 miles (840 km) from New Orleans.[75]

Notable alumni

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Notable faculty

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Paul Quinn College was featured in the 2007 movie The Great Debaters starring Denzel Washington.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Paul Quinn College | Greatness. . . One step at a time | Dallas Texas College". Archived from the original on 2011-01-05. Retrieved 2011-01-14.
  2. ^ "Paul Quinn College breaks ground on a new building and a new future". Dallas News. September 3, 2018.
  3. ^ a b "Paul Quinn College to Become a Work College". Archived from the original on 2016-08-03. Retrieved 2016-05-30.
  4. ^ "Paul Quinn College | Greatness… One Step at a Time". Pqc.edu. 2014-10-21. Retrieved 2018-07-19.
  5. ^ Commission, Texas Historical. "Paul Quinn College | THC.Texas.gov - Texas Historical Commission". www.thc.texas.gov. Retrieved 2022-09-11.
  6. ^ "TSHA | Paul Quinn College". www.tshaonline.org. Retrieved 2022-09-11.
  7. ^ "Paul Quinn College | Greatness. . . One step at a time | Dallas Texas College". Archived from the original on 2011-01-07. Retrieved 2011-01-07.
  8. ^ Hawkins, John R., ed. (1898). "The Educator". iiif.lib.harvard.edu. Educational Department of the A.M.E. Church. Retrieved 2020-06-10.
  9. ^ "Paul Quinn College". Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. 2011. Retrieved 2011-04-14.[permanent dead link‍]
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  11. ^ "PQC History 2". Archived from the original on 2011-11-12. Retrieved 2012-01-12.
  12. ^ "Dressing Like the Big Man on Campus," Fox News. Accessed September 28, 2008.
  13. ^ "Paul Quinn College | Greatness. . . One step at a time | Dallas Texas College". Archived from the original on 2011-01-06. Retrieved 2011-01-18.
  14. ^ "Paul Quinn Loses Accreditation". Inside Higher Ed. Jun 26, 2009. Retrieved 2011-04-14.
  15. ^ "Questions Regarding Status of Paul Quinn College" (PDF). Southern Association of Colleges and Schools. December 10, 2010. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-01-05. Retrieved 2011-04-14.
  16. ^ "PepsiCo and Paul Quinn College Seed a New Enterprise with the Creation of an Urban Farm From a Football Field", Press Release, Frito-Lay.
  17. ^ Marybeth Gasman, "There's Something Good Happening in Texas", Chronicle of Higher Education, July 1, 2010
  18. ^ "Transnational Association Of Christian Colleges and Schools". July 2, 2012. Archived from the original on 2012-07-02.
  19. ^ "Transnational Association of Christian Colleges and Schools: Institutions". Transnational Association of Christian Colleges and Schools. 2011. Archived from the original on 2012-07-02. Retrieved 2011-04-14.
  20. ^ Lekan Oguntoyinbo (2015-09-29). "HBCUs Are Diversifying Their Student Bodies—by Recruiting More Latinos". The Atlantic. Retrieved 2018-07-19.
  21. ^ "Paul Quinn College and North Texas Leadership Announce The African American Leadership Institute. | Education". Dallasweekly.com. 2016-07-18. Archived from the original on 2017-07-09. Retrieved 2018-07-19.
  22. ^ "Paul Quinn College breaks ground on first new building in 40 years". FOX 4 News Dallas-Fort Worth. August 17, 2018.
  23. ^ "Paul Quinn Expands Its Urban Work College Model to Plano". July 26, 2018.
  24. ^ News • •, Nicolette White / The Dallas Morning. "Dallas ISD Partners With Paul Quinn College for New Specialty School in Southern Dallas".
  25. ^ "The Dallas Morning News. July 14, 2011". Dallasnews.com. Archived from the original on 22 June 2015. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
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  32. ^ "KWTX.com". Kwtx.com. Archived from the original on 2 May 2011. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
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  40. ^ Wilonsky, Robert (16 April 2010). "At Paul Quinn College, Transforming a Football Field Into An "Urban Farm"". Dallasobserver.com. Archived from the original on 31 October 2013. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
  41. ^ "About Us". Legends Hospitality. Archived from the original on 2013-11-05. Retrieved November 4, 2013.
  42. ^ "Photos From Paul Quinn College's A Community Cooks - D Magazine". Sidedish.dmagazine.com. 15 April 2011. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
  43. ^ "Dallas Observer". Blogsdallasobserver.com. Archived from the original on 7 May 2010. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
  44. ^ "Urban Farming Icon and Top Dallas Chefs Coming to Paul Quinn College on April 14th | Dallas South News". Archived from the original on 2013-08-17. Retrieved 2012-01-15.
  45. ^ "At Paul Quinn, food replaces football". Dallasnews.com. 5 April 2011. Archived from the original on 27 August 2011. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
  46. ^ Raskin, Hanna (31 March 2011). "Chefs Rally Around Paul Quinn College Urban Farm". Blogs.dallasobserver.com. Archived from the original on 20 September 2011. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
  47. ^ "For Texas boomtowns, a good job is only the first step". Oakcliffblog.dalasnews.com. 18 July 2018. Archived from the original on 30 January 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
  48. ^ "Paul Quinn farm fundraiser to feature Trammell S. Crow, executive chefs, agriculture guru". Dallasnews.com. 12 April 2011. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
  49. ^ "Paul Quinn College bans pork from campus dining". Insidehighered.com. 2011-08-18. Retrieved 2018-07-19.
  50. ^ "Go to the Atlas". Retrieved December 31, 2022.
  51. ^ ""Trash to Treasure" Plan Gains Ground". Nbcdfw.com. 8 September 2011. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
  52. ^ "Mayor Mike Rawlings still on the fence about city's trash control plan". Cityhallblog.dallas.news.com. 22 September 2011. Archived from the original on 9 March 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
  53. ^ "Protesters Rally In Downtown Dallas". publicbroadcasting.net. Archived from the original on September 6, 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
  54. ^ "Editorial: Suhm should detail community benefits in garbage plan". Dallasnews.com. 31 August 2011. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
  55. ^ "New apartment and retail building will overlook planned downtown Dallas park". Cityhallblog.dallasnews.com. 3 April 2018. Archived from the original on 25 September 2011. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
  56. ^ "Loading..." 24wired.tv.[permanent dead link‍]
  57. ^ "Trash Talk: Paul Quinn College hosts McCommas Bluff Landfill Town Hall Meeting | Dallas South News". Archived from the original on 2013-05-11. Retrieved 2012-01-15.
  58. ^ [3] [dead link‍]
  59. ^ a b Schutze, Jim (26 October 2011). ""Tired of Being Ignored and Insulted," Paul Quinn Students Round Up Powerful and Familiar Faces for City Hall Protest". Blogs.dallasobserver.com. Archived from the original on 28 December 2011. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
  60. ^ Wilonsky, Robert (27 September 2011). "Paul Quinn President, Regional Chamber Prez Ask Council to Delay Vote on Flow Control". Blogs.dallasobserver.com. Archived from the original on 3 January 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
  61. ^ "Thousands of students, supporters march in Texas vowing to fight for better gun control". Cityhallblog.dallasnews.com. 24 March 2018. Archived from the original on 8 July 2012. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
  62. ^ "Marchers protest Dallas City Council's decision to expand McCommas Bluff Landfill". Dallasnews.com. 5 November 2011. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
  63. ^ "Dallas residents march for 'groceries, not garbage' | wfaa.com Dallas - Fort Worth". Archived from the original on 2011-11-08. Retrieved 2012-01-15.
  64. ^ "Dallas residents march for 'groceries, not garbage' | wfaa.com Dallas - Fort Worth". Archived from the original on 2013-02-09. Retrieved 2012-01-15.
  65. ^ "Paul Quinn students: Why do we march? Because we are not trash". Dallasnews.com. 3 November 2011. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
  66. ^ "Hundreds rally at Paul Quinn College in support of slain Florida teen | News". Dallas News. 2012-03-24. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2018-07-19.
  67. ^ "Rally at Paul Quinn College protests death of Florida teen shot by neighborhood watch volunteer | News | Dallas News". Thescoopblog.dallasnews.com. 2012-03-23. Archived from the original on 2012-04-24. Retrieved 2018-07-19.
  68. ^ Robert K Hoggard. "Verdict in Trayvon Martin case inspires scholarship at Paul Quinn College". Washington DC: HBCU Buzz Inc. Retrieved December 18, 2014.
  69. ^ "Paul Quinn President presents changes; includes new campus dress code for students | pegasusnews.com". Archived from the original on 2007-10-18. Retrieved 2012-01-15.
  70. ^ "HBCU President Enforces Strict Dress Code". NPR. 2007-11-07. Retrieved 2018-07-19.
  71. ^ a b "Paul Quinn College | Greatness… One Step at a Time". Pqc.edu. 2014-10-21. Retrieved 2018-07-19.
  72. ^ Courtesy of USCAA (2022-03-11). "Paul Quinn College Hoops Wins National Championship". hbcugameday.com. Retrieved 2022-11-27.
  73. ^ Eric Adelson (2013-10-31). "Saying no to football paid off for one small Texas college thanks in part to the Cowboys". Yahoo.com. Retrieved 2018-07-19.
  74. ^ "MBN Texas · Paul Quinn College kicks-off campus renovation project". Archived from the original on 2012-08-04. Retrieved 2012-01-20.
  75. ^ "Visit us." Paul Quinn College. Retrieved on February 16, 2012.
  76. ^ "I'M CHRIS SAUNDERS & ... I'M JUST SAYING". Chrisasaunders.blogspot.com. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
  77. ^ "Korey Williams". Nwosu.edu. Archived from the original on 19 April 2014. Retrieved 17 April 2014.
  78. ^ Kilpatrick, Judith. "Desegregating the University of Arkansas School of Law: L. Clifford Davis and the Six Pioneers" (PDF). Arkansas Black Lawyers. Retrieved 17 December 2018.
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