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Haripuñjaya

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Haripuñjaya[1][2][3] (Central and Northern Thai: หริภุญชัย RTGS: Hariphunchai, also spelled Haribhuñjaya) was a Mon kingdom in what is now Northern Thailand, existing from the 7th or 8th to 13th century CE. Its capital was at Lamphun, which at the time was also called Haripuñjaya.[4]: 77  In 1292 the city was besieged and captured by Mangrai of the Tai kingdom of Lan Na.[4]: 208 

Haripuñjaya/Hariphunchai
หริภุญชัย (Thai)
Haripuñjaya (Pali)
629–1281
Mainland Southeast Asia in 1100 CE
Mainland Southeast Asia in 1100 CE
CapitalHaripuñjaya (Lamphun)
Common languagesMon, Pali, Lawa, Northern Thai
Religion
Buddhism (Theravada, Mahayana)
GovernmentMandala kingdom
Monarch 
• 662-669, or 662-679, or 659-688
Camadevi (Jamadevi)
• c. 1281
Yip (Yi Ba)
Historical eraPost-classical
• Legendary founding of Haripuñjaya by Suthep
629
• More probable founding of Haripuñjaya
750
• Besieged and captured by Ngoenyang
1281
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Dvaravati
Lopburi
Ngoenyang

The kingdom is referred to as K'un-lun in ancient Chinese records.[5]: 143–44 

Founding

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According to the Camadevivamsa and "Jinakalamali" chronicles, the city was founded by a hermit named Suthep in 629 AD, and the Mon ruler of Lavo Kingdom (present-day Lopburi) sent his daughter Jamadevi to become its first queen. However, this date is now considered too early, and the actual beginning is placed at around 750 AD.[citation needed] At that time, most of what is now central Thailand was under the rule of various Mon city-states, known collectively as the Dvaravati kingdom. Queen Jamadevi gave birth to twins, the older succeeding her as the ruler of Lamphun, and the younger becoming ruler of neighboring Lampang.

The local legend said that at the beginning of her reign, Haripuñjaya's Jamadevi was defeated by the Lawa dynasty's Vilanga [th], the 13th king of Raming Nakhon (ระมิงค์นคร, present Chiang Mai[6]), but her 2 princes married the 2 princesses of King Vilanga and both dynasties became allies.[7]: 36 

Flourishing and downfall

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A Haripuñjaya statue of the Buddha Shakyamuni from the 12th-13th century CE

The kingdom under King Adityaraja, came into conflict with the Khmers in the twelfth century. Lamphun inscriptions from 1213, 1218, and 1219, mention King Sabbadhisiddhi endowing Buddhist monuments.[4]: 195 

The chronicles say that the Khmer unsuccessfully besieged Haripuñjaya several times during the 11th century. It is not clear if the chronicles describe actual or legendary events, but the other Dvaravati Mon kingdoms did in fact fall to the Khmers at this time. The early 13th century was a golden time for Haripuñjaya, as the chronicles talk only about religious activities or constructing buildings, not about wars. Nevertheless, Haripuñjaya was besieged in 1292 by the Tai Yuan king Mangrai, who incorporated it into his Lan Na ("One Million Rice Fields") kingdom. The plan set up by Mangrai to overpower Haripuñjaya began by dispatching Ai Fa (Thai: อ้ายฟ้า) on an espionage mission to create chaos in Haripuñjaya. Ai Fa managed to spread discontent among the population, which weakened Haripuñjaya and made it possible for Mangrai to take the kingdom over.[8]: 38 [9][10][11] Phraya Yi Ba, the last king of Haripuñjaya, was forced to flee south to Lampang.[4]: 208–209 

List of rulers

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Names of monarchs of the Haripuñjaya kingdom according to Tamnan Hariphunchai (History of Kingdom of Haripuñjaya):[citation needed]

  1. Camadevi (662-669)
  2. Hanayos (669-749), son of the previuos
  3. Kumanjaraj (749-789)
  4. Rudantra (789-816)
  5. Sonamanjusaka (816-846)
  6. Samsara (846-856)
  7. Padumaraj (856-886)
  8. Kusadeva (886-894)
  9. Nokaraj
  10. Dasaraj
  11. Gutta
  12. Sera
  13. Yuvaraj
  14. Brahmtarayo
  15. Muksa
  16. Traphaka
  17. Uchitajakraphad, King of Lavo
  18. Kampol
  19. Jakaphadiraj, King of Atikuyaburi
  20. Vasudev
  21. Yeyyala
  22. Maharaj, King of Lampang
  23. Sela
  24. Kanjana
  25. Chilanka
  26. Phunthula
  27. Ditta
  28. Chettharaj
  29. Jeyakaraj
  30. Phatijjaraj
  31. Thamikaraj
  32. Ratharaj
  33. Saphasith
  34. Chettharaj
  35. Jeyakaraj
  36. Datvanyaraj
  37. Ganga
  38. Siribun
  39. Uthen
  40. Phanton
  41. Atana
  42. Havam
  43. Trangal (1195-1196)
  44. Yotta (1196-1270)
  45. Yip (1270-1292)

References

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  1. ^ Robert L. Brown (1996). The Dvāravatī Wheels of the Law and the Indianization of South East Asia. Brill.
  2. ^ Donald K. Swearer; Sommai Premchit, eds. (1998). The Legend of Queen Cāma: Bodhiraṃsi's Cāmadevīvaṃsa, a Translation and Commentary. State University of New York Press.
  3. ^ David K. Wyatt (2004). Thailand: A Short History (2nd ed.). Silkworm Press. pp. 15, 21, 24–26, 34–37.
  4. ^ a b c d Coedès, George (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. trans.Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-0368-1.
  5. ^ Luce, G.H. (1958). "The Early Syam in Burma's History" (PDF). Journal of the Siam Society. 46: 123–213.
  6. ^ "ตำนานขุนหลวงวิลังคะ กษัตริย์องค์ที่ 13 แห่งระมิงค์นคร (เชียงใหม่ปัจจุบัน) ที่ไม่สมหวังในความรัก" [The legend of King Luang Wilangka, the 13th king of Raming Nakhon (present-day Chiang Mai) who was unsuccessful in love.]. www.chiangmainews.co.th (in Thai). 28 June 2018. Retrieved 8 November 2024.
  7. ^ Thanutchaporn Ketkong; Supat Chaiwan (2021). "Dvaravati Civilization Footprints, Its Maximus Creeds and Cultures in Siam Suvarnbhumi, Ancient Thailand". Global Interactive Journal of World Religions and Cultures. 1 (1): 28–41.
  8. ^ Ministry of Education (1 January 2002). "Chiang Mai : Nop Buri Si Nakhon Ping". Retrieved 26 February 2021.[permanent dead link‍]
  9. ^ "The Chiang Mai Chronicle / Summary". Archived from the original on 30 September 2021. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
  10. ^ Janos Jany (8 April 2020). Legal Traditions in Asia: History, Concepts and Laws. Springer. p. 288. ISBN 9783030437282. Retrieved 26 February 2021.
  11. ^ "Lanna". Retrieved 26 February 2021.
  • 'Historic Lamphun: Capital of the Mon Kingdom of Haripunchai', in: Forbes, Andrew, and Henley, David, Ancient Chiang Mai Volume 4. Chiang Mai, Cognoscenti Books, 2012. ASIN B006J541LE
  • Swearer, Donald K. and Sommai Premchit. The Legend of Queen Cama: Bodhiramsi's Camadevivamsa, a Translation and Commentary. New York: State University of New York Press, 1998.
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