English: Evolution mechanisms of IAV. (A) Antigenic Drift: Gradual accumulation of mutations in the genome of IAVs leads to emergence of new virus variants. Mutations in the HA (blue) and NA (red) can affect the antigenic epitopes leading to antigenically new variants. (B) Antigenic Shift: The exchange/reassortment of genetic segments between two or more invading IAVs in a host cell can lead to emergence of (antigenically) distinct new subtype(s).
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mdpi.com/1999-4915/10/9/497/htm
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Ahmed Mostafa, Elsayed M. Abdelwhab, Thomas C. Mettenleiter, and Stephan Pleschka
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