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Catarrhini

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The parvorder Catarrhini /kætəˈraɪnaɪ/ (known commonly as catarrhine monkeys, Old World anthropoids, or Old World monkeys) consists of the Cercopithecoidea and apes (Hominoidea). In 1812, Geoffroy grouped those two groups together and established the name Catarrhini, "Old World monkeys", ("singes de l'Ancien Monde" in French).[4][3][5][2][6][excessive citations] Its sister in the infraorder Simiiformes is the parvorder Platyrrhini (New World monkeys).[2] There has been some resistance to directly designate apes (and thus humans) as monkeys despite the scientific evidence, so "Old World monkey" may be taken to mean the Cercopithecoidea or the Catarrhini.[4][7][8][9][10][6][11][12][13][14][excessive citations] That apes are monkeys was already realized by Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon in the 18th century.[3] Linnaeus placed this group in 1758 together with what we now recognise as the tarsiers and the New World monkeys, in a single genus "Simia" (sans Homo).[15] The Catarrhini are all native to Africa and Asia. Members of this parvorder are called catarrhines.

Catarrhines
Temporal range: Late Eocene–Holocene
Stump-tailed macaques
Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) at Walter Zoo, Gossau, St. Gallen, Switzerland
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Infraorder: Simiiformes
Parvorder: Catarrhini
É. Geoffroy, 1812[1][2]
Superfamilies


sister: Platyrrhini

Synonyms
  • Catarrhine monkeys
  • Old World anthropoids
  • Old World monkeys (from a cladistic definition that includes apes, and thus humans)[3][2]
  • Simiadae, W.C.L. Martin, 1841[3]

The Catarrhini are the sister group to the New World monkeys, the Platyrrhini.[16][17][18][19] Some six million years before the ape - Cercopithecoidea bifurcation, the Platyrrhini emerged within "monkeys" by migration to South America from Afro-Arabia (the Old World), likely by ocean.

Description

The technical distinction between the New World platyrrhines and Old World catarrhines is the shape of their noses. The platyrrhines (from Ancient Greek platy-, "flat", and rhin-, "nose") have nostrils which face sideways. The catarrhines (from Ancient Greek katà-, "down", and rhin-, "nose") have nostrils that face downwards. Catarrhines also never have prehensile tails, and have flat fingernails and toenails, a tubular ectotympanic (ear bone), and eight, not 12, premolars, giving them a dental formula of 2.1.2.32.1.2.3,[20] indicating 2 incisors, 1 canine, 2 premolars, and 3 molars on each side of the upper and lower jaws.

Most catarrhine species show considerable sexual dimorphism and do not form a pair bond. Most, but not all, species live in social groups.[citation needed] Like the platyrrhines, the catarrhines are generally diurnal,[20] and have grasping hands and (with the exception of bipedal humans) grasping feet.

The apes – in both traditional and phylogenic nomenclature – are exclusively catarrhine species. In traditional usage, ape describes any tailless, larger, and more typically ground-dwelling species of catarrhine. "Ape" may be found as part of the common name of such species, such as the Barbary ape. In phylogenic usage, the term ape applies only to the superfamily Hominoidea. This grouping comprises the two families: Hylobatidae, the lesser apes or gibbons; and Hominidae, the great apes, including orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, humans, and related extinct genera, such as the prehuman australopithecines and the giant orangutan relative Gigantopithecus.

Classification and evolution

According to Schrago & Russo, New World monkeys split from their Old World kin about 35 million years ago (Mya). They use the major catarrhine division between cercopithecoids and hominoids of about 25 Mya (which they argue is strongly supported by the fossil evidence), as a calibration point, and from this also calculate the gibbons separating from the great apes (including humans) about 15-19 Mya.[21]

According to Begun and Harrison, the Catarrhini split from their New World monkey kin about 44 - 40 Mya, with the first catarrhines appearing in Africa and Arabia, and not appearing in Eurasia (outside Arabia) until 18-17 Mya.[22]

Catarrhini lost the enzyme Alpha-galactosidase, present in all other mammal lineages, sometime after the split from platyrrhini. It is hypothesized that an ancient pathogen containing Alpha-galactosidase may be responsible, as only individuals with mutations that "turned off" the gene for Alpha-galactosidase would have produced antibodies against the pathogen and survived.[23][24]

The distinction between apes and monkeys is complicated by the traditional paraphyly of monkeys: apes emerged as a sister group of Old World monkeys in the catarrhines, which are a sister group of New World monkeys. Therefore, cladistically, apes, catarrhines and related contemporary extinct groups such as Parapithecidae are monkeys as well, for any consistent definition of "monkey". "Old World Monkey" may also legitimately be taken to be meant to include all the catarrhines, including apes and extinct species such as Aegyptopithecus, in which case the apes, Cercopithecoidea and Aegyptopithecus emerged within the Old World Monkeys. Although the colloquial usage of terms like ape and monkey in English reflects a misconception about their true biological relationship, this is not the case in some other languages; for example, in Russian, the same term is used to describe all simians, both with and without tails, including apes.[25]

Cladogram

Below is a cladogram with extinct species in which the crown Catharrhini, which emerged in the Propliopithecoidea.[26][27][28][29][30][31] Also, Saadanioidea is sister of the Cercopithecoidea rather than of the Crown Catarrhini here. It is indicated how many million years ago (Mya) the clades diverged into newer clades.

Crown Simians (37)

Platyrrhini

Catarrhini (35)

The Platyrrhini may have emerged in e.g. the Oligopithecidae.[32] The Saadanioidea may be sister to the Propliopithecoidea s.s., and Micropithecus may be sister to the Taqah Propliopithecids.[33]

References

  1. ^ a b Groves, C. P. (2005). "Order Primates". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 111–184. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ a b c d Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, M.É. (1812). "Tableau des Quadrumanes, ou des animaux composant le premier Ordre de la Classe des Mammifères". Annales du Muséum d'Histoire Naturelle. 19. Paris: 85–122. Archived from the original on 2019-03-27. Retrieved 2019-03-26.
  3. ^ a b c d Martin, W.C. Linnaeus (1841). A General Introduction to The Natural History Mamminferous Animals, With a Particular View of the Physical History of Man, and the More Closely Allied Genera of the Order Quadrumana, or Monkeys. London: Wright and Co. printers. pp. 339, 340, 361.
  4. ^ a b Osman Hill, W.C. (1953). Primates Comparative Anatomy and Taxonomy I—Strepsirhini. Edinburgh Univ Pubs Science & Maths, No 3. Edinburgh University Press. p. 53. OCLC 500576914.
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  16. ^ Garbino, Guilherme Siniciato Terra; De Aquino, Carla Cristina (2018). "Evolutionary Significance of the Entepicondylar Foramen of the Humerus in New World Monkeys (Platyrrhini)". Journal of Mammalian Evolution. 25: 141–151. doi:10.1007/s10914-016-9366-5. S2CID 3268953.
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  18. ^ Dixson, Alan (2015). "Primate sexuality". The International Encyclopedia of Human Sexuality. pp. 861–1042. doi:10.1002/9781118896877.wbiehs375. ISBN 9781118896877.
  19. ^ Takai, Masanaru; Maung-Maung; Sein, Chit; Soe, Aung Naing; Thaung-Htike; Zin-Maung-Maung-Thein (2017-01-01). "Chapter 9 Review of the investigation of primate fossils in Myanmar". Geological Society, London, Memoirs. 48 (1): 185–206. doi:10.1144/M48.9. ISSN 0435-4052. S2CID 90910477.
  20. ^ a b "Catarrhini Infraorder". ChimpanZoo (The Jane Goodall Institute). Archived from the original on 15 October 2012. Retrieved January 1, 2010.
  21. ^ Schrago, C. G.; Russo, C. A. (2003). "Timing the Origin of New World Monkeys". Molecular Biology and Evolution. 20 (10): 1620–1625. doi:10.1093/molbev/msg172. PMID 12832653.
  22. ^ Harrison, Terry (2013). "Catarrhine Origins". A Companion to Paleoanthropology. pp. 376–396. doi:10.1002/9781118332344.ch20. ISBN 9781118332344.
  23. ^ Koike, Chihiro; Uddin, Monica; Wildman, Derek E.; Gray, Edward A.; Trucco, Massimo; Starzl, Thomas E.; Goodman, Morris (9 January 2007). "Functionally important glycosyltransferase gain and loss during catarrhine primate emergence". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (2): 559–564. Bibcode:2007PNAS..104..559K. doi:10.1073/pnas.0610012104. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 1766424. PMID 17194757.
  24. ^ "Did An Ancient Pathogen Reshape Our Cells?". YouTube. Public Broadcasting System. Archived from the original on 13 August 2022. Retrieved 13 August 2022.
  25. ^ "Monkeys and apes". YouTube. Archived from the original on 2021-12-12.
  26. ^ Seiffert, Erik R.; Boyer, Doug M.; Fleagle, John G.; Gunnell, Gregg F.; Heesy, Christopher P.; Perry, Jonathan M. G.; Sallam, Hesham M. (2018). "New adapiform primate fossils from the late Eocene of Egypt". Historical Biology. 30 (1–2): 204–226. doi:10.1080/08912963.2017.1306522. S2CID 89631627. Archived from the original on 2023-11-29. Retrieved 2023-06-19.
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  28. ^ Rossie, James B.; Hill, Andrew (2018). "A new species of Simiolus from the middle Miocene of the Tugen Hills, Kenya". Journal of Human Evolution. 125: 50–58. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2018.09.002. PMID 30502897. S2CID 54625375.
  29. ^ Rasmussen, D. Tab; Friscia, Anthony R.; Gutierrez, Mercedes; Kappelman, John; Miller, Ellen R.; Muteti, Samuel; Reynoso, Dawn; Rossie, James B.; Spell, Terry L.; Tabor, Neil J.; Gierlowski-Kordesch, Elizabeth; Jacobs, Bonnie F.; Kyongo, Benson; Macharwas, Mathew; Muchemi, Francis (2019). "Primitive Old World monkey from the earliest Miocene of Kenya and the evolution of cercopithecoid bilophodonty". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 116 (13): 6051–6056. Bibcode:2019PNAS..116.6051R. doi:10.1073/pnas.1815423116. PMC 6442627. PMID 30858323.
  30. ^ Nengo, Isaiah; Tafforeau, Paul; Gilbert, Christopher C.; Fleagle, John G.; Miller, Ellen R.; Feibel, Craig; Fox, David L.; Feinberg, Josh; Pugh, Kelsey D.; Berruyer, Camille; Mana, Sara; Engle, Zachary; Spoor, Fred (2017). "New infant cranium from the African Miocene sheds light on ape evolution" (PDF). Nature. 548 (7666): 169–174. Bibcode:2017Natur.548..169N. doi:10.1038/nature23456. PMID 28796200. S2CID 4397839. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-08-31. Retrieved 2020-09-08.
  31. ^ Seiffert, Erik R. (2007). "Evolution and Extinction of Afro-Arabian Primates Near the Eocene-Oligocene Boundary". Folia Primatologica. 78 (5–6): 314–327. doi:10.1159/000105147. ISSN 0015-5713. PMID 17855785. S2CID 45717795. Archived from the original on 2023-11-29. Retrieved 2020-11-19.
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Further reading

  • Sellers, Bill (2000-10-20). "Primate Evolution" (PDF). Retrieved 2010-08-21.
  • Raaum, Ryan L.; Sterner, Kirstin N.; Noviello, Colleen M.; Stewart, Caro-Beth; Disotell, Todd R. (2005). "Catarrhine primate divergence dates estimated from complete mitochondrial genomes: Concordance with fossil and nuclear DNA evidence". Journal of Human Evolution. 48 (3): 237–257. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2004.11.007. PMID 15737392.
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