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Alameda, California

This article is about the city. For the island the city is on, see Alameda Island. For the county, see Alameda County, California. For other uses, see Alameda.

Alameda (/ˌæləˈmiːdə/ AL-ə-MEE-də; Spanish: [alaˈmeða]; Spanish for "tree-lined path") is a city in Alameda County, California, United States, located in the East Bay region of the Bay Area. The city is built on an informal archipelago in San Francisco Bay, consisting of Alameda Island, Bay Farm Island and Coast Guard Island, along with other smaller islands. As of the 2020 census, the city's population was 78,280.

Alameda
City
Basilica of St. Joseph
Basilica of St. Joseph
Alameda City Hall
Alameda City Hall
Alameda High School
Alameda High School
Twin Towers Methodist Church
Twin Towers Methodist Church
Flag of Alameda
Flag
Official seal of Alameda
Seal
Nickname: 
The Island City[1]
Map
Map
Map
Map
Coordinates: 37°45′22″N 122°16′28″W / 37.75611°N 122.27444°W / 37.75611; -122.27444
CountryUnited States
StateCalifornia
CountyAlameda
Founded
Incorporated		June 6, 1853
April 19, 1854
Government
 • TypeCouncil–manager
 • MayorMarilyn Ezzy Ashcraft[2]
 • State senatorNancy Skinner (D)[3]
 • AssemblymemberMia Bonta (D)[4]
 • U. S. rep.Barbara Lee (D)[5]
Area
[6]
 • Total
22.98 sq mi (59.52 km2)
 • Land10.45 sq mi (27.06 km2)
 • Water12.53 sq mi (32.45 km2)  53.79%
Elevation
[7]
33 ft (10 m)
Population
 (2020)
 • Total
78,280
 • Density7,491.63/sq mi (2,892.62/km2)
DemonymAlamedan
Time zoneUTC−8 (Pacific)
 • Summer (DST)UTC−7 (PDT)
ZIP Codes[8]
94501–94502
Area code510, 341
FIPS code06-00562
GNIS feature IDs277468, 2409669
Websitealamedaca.gov

History

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Spanish and Mexican eras

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Alameda and much of the East Bay was part of Rancho San Antonio, granted to the Peralta family in 1820.

Alameda occupies what was originally a peninsula connected to Oakland.[9] Much of it was low-lying and marshy. The higher ground nearby and adjacent parts of what is now downtown Oakland were the site of one of the largest coastal oak forests in the world. Spanish colonists called the area Encinal, meaning "forest of evergreen oak".[10] Alameda is Spanish for "grove of poplar trees" or "tree-lined avenue".[11] It was chosen as the name of the city in 1853 by popular vote.[12]

The inhabitants at the time of the arrival of the Spanish in the late 18th century were a local band of the Ohlone tribe. The peninsula was included in the vast Rancho San Antonio granted in 1820 to Luis Peralta by the Spanish king who claimed California. The grant was later confirmed by the Republic of Mexico upon its independence in 1821 from Spain.

Over time, the place became known as Bolsa de Encinal or Encinal de San Antonio.[13]

Post-Conquest era

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The Alameda Shore, painted by Joseph Lee c. 1868

The city was founded on June 6, 1853, after the United States acquired California following the Mexican–American War of 1848. The town originally contained three small settlements. "Alameda" referred to the village at Encinal and High streets, Hibbardsville was located at the North Shore ferry and shipping terminal, and Woodstock was on the west near the ferry piers of the South Pacific Coast Railroad and the Central Pacific. Eventually, the Central Pacific's ferry pier became the Alameda Mole. The borders of Alameda were made coextensive with the island in 1872, incorporating Woodstock into Alameda.[13] In his autobiography, writer Mark Twain described Alameda as "The Garden of California."[14]

 
Alameda shipyards at the turn of the 20th century

The first post office opened in 1854.[13] The first school, Schermerhorn School, was opened in 1855 (and eventually renamed as Lincoln School). The San Francisco and Alameda Railroad opened the Encinal station in 1864.[13] The early formation of the Park Street Historic Commercial District (or downtown) was centered near the train lines.[15] Encinal's own post office opened in 1876, was renamed West End in 1877, and closed in 1891.[13] On September 6, 1869, the Alameda Terminal made history; it was the site of the arrival of the first train via the First transcontinental railroad to reach the shores of San Francisco Bay,[16] thus achieving the first coast to coast transcontinental railroad in North America.

The Croll Building, on the corner of Webster Street and Central Avenue, was the site of Croll's Gardens and Hotel, used as training quarters for some of the most popular fighters in boxing from 1883 to 1914.[17] Jack Johnson and several other champions all stayed and trained here.[18]]

The need for expanded shipping facilities and increased flow of current through the estuary led to the dredging of a tidal canal through the marshland between Oakland and Alameda. Construction started in 1874, but it was not completed until 1902, resulting in Alameda becoming an island.[19]

Modern era

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Neptune Beach, established in 1917

In 1917, a private entertainment park called Neptune Beach was built in the area now known as Crab Cove, which became a major recreation destination in the 1920s and 1930s. Both the American snow cone[20] and the popsicle[21] were first sold at Neptune Beach. The Kewpie doll became the original prize for winning games of chance at the beach – another Neptune Beach innovation.[22][23] The park closed down in 1939.

The Alameda Works Shipyard was one of the largest and best-equipped shipyards in the country. Together with other industrial facilities, it became part of the defense industry buildup before and during World War II, which attracted many migrants from other parts of the United States for the high-paying jobs. In the 1950s, Alameda's industrial and shipbuilding industries thrived along the Alameda Estuary.

In the early 21st century, the Port of Oakland, across the estuary, has become one of the largest ports on the West Coast. Its operators use shipping technologies originally experimented within Alameda. As of March 21, 2006, Alameda is a "Coast Guard City", one of seven then designated in the country. As of 2018, it is one of twenty-one within the country.[24]

 
Aerial view of Alameda, 1936

In addition to the regular trains running to the Alameda Mole, Alameda was also served by local steam commuter lines of the Southern Pacific (initially, the Central Pacific). Alameda was the site of the Southern Pacific's West Alameda Shops, where all the electric trains were maintained and repaired. These were later adapted as the East Bay Electric Lines. The trains ran to both the Oakland Mole and the Alameda Mole.

In the 1930s Pan American Airways established a seaplane port along with the fill that led to the Alameda Mole, the original home base for the China Clipper flying boat. In 1929, the University of California established the San Francisco Airdrome located near the current Webster Street tube as a public airport. The Bay Airdrome had its gala christening party in 1930. The Airdrome was closed in 1941 when its air traffic interfered with the newly built Naval Air Station Alameda (NAS Alameda).[25]

In the late 1950s, the Utah Construction Company began a landfill beyond the Old Sea Wall and created South Shore.

On February 7, 1973, a USN Vought A-7E Corsair II fighter jet on a routine training mission from Lemoore Naval Air Station suddenly caught fire 28,000 feet (8,500 m) above the San Francisco Bay, crashing into the Tahoe Apartments in Alameda. Eleven people including the pilot died in the crash and fire.[26][27]

Geography

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Fruitvale Bridge, spanning the Oakland Estuary, connects Alameda in the south to Oakland in the north.

Alameda's nickname is "The Island City" (or simply "the island"). The current city occupies three islands as well as a small section of the mainland. Today, the city consists of the main original section, with the former Naval Air Station Alameda (NAS Alameda) at the west end of Alameda Island, Southshore along the southern side of Alameda Island, and Bay Farm Island, which is part of the mainland proper.

The area of the former NAS is now known as "Alameda Point." The Southshore area is separated from the main part of Alameda Island by a lagoon; the north shore of the lagoon is located approximately where the original south shore of the island was. Alameda Point and Southshore are built on bay fill.

 
Coast Guard Island

Not all of Alameda Island is part of the City of Alameda; a small portion of a dump site west of the former runway at Alameda Naval Air Station extends far enough into San Francisco Bay that it is over the county line and therefore part of the City and County of San Francisco.[28]

Coast Guard Island, a small island between Alameda Island and Oakland, is also part of Alameda and is the home of Integrated Support Command Alameda.[29]

Ballena Isle, an even smaller island, is also part of Alameda.

Climate

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This region experiences warm (but not hot), dry summers, and cool (but not cold), wet winters. According to the Köppen climate classification system, Alameda has a warm-summer Mediterranean climate, abbreviated "Csb" on climate maps.[30] Annual precipitation is about 22 in (560 mm), all rain (snow is extremely rare at sea level in the San Francisco Bay Area).

Climate data for Alameda NAS, California
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 58.3
(14.6) 		61.8
(16.6) 		64.6
(18.1) 		67.5
(19.7) 		69.4
(20.8) 		71.6
(22.0) 		72.0
(22.2) 		73.0
(22.8) 		74.3
(23.5) 		72.3
(22.4) 		65.4
(18.6) 		58.5
(14.7) 		67.4
(19.7)
Daily mean °F (°C) 52.3
(11.3) 		55.3
(12.9) 		57.7
(14.3) 		59.7
(15.4) 		61.8
(16.6) 		63.9
(17.7) 		64.7
(18.2) 		65.7
(18.7) 		66.6
(19.2) 		64.5
(18.1) 		58.7
(14.8) 		52.9
(11.6) 		60.3
(15.7)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 46.4
(8.0) 		48.9
(9.4) 		50.8
(10.4) 		51.9
(11.1) 		54.2
(12.3) 		56.2
(13.4) 		57.5
(14.2) 		58.4
(14.7) 		58.9
(14.9) 		56.6
(13.7) 		52.0
(11.1) 		47.3
(8.5) 		53.3
(11.8)
Average rainfall inches (mm) 4.21
(107) 		4.10
(104) 		2.74
(70) 		1.18
(30) 		0.72
(18) 		0.15
(3.8) 		0.01
(0.25) 		0.04
(1.0) 		0.19
(4.8) 		1.94
(49) 		2.50
(64) 		4.00
(102) 		21.78
(553.85)
Average rainy days (≥ 0.01 in) 10.3 9.5 11.4 5.5 3.1 1.4 0.4 0.6 1.6 3.6 8.4 10.6 66.4
Source: NCEI (Data Tools: 1981-2010 Normals)[31]

Hazards

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The low-lying island has seen sea-level and groundwater level rise threaten its infrastructure and people not just through flooding events, but through the increased liquefaction risk from more saturated soils. The locations of increasing groundwater-induced risks and flooding risks may be most precise in private insurance company maps.[32]

Demographics

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Historical population
YearPop.±%
1860460—    
18701,557+238.5%
18805,708+266.6%
189011,165+95.6%
190016,464+47.5%
191023,383+42.0%
192028,806+23.2%
193035,033+21.6%
194036,256+3.5%
195064,430+77.7%
196063,855−0.9%
197070,968+11.1%
198063,852−10.0%
199076,459+19.7%
200072,259−5.5%
201073,812+2.1%
202078,280+6.1%
202375,353−3.7%
U.S. Decennial Census[33]

2020

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Alameda, California – Racial and ethnic composition
Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) Pop 2000[34] Pop 2010[35] Pop 2020[36] % 2000 % 2010 % 2020
White alone (NH) 37,921 33,468 32,152 52.48% 45.34% 41.07%
Black or African American alone (NH) 4,350 4,516 4,399 6.02% 6.12% 5.62%
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) 365 247 173 0.51% 0.33% 0.22%
Asian alone (NH) 18,757 22,822 25,107 25.96% 30.92% 32.07%
Pacific Islander alone (NH) 407 342 356 0.56% 0.46% 0.45%
Other race alone (NH) 235 278 556 0.33% 0.38% 0.71%
Mixed race or Multiracial (NH) 3,499 4,047 6,102 4.84% 5.48% 7.80%
Hispanic or Latino (any race) 6,725 8,092 9,435 9.31% 10.96% 12.05%
Total 72,259 73,812 78,280 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

2010

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First Presbyterian Church

The 2010 United States Census[37] reported that Alameda had a population of 73,812. (2015 census estimates place the population at 78,630)

The population density was 3,214.9 inhabitants per square mile (1,241.3/km2). The racial makeup of Alameda was 37,460 (50.8%) White, 23,058 (31.2%) Asian, 4,759 (6.4%) African American, 426 (0.6%) Native American, 381 (0.5%) Pacific Islander, 2,463 (3.3%) from other races, and 5,265 (7.1%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8,092 persons (11.0%).

The Census reported that 72,316 people (98.0% of the population) lived in households, 857 (1.2%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 639 (0.9%) were institutionalized.

There were 30,123 households, out of which 9,144 (30.4%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 13,440 (44.6%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 3,623 (12.0%) had a female householder with no husband present, 1,228 (4.1%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 1,681 (5.6%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 459 (1.5%) same-sex married couples or same-sex partnerships. 9,347 households (31.0%) were made up of individuals, and 2,874 (9.5%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40. There were 18,291 families (60.7% of all households); the average family size was 3.06.

The age distribution of the population shows 15,304 people (20.7%) under the age of 18, 5,489 people (7.4%) aged 18 to 24, 21,000 people (28.5%) aged 25 to 44, 22,044 people (29.9%) aged 45 to 64, and 9,975 people (13.5%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40.7 years. For every 100 females, there were 91.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 88.5 males.

Per capita annual income (in 2013 dollars) in 2009–2013 was $41,340 per the US Census. Median household income in 2009–2013 was $74,606 per the US Census.

There were 32,351 housing units at an average density of 1,409.0 per square mile (544.0/km2), of which 30,123 were occupied, of which 14,488 (48.1%) were owner-occupied, and 15,635 (51.9%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 1.1%; the rental vacancy rate was 5.7%. 37,042 people (50.2% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 35,274 people (47.8%) lived in rental housing units.

2000

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Twin Towers Church

As of the census[38] of 2000, there were 72,259 people, 30,226 households, and 17,863 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,583.3/km2 (6,693.4/mi2). There were 31,644 housing units at an average density of 1,131.3/km2 (2,931.2/mi2). The racial makeup of the city was 56.95% White, 6.21% Black or African American, 0.67% Native American, 26.15% Asian, 0.60% Pacific Islander, 3.29% from other races, and 6.13% from two or more races. 9.31% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 30,226 households, out of which 27.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.7% were married couples living together, 11.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.9% were non-families. Of all households, 32.2% were made up of individuals, and 9.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.35 and the average family size was 3.04.

In the city, the age distribution of the population shows 21.5% under the age of 18, 7.0% from 18 to 24, 33.6% from 25 to 44, 24.6% from 45 to 64, and 13.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.5 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $56,285, and the median income for a family was $68,625. Males had a median income of $49,174 versus $40,165 for females. The per capita income for the city was $30,982. About 6.0% of families and 8.2% of the population were below the poverty line, including 11.4% of those under age 18 and 6.1% of those age 65 or over.

There is a large Filipino community; and also a major Portuguese community, from which Tom Hanks' mother came and where Lyndsy Fonseca was raised for some time. Alameda also has a historic Japanese American community and had a small Japanese business district on a portion of Park Street before World War II, when the city's Japanese population was interned. A Japanese Buddhist church is one of the few remaining buildings left of Alameda's pre-war Japanese American community.[39]

Economy

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Waterfront homes in Alameda
 
The Croll Building, built 1879
 
The Masonic Temple and Lodge

Naval Air Station Alameda (NAS), decommissioned in 1997, was turned over to the City of Alameda for civilian development, today known as Alameda Point.

The aircraft carrier USS Hornet, a museum ship, has been moored at the former Naval Air Station as the USS Hornet Museum since 1998.

A cluster of artisan distilleries, wineries, breweries and tasting rooms along Monarch Street at Alameda Point is now referred to by the City of Alameda as "Spirits Alley".[40] Admiral Maltings also sits in this area, supplying craft brewers and whisky producers, and is the first craft malting house in California.[41]

Top employers

According to the city's 2020 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,[42] the top employers in the city are:

# Employer # of Employees
1 Penumbra Inc. 1,839
2 Alameda Unified School District 1,068
3 Alameda Hospital 750
4 Abbott Diabetes Care Inc. 565
5 City of Alameda 543
6 Kaiser Foundation Health Plan 450
7 U.S. Department of Transportation 370
8 Alameda Alliance For Health 366
9 Bay Ship & Yacht Co. 316
10 College of Alameda 266
Further information: TRIC Tools

Arts and culture

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Alameda Theatre

The Alameda Arts Council (AAC) serves as the local Alameda City arts council. The Alameda Civic Ballet is the ballet troupe of the city.[43] The Alameda Museum features displays on the history of Alameda.[44] The Alameda Art Association has about 80 members as of January 2011, and has a gallery space at South Shore Center mall. The Association began in 1944. Photo-realist Robert Bechtle has painted numerous Alameda subjects, including Alameda Gran Torino, which was acquired by SFMOMA in 1974 and remains one of Bechtle's most famous works.[45]

Theaters

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Veterans Memorial Building

The city restored the historic Art Deco city landmark Alameda Theatre, expanding it to include a theater multiplex. The public opening was May 21, 2008.

The Altarena Playhouse, which performs comedies, dramas, and musicals, was founded in 1938 and is the longest continuously operating community theater in the San Francisco Bay Area.[46]

Festivals

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The Fourth of July parade is advertised as the second oldest and second-longest Fourth of July parade in the United States.[47] It features homemade floats, classic cars, motorized living room furniture, fire-breathing dragons, and marching bands.

There are three major events when the street in Alameda's historic downtown district is closed to vehicular traffic. The Park Street Spring Festival takes place every May during the weekend of Mother's Day and attracts over 50,000 visitors. The Park Street Art & Wine Faire takes place the last weekend of every July and attracts over 100,000 visitors. The Park Street Classic Car Show is held on the second Saturday every October and displays over 400 vintage vehicles.[48]

The annual Sand Castle and Sculpture Contest takes place in June at the Robert Crown Memorial State Beach. The first contest was held in 1967.[49]

Government

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Alameda City Hall
 
Alameda Free Library

According to the California Secretary of State, as of February 10, 2019, Alameda has 48,609 registered voters. Of those, 27,323 (56.2%) are registered Democrats, 5,240 (10.8%) are registered Republicans, and 13,950 (28.7%) have declined to state a political party.[50]

Alameda Free Library

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After two previous failures, voters in the city passed a ballot measure in 2000 authorizing a bond measure for construction of a new main library to replace the city's Carnegie Library, damaged during the 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake. The city also received state funds for the new main library and opened the doors to the new facility in November 2006.

There are three library locations: the Main Library in downtown Alameda and two library branches; the Bay Farm Island Library serving the Bay Farm and Harbor Bay communities and the West End Library serving the West End of Alameda.

Education

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View of Bay Farm Island
Main article: Alameda Unified School District

Public primary and secondary education in Alameda is the responsibility of the Alameda Unified School District, which is legally separate from the City of Alameda government (as is common throughout California). The College of Alameda, a two-year community college in the West End is part of the Peralta Community College District. The city has numerous private primary schools, and one private high school, St. Joseph Notre Dame High School, a Catholic school.

Media

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Alameda's first newspaper, the Encinal, appeared in the early 1850s. Following the Encinal, several other papers appeared along geographic lines, and the Daily Argus eventually rose to prominence. Around 1900, the Daily Argus began to fade in importance and east and west papers The Times and The Star combined to take the leading role as the Alameda Times-Star in the 1930s. The Times-Star was sold to the Alameda Newspaper Group in the 1970s. In 1997, the Hills Newspaper chain was bought by Knight Ridder. Between 2001 and 2023, the Alameda Sun ran a local weekly print newspaper.

The community is currently served by weekly newspaper, the Alameda Journal and a non-profit online news outlet called the Alameda Post.

Transportation

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Alameda Portal of the Posey and Webster Street Tubes
 
High Street Bridge
 
 
3km
2miles
5
4
3
2
1
Alameda Island and connections:
  1. Posey and Webster Street tubes
  2. Park Street Bridge
  3. Fruitvale Bridge
  4. High Street Bridge
  5. Bay Farm Island Bridge

Vehicle access to Alameda Island is via three bridges from Oakland (Park Street, Fruitvale Avenue, and High Street Bridges), as well as the two one-way Posey and Webster Street Tubes leading into Oakland's Chinatown. Connections from Alameda to Bay Farm Island are provided via the Bay Farm Island Bridge for vehicular traffic as well as the Bay Farm Island Bicycle Bridge (the only pedestrian/bicycle-only drawbridge in the United States[51]).[52]

California State Route 61 runs down city streets from the Posey and Webster Street Tubes, across the Bay Farm Island Bridge, and south to the Oakland Airport. The island is just minutes off Interstate 880 in Oakland. The speed limit for the city is 25 mph (40 km/h) on almost every road.

Public transportation options include:

Notable buildings

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Notable people

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Sister cities

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Alameda's relationships with Wuxi and Jiangyin were initiated in 2005, in part, by Stewart Chen, who then served on the City of Alameda Social Service and Human Relations board, and who went on to be elected to Alameda City Council in November 2012.[122]

Wuxi, China, is a so-called friendship city, because the diplomacy organization Sister Cities International does not recognize the relationship.[123]

Friendship city

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ "The Island City". Archived from the original on July 26, 2011. Retrieved July 13, 2017.
  2. ^ "Mayor Marilyn Ezzy Ashcraft". City of Alameda. Retrieved February 12, 2019.
  3. ^ "Senators". State of California. Retrieved March 18, 2013.
  4. ^ "Members Assembly". State of California. Retrieved March 18, 2013.
  5. ^ "California's 12th Congressional District - Representatives & District Map". Civic Impulse, LLC. Retrieved March 12, 2013.
  6. ^ "2020 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved October 30, 2021.
  7. ^ "Alameda". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior.
  8. ^ "ZIP Code(tm) Lookup". United States Postal Service. Retrieved November 24, 2014.
  9. ^ "Days Gone By: In 1902, 'island city' Alameda celebrates its new tidal canal". December 18, 2013.
  10. ^ Gannett, Henry (1905). The Origin of Certain Place Names in the United States. Govt. Print. Off. pp. 119.
  11. ^ "alameda – Spanish-English Translation and Pronunciation". Yahoo! Education. Yahoo!. Archived from the original on August 21, 2008. Retrieved February 15, 2010.
  12. ^ "A Brief History of Alameda". City of Alameda, California. Archived from the original on February 2, 2010. Retrieved February 15, 2010.
  13. ^ a b c d e Durham, David L. (1998). California's Geographic Names: A Gazetteer of Historic and Modern Names of the State. Clovis, Calif.: Word Dancer Press. p. 592. ISBN 1-884995-14-4.
  14. ^ Twain, Mark (November 15, 2010). Autobiography of Mark Twain, Volume 1: The Complete and Authoritative Edition. University of California Press. p. 254. ISBN 978-0-520-94699-6.
  15. ^ a b c "National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Park Street Historic Commercial District". National Park Service. Retrieved September 17, 2023. With accompanying pictures
  16. ^ "The first through train on the Western Pacific Road". cdnc.ucr.edu. Daily Alta California September 7, 1869 – California Digital Newspaper Collection. Retrieved June 20, 2018.
  17. ^ "CROLL BUILDING". California State Park Office of Historic Preservation. State of California. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
  18. ^ Rego, Nilda (October 21, 2011). "Days Gone By: John Croll made Alameda a playground for fun lovers". The Mercury News. Bay Area News Group. Retrieved June 3, 2020.
  19. ^ Rego, Nilda (December 18, 2013). "Days Gone By: In 1902, 'island city' Alameda celebrates its new tidal canal". San Jose Mercury News.
  20. ^ "Around Town – Alameda, CA". Archived from the original on December 5, 2008. Retrieved December 6, 2007.
  21. ^ "Alameda Museum Quarterly Newsletter" (PDF). p. 8. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 29, 2008. Retrieved December 4, 2007.
  22. ^ paula. "Alameda all at once – 48 hills". 48 hills. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
  23. ^ "11 Goners". Alameda Magazine. December 2011. Archived from the original on August 19, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2017.
  24. ^ Bender, Kristin (March 22, 2006). "After 80 years, Alameda named 'Coast Guard City'". Oakland Tribune. BNET. Archived from the original on February 2, 2010. Retrieved February 15, 2010.
  25. ^ Freeman, Paul (December 27, 2009). "Abandoned & Little-Known Airfields: Oakland Area". Abandoned & Little-Known Airfields: California. Paul Freeman. Retrieved February 15, 2010.
  26. ^ "The Crash of Navy A-7E Corsair II – Alameda, Calif. – February 7, 1973". Check-Six.com. Retrieved September 11, 2014.
  27. ^ Kulczyk, David. (2009). Death In California – The Bizarre, Freakish, and Just Curious Ways People Die in the Golden State. Craven Street Books. P117 ISBN 978-1-884995-57-6
  28. ^ "Historic California Posts: Naval Air Station, Alameda". Militarymuseum.org. Retrieved July 13, 2017.
  29. ^ "ISC Alameda Home". Webarchive.loc.gov. Archived from the original on November 9, 2001. Retrieved July 13, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
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Further reading

edit
  • Merlin, Imelda. Alameda: a Geographical History. Illus. with photos. Alameda: Friends of the Alameda Free Library, (1977).
edit
 
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