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Ahom dynasty

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The Ahom dynasty (1228–1826) ruled the Ahom Kingdom in present-day Assam, India for nearly 598 years. The dynasty was established by Sukaphaa, a Shan prince of Mong Mao (present-day Yunnan, China) who came to Assam after crossing the Patkai mountains. The rule of this dynasty ended with the Burmese invasion of Assam and the subsequent annexation by the British East India Company following the Treaty of Yandabo in 1826.

In external medieval chronicles the kings of this dynasty were called Asam Raja, whereas the subjects of the kingdom called them Chaopha, or Swargadeo (in Assamese).[1]

Ahom Kingdom (Chao-Pha / Swargadeo)

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Garhgaon Kareng Ghar royal residence of Ahom kings, 1872.

The office of the Ahom king, was reserved exclusively for the descendants of the first king Sukaphaa (1228–1268) who came to Assam from Mong Mao in 1228.[2] Succession was by agnatic primogeniture. Nevertheless, following Rudra Singha's deathbed injunction four of his five sons became the king one after the other. The descendants of Sukaphaa were not eligible for ministerial positions—a division of power that was followed till the end of the dynasty and the kingdom. When the nobles asked Atan Burhagohain to become the king, the Tai priests rejected the idea and he desisted from ascending the throne.

The king could be appointed only with the concurrence of the patra mantris (council of ministers—Burhagohain, Borgohain, Borpatrogohain, Borbarua and Borphukan). During three periods in the 14th century, the kingdom had no kings when acceptable candidates were not found. The ministers could remove unacceptable kings, and it used to involve executing the erstwhile king. In the 17th century a power struggle and the increasing number of claimants to the throne resulted in kings being deposed in quick succession, all of whom were executed after the new king was instated. To prevent this bloody end, a new rule was introduced during the reign of Sulikphaa Lora Roja—claimants to the throne had to be physically unblemished—which meant that threats to the throne could be removed by merely slitting the ear of an ambitious prince. Rudra Singha, suspecting his brother Lechai's intention, mutilated and banished him. The problem of succession remained, and on his deathbed, he instructed that all his sons were to become kings. One of his sons, Mohanmala Gohain, was superseded, who went on to lead a rebel group during the Moamoria rebellion. The later kings and officers exploited the unblemished rule, leading to weak kings being instated. Kamaleswar Singha (2-year-old son of Kadam Dighala) and Purandar Singha (10-year-old son of Brajanath and one of the last kings of this dynasty) came into office because their fathers were mutilated.

The Ahom kings were given divine origin. According to Ahom tradition, Sukaphaa was a descendant of Khunlung, the grandson of the king of the heavens Leungdon, who had come down from the heavens and ruled Mong-Ri-Mong-Ram. During the reign of Suhungmung (1497–1539) which saw the composition of the first Assamese Buranji and increased Hindu influence, the Ahom kings were traced to the union of Indra (identified with Lengdon) and Syama (a low-caste woman), and were declared Indravamsa kshatriyas, a lineage created exclusively for the Ahoms.[3] Suhungmung adopted the title Swarganarayan, and the later kings were called Swargadeo's (literal meaning: Lord of the Heavens). It was during his reign that the Buranji titled Sri Sri Swarganarayan Maharajor Jonmokotha was written wherein the source and lineage of the Ahom kings was connected to the Hindu God, Indra, Lord of the Heaven.

Coronation

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The Swargadeo's coronation was called Singarigharutha, a ceremony that was performed first by Sudangphaa (Bamuni Konwar) (1397–1407). The first coins in the new king's name were minted during the reign of Sutamla.[4] Kamaleswar Singha (1795–1811) and Chandrakanta Singha's (1811–1818) coronations were not performed on the advice of Prime minister Purnananda Burhagohain, due to the financial constraints of State treasury caused by the internal disturbances during Moamoria rebellion. Kings who died in office were buried in vaults called Moidam, at Charaideo. Some of the later Maidams, beginning from the reign of Rajeswar Singha (1751–1769) were constructed to bury the ashes of those cremated.

On ascent, the king would generally assume an Ahom name decided by the Ahom priests. The name generally ended in Pha (Tai: Heaven), e.g. Susenghphaa. Later kings also assumed a Hindu name that ended in Singha (Assamese: Lion): Susengphaa assumed the name Pratap Singha. Buranjis occasionally would refer to a past king by a more informal and colourful name that focused on a specific aspect of the king Pratap Singha was also known as Burha Roja (Assamese: Old King) because when Pratap Singha became the king, he was quite advanced in age.

Royal offices

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Subinphaa (1281–1293), the third Ahom king, delineated the Satghariya Ahom, the Ahom aristocracy of the Seven Houses. Of this, the first lineage was that of the king. The next two were the lineages of the Burhagohain and the Borgohain. The last four were priestly lineages. Sukhrangpha (1332–1364) established the position of Charing Raja which came to be reserved for the heir apparent. The first Charing Raja was Sukhramphaa's half-brother, Chao Pulai, the son of the Kamata princess Rajani, but who did not ultimately become the Swargadeo. Suhungmung Dihingia Raja (1497–1539) settled the descendants of past kings in different regions that gave rise to seven royal houses—Saringiya, Tipamiya, Dihingiya, Samuguriya, Tungkhungiya, Parvatiya and Namrupiya—and periods of Ahom rule came to be known after these families. The rule of the last such house, Tungkhungiya, was established by Gadadhar Singha (1681–1696) and his descendants ruled till the end of the Ahom kingdom.

Queens

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Bar Raja Ambika, queen regent of king Siva Singha.

Ahom queens (Kunworis) played important roles in the matter of state. They were officially designated in a gradation of positions, called the Bor Kuwori (Chief Queen), Parvatia Kuwori, Raidangia Kuwori, Tamuli Kuwori, etc. who were generally daughters of Ahom noblemen and high officials. Lesser wives of the Swargadeo were called Chamua Kunworis. Some of the queens were given separate estates that were looked after by state officials (Phukans or Baruas).[5] During the reign of Siva Singha (1714–1744), the king gave his royal umbrella and royal insignia to his queens—Phuleshwari kunwori, Ambika Kunwori and Anadari Kunwori in succession— to rule the kingdom. They were called Bor-Rojaa. Some queens maintained office even after the death or removal of the kings, as happened with Pakhori Gabhoru and Kuranganayani who were queens to multiple kings.

One way in which the importance of the queens can be seen is that many of them are named on coins; typically the king's name would be on the obverse of the coin and the queen's on the reverse.

Court influences

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Ahom royal court, sitting on the throne king Siva Singha (left) and queen Ambika (right) receiving a copy of Ms. Dharma Purana from the author.

Sukaphaa's ruling deity was Chum-Pha and Sheng-mung a pair of non-Hindu, non-Buddhist gods, and he was accompanied by classes of priests called Deodhai, Bailung etc. But the Ahom kings let themselves be influenced by the religion and customs of those they ruled over. Sudangphaa Bamuni Konwar (1397–1407) installed a Brahmin of Habung, in whose household he was born and raised, as his adviser, but he himself did not convert to Hinduism.[6] Susenphaa (1439–1488) constructed a temple at Negheriting.[7] Suhungmung Dihingia Rojaa (1497–1539) was the first Ahom king to expand the kingdom and the polity, allow Assamese influence in his court and accept a non-Ahom title—Swarganarayan.[8] Sukhaamphaa Khora Rojaa (1552–1603) began consulting Hindu astrologers alongside the traditional Deodhai-Bailung priests, and Pratap Singha (1603–1641) installed 13 Brahmin families as diplomats.[7] Assamese language coexisted with Tai language in the court till the reign of Pratap Singha, during whose rule Assamese became dominant. Sutamla (1648–1663) was the first Ahom king to be initiated into the Mahapuruxiya Dharma,[9] and Ahom kings till Sulikphaa lora roja (1679–1681) continued to be disciples of one sattra or the other.[10] Mahapuruxiya pontiffs belonging to different sects began playing a greater role in state politics. After the chaos of the late 17th century, Gadadhar Sinha (1681–1696), the first Tungkhungiya king began his rule with a deep distrust of these religious groups. His son and successor Rudra Singha (1696–1714) searched for an alternative state religion, and his son and successor Siva Singha (1714–1744) formally adopted Saktism, the nemesis of the Mahapuruxiya sects. The persecution of the Mahapuruxiya Sattras under the Tunkhungiya rulers following Siba Singha was a crucial factor leading to the Moamoria rebellion that greatly depleted the Ahom kingdom.

King's Guards

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Bodyguards of Ahom kings.

The king was guarded by a six thousand strong household troop under a Bhitarual Phukan. A unit of musketeers consisting of the king's relatives was established by Sukhaamphaa alias Khora Raja that protected the capital (under the Bajua Hilaidari Konwar) and the palace and environs (Bhitarual Hilaidari Konwar).[11]

The protection of the king was strictly taken into measure. Several classes of highly trusted guards were entrusted with the duty of protecting the king, which were duly supervised by the superior officers. (i) Hendangdhara or persons wielding hengdang were the personal bodyguards of the king. (ii) Chabukdhara, wielding whip, preceded the king whenever he moved out. (iii) Da-dhara or guards holding swords accompanied the king on his side. (iv) Dangdhara or guards carrying baton, moved around the side of the king.[12]

Patronage to Art

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Main article: Painting of Assam
 
Ms. Brahma Vaivarta Purna, reproduced at the patronage of Ahom king Purandar Singha in 1836.

The Ahom kings particularly of the tungkhungia house were great patrons of art, they encouraged the art of manuscript painting. Under their patronage, a great number of highly illustrated manuscripts were produced and a new school of art emerged as the 'Garhgaon school'. This school of art broke away from the already existing 'Sattriya school', with much secular influence. Richly illustrated manuscripts such as– Gita Govinda, Dharma Purana, Sankachura Vadh, Hastividyarnava, Ananda Lahiri, Bhagavata Purana VI, Brhamavaivarta Purana, etc., are all products of the royal court.[13][14]

Timeline

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Purandar SinghaJogeswar SinghaSudingphaaPurandar SinghaSudingphaaSuklingphaaSuhitpangphaaSunyeophaaSuremphaaSunenphaaSutanphaaSukhrungphaaSupaatphaaSulikphaaSudoiphaaSujinphaaGobar RojaSuhungSuklamphaaSunyatphaaSupangmungSutamlaSutingphaaSuramphaaSusenghphaaSukhaamphaaSuklenmungSuhungmungSupimphaaSuhenphaaSusenphaaSuphakphaaSujangphaaSudangphaaTyao KhamtiSutuphaaSukhrangphaSukhaangphaaSubinphaaSuteuphaaSukaphaa

Swargadeo dynastic lineage

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In the nearly 600-years 39-Swargadeo dynastic history, there are three progenitor kings (all subsequent kings are descendants of these kings).[citation needed] They are Sukaphaa, who established the kingdom; Suhungmung, who made the greatest territorial and political expansion of the kingdom; and Supaatphaa, who established the House of Tungkhugia kings that reigned the kingdom during its political and cultural zenith, as well as the period of decay and end (except for Jogeswar Singha, who was a descendant of Supaatphaa's father Gobar, and who was installed as a puppet king by the Burmese).[citation needed]

The dynastic history and dates that are accepted today are the result of a re-examination of Ahom and other documents by a team of Nora astronomers and experts who were commissioned to do so by Gaurinath Singha (1780–1795).[15]

The list of Swargadeos of the Ahom Kingdom
Years Reign Ahom name Other names succession End of reign Capital
1228–1268 40y Sukaphaa natural death Charaideo
1268–1281 13y Suteuphaa son of Sukaphaa natural death Charaideo
1281–1293 8y Subinphaa son of Suteuphaa natural death Charaideo
1293–1332 39y Sukhaangphaa son of Subinphaa natural death Charaideo
1332–1364 32y Sukhrangpha son of Sukhaangphaa natural death Charaideo
1364–1369 5y Interregnum[16]
1369–1376 7y Sutuphaa brother of Sukhrangphaa[17] assassinated[18] Charaideo
1376–1380 4y Interregnum
1380–1389 9y Tyao Khamti brother of Sutuphaa assassinated[19] Charaideo
1389–1397 8y Interregnum
1397–1407 10y Sudangphaa Baamuni Konwar son of Tyao Khaamti[20] natural death Charagua
1407–1422 15y Sujangphaa son of Sudangphaa natural death
1422–1439 17y Suphakphaa son of Sujangpha natural death
1439–1488 49y Susenphaa son of Suphakphaa natural death
1488–1493 5y Suhenphaa son of Susenphaa assassinated[21]
1493–1497 4y Supimphaa son of Suhenphaa natural death
1497–1539 42y Suhungmung Swarganarayan,
Dihingiaa Rojaa I 		son of Supimphaa assassinated[22] Bakata
1539–1552 13y Suklenmung Garhgayaan Rojaa son of Suhungmung natural death Garhgaon
1552–1603 51y Sukhaamphaa Khuraa Rojaa son of Suklenmung natural death Garhgaon
1603–1641 38y Susenghphaa Prataap Singha,
Burhaa Rojaa,
Buddhiswarganarayan 		son of Sukhaamphaa natural death Garhgaon
1641–1644 3y Suramphaa Jayaditya Singha,
Bhogaa Rojaa 		son of Susenghphaa deposed[23] Garhgaon
1644–1648 4y Sutingphaa Noriyaa Rojaa brother of Suramphaa deposed[24] Garhgaon
1648–1663 15y Sutamla Jayadhwaj Singha,
Bhoganiyaa Rojaa 		son of Sutingphaa natural death Garhgaon/Bakata
1663–1670 7y Supangmung Chakradhwaj Singha cousin of Sutamla[25] natural death Bakata/Garhgaon
1670–1672 2y Sunyatphaa Udayaditya Singha brother of Supangmung[26] deposed[27]
1672–1674 2y Suklamphaa Ramadhwaj Singha brother of Sunyatphaa poisoned[28]
1674–1675 21d Suhung[29] Samaguria Rojaa Khamjang Samaguria descendant of Suhungmung deposed[30]
1675-1675 24d Gobar Roja great-grandson of Suhungmung[31] deposed[32]
1675–1677 2y Sujinphaa[33] Arjun Konwar,
Dihingia Rojaa II 		grandson of Pratap Singha, son of Namrupian Gohain deposed, suicide[34]
1677–1679 2y Sudoiphaa Parvatia Rojaa great-grandson of Suhungmung[35] deposed, killed[36]
1679–1681 3y Sulikphaa Ratnadhwaj Singha,
Loraa Rojaa 		Samaguria family deposed, killed[37]
1681–1696 15y Supaatphaa Gadadhar Singha son of Gobar Rojaa natural death Borkola
1696–1714 18y Sukhrungphaa Rudra Singha son of Supaatphaa natural death Rangpur
1714–1744 30y Sutanphaa Siba Singha son Sukhrungphaa natural death
1744–1751 7y Sunenphaa Pramatta Singha brother of Sutanphaa natural death
1751–1769 18y Suremphaa Rajeswar Singha brother of Sunenphaa natural death
1769–1780 11y Sunyeophaa Lakshmi Singha brother of Suremphaa natural death
1780–1795 15y Suhitpangphaa Gaurinath Singha son of Sunyeophaa natural death Jorhat
1795–1811 16y Suklingphaa Kamaleswar Singha great-grandson of Lechai, the brother of Rudra Singha[38] natural death, smallpox Jorhat
1811–1818 7y Sudingphaa (1) Chandrakaanta Singha brother of Suklingphaa deposed[39] Jorhat
1818–1819 1y Purandar Singha (1) descendant of Suremphaa[39] deposed[40] Jorhat
1819–1821 2y Sudingphaa (2) Chandrakaanta Singha fled the capital[41]
1821–1822 1y Jogeswar Singha 5th descendant of Jambor, the brother of Gadadhar Singha. Jogeswar was brother of Hemo Aideo, and was puppet of Burmese ruler[42] removed[43]
1833–1838 Purandar Singha (2)[44]

Family tree

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Ahom dynasty
Sukaphaa
(1)
r. 1228-1268
Suteuphaa
(2)
r. 1268-1281
Subinphaa
(3)
r. 1281-1293
Sukhaangphaa
(4)
r. 1293-1332
Sukhrangpha
(5)
r. 1332-1364		Sutuphaa
(6)
r. 1369-1376		Tyao Khamti
(7)
r. 1380-1387
Sudangphaa
(8)
r. 1397-1407
Sujangphaa
(9)
r. 1407-1422
Suphakphaa
(10)
r. 1422-1439
Susenphaa
(11)
r. 1439-1488
Suhenphaa
(12)
r. 1488-1493
Supimphaa
(13)
r. 1493-1497
Suhungmung
(14)
r. 1497-1539
Charingia
Branch		Samuguria
Branch		Tungkhungia
Branch		Parvatia
Branch
Suklenmung
(15)
r. 1539-1552		Sureng
Deoraja		Suteng
Namrupia
Raja		Parvatia
Deka Raja
Sukhaamphaa
(16)
r. 1552-1603		Namrupia
Raja		Narayan
Tipam Raja		Suhung
(24)
r. 1674-1675		Saranga
Gohain		Chukrang
Konwar
Susenghphaa
(17)
r. 1603-1641		Supangmung
(21)
r. 1663-1670		Sunyatphaa
(22)
r. 1670-1672		Suklamphaa
(23)
r. 1672-1674		Son of
Narayan
Tipam Raja		Gobar Roja
(25)
r. 1675		Sudoiphaa
(27)
r. 1677-1679
Suramphaa
(18)
r. 1641-1644		Sutingphaa
(19)
r. 1644-1648		Namrupia
Raja Tailai		Sulikphaa
(28)
r. 1679-1681		Supatphaa
(29)
r. 1681-1696		Jambor Gohain Charing Raja
Sutamla
(20)
r. 1648-1663		Sujinphaa
(26)
r. 1675-1677		Sukhrungphaa
(30)
r. 1696-1714		Lechai
Namrupia
Raja		Sriram
Sutanphaa
(31)
r. 1714-1744		Sunenphaa
(32)
r. 1744-1751		Suremphaa
(33)
r. 1751-1769		Sunyeophaa
(34)
r. 1769-1780		AyusutLangal
Ratneswar
Saru Gohain		Suhitpangphaa
(35)
r. 1780-1795		Kadamdighala
Gohain		Pirika
Bijoy
Barmura
Gohain		Suklingphaa
(36)
r. 1795-1811		Sudingphaa
(37)
r. 1811-1818,
1819-1821		Baga
Konwar
Tipam Raja
Brajanath
Gohain		Jogeswar
Singha
(39)
r. 1821-1822
Purandar
Singha
(38)
r. 1818-1819,
1833-1838

Notes

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  1. ^ Menon, Mady (25 August 2020). Suhungmung adopted the title Swarganarayan. Later kings were known as Swargadeo. Notion Press. ISBN 978-1-64919-932-4. Archived from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
  2. ^ See Sukaphaa for the origin and journey of the first Ahom king into Assam.
  3. ^ (Gogoi 1968:283). In standard Hindu Puranic history the two accepted royal families are Chandravamsi and Suryavamsi.
  4. ^ Cuhaj, George S.; Michael, Thomas (15 November 2011). Standard Catalog of World Coins 1601-1700, "The earliest Ahom coins known therefore were struck during the reign of Jayadhwaj Singha.". Penguin. ISBN 978-1-4402-1724-1. Archived from the original on 9 April 2023. Retrieved 13 March 2023.
  5. ^ (Gogoi 1968:546–547)
  6. ^ (Gogoi 2006, p. 64)
  7. ^ a b (Gogoi 2006, p. 65)
  8. ^ (Gogoi 1968, p. 283)
  9. ^ Sutamla accepted Ekasarana initiation in 1654. (Gogoi 1968, p. 433)
  10. ^ (Gogoi 2006, p. 66)
  11. ^ (Baruah 1993, p. 19)
  12. ^ (Sarkar 1992:13)
  13. ^ (Basu 1970:315)
  14. ^ (Sarkar 1992:393)
  15. ^ (Gogoi 1968:534–535)
  16. ^ Gogoi records that Sukhrangphaa died without leaving a son and the two ministers administered the kingdom without a king for five years (Gogoi 1968, p. 273). Gait and others do not record this (Gait 1906, p. 358), though Baruah does (Baruah 1993, p. 282)
  17. ^ Sutuphaa was the younger brother of Sukhrangphaa, who was settled in a village called Lahanjing. He was invited by the Burhagohain and Borgohain to become the king and he set up his seat at Chapagurinagar (Gogoi 1968, p. 273)
  18. ^ Sukhramphaa was assassinated by the king of the Chutiya kingdom on a barge ride on Suffry river (Gogoi 1968:273).
  19. ^ Sukhangphaa and his chief queen were deposed and executed by the ministers for their autocratic rule (Gogoi 1968:274).
  20. ^ Sudangphaa Bamuni Konwar was born to the second queen of Tyao Khamti in a Brahmin household of Habung (Gogoi 1968:274–275).
  21. ^ Suhenphaa was speared to death in his palace by a Tai-Turung chief in revenge for being accused of theft (Gogoi 1968:282).
  22. ^ Suhungmung was assassinated by a palace staff in a plot engineered by his son, Suklenmung (Gogoi 1968:309).
  23. ^ Suramphaa was deposed by the ministers when he insisted on burying alive a son of each minister in the tomb of his dead step-son (Gogoi 1968:386). He was later murdered on the instructions of his nephew, the son of his brother and succeeding Swargadeo.
  24. ^ Sutingphaa was a sickly king (Noriaya Raja), who participated in an intrigue by his chief queen to install a prince unpopular with the ministers. He was deposed and later murdered on the instructions of his son and successor king Sutamla (Gogoi 1968:391–392).
  25. ^ Supangmung was grandson of Suleng (Deo Raja), the second son of Suhungmung (Gogoi 1968:448).
  26. ^ The Maju Gohain, the brother of Chakradhwaj Singha, became the king. (Gogoi 1968, p. 470)
  27. ^ Udayaaditya Sinha's palace was stormed by his brother (and successor king) with a thousand-strong contingent of men led by Lasham Debera, and the king was executed the next day. Udayaaditya's religious fanaticism under the influence of a godman had made him unpopular, and the three great gohains implicitly supported this group (Gogoi 1968:479–482). This event started a very unstable nine-year period of weak kings, dominated by Debera Borbarua, Atan Burhagohain and Laluk-sola Borphukan in succession. This period ended with the accession of Gadadhar Singha.
  28. ^ Ramadhwaj Sinha was poisoned on the instructions of Debera Borbarua when he tried to assert his authority (Gogoi 1968:484).
  29. ^ Deyell, John S. Ahom Language Coins of Assam.
  30. ^ The Samaguria raja was deposed by Debera Borbarua, the de facto ruler, and later executed, along with his queen and her brother (Gogoi 1968:486).
  31. ^ Gobar Rojaa was the son of Saranga, the son of Suten, the son of Suhungmung Dihingiya Roja.
  32. ^ Gobar Raja was deposed and executed by the Saraighatias (the commanders of Saraighat/Guwahati), led by Atan Burhagohain (Gogoi 1968:486–488). Their target was the de facto ruler, Debera Borbarua, who was also executed.
  33. ^ After Ramdhwaj Singha, Chamaguriya Khamjang Konwar alias Shujinpha ruled only 20 days from 10 April 1674 (e.i. Lakni Kat plao (or 26th year) of 18th Taosinga Circle) and on 30 April he was killed. There after Tungkhongiya Gobar Raja rose only 12 ruled. Both were killed by the powerful minister Debera Baruah. After Gobar Raja two more princes rose only for another 12 days who are not recorded in chronicles. The title of Suhung is suitable for Dihingia Arjun Konwar, who minted coins and ruled more than six months and the minted year 1675 is his rising year (e.i. Lakni khut ni (or 27th year) of 18th Taosinga Circle) -- (Phukan, J.N. (1987). Reattribution of the Coins of Suhung)
  34. ^ Dihingia Arjun Konwar tried to assert control by moving against the de facto ruler, Atan Burhagohain, but was routed in a skirmish. Sujinphaa was blinded and held captive when he committed suicide by striking his head against a stone (Gogoi 1968:489).
  35. ^ Sudoiphaa was the grandson of Suhungmung's third son, Suteng (Gogoi 1968:490).
  36. ^ Sudoiphaa was deposed by Laluk-sola Borphukan, who styled himself as the Burhaphukan, and later executed. Atan Burhagohain, the powerful minister, had been executed earlier (Gogoi 1968:492–493).
  37. ^ Sulikphaa Lora Roja was deposed and then executed by Gadadhar Singha (Gogoi 1968:496–497).
  38. ^ Kamaleswar Singha was installed as the king by Purnananda Burhagohain when he was still an infant. He was the son of Kadam Dighala, the son of Ayusut, the son of Lechai, the second son of Gadadhar Singha. Kadam Dighala, who could not become the king because of physical blemishes, was an important influence during the reign (Baruah 1993:148–150).
  39. ^ a b Chandrakanta Singha was deposed by Ruchinath Burhagohain, mutilated and confined as a prisoner near Jorhat (Baruah 1993:221). The Burhagohain choose Brajanath, a descendant of Suremphaa Pramatta Singha, as the king and coins were struck in the new king's name, but it was discovered that he had mutilations on his person and his son, Purandar Singha, was instated instead (Gait 1906:223).
  40. ^ Purandar Singha's forces under Jaganath Dhekial Phukan defeated the forces led by the Burmese general Kee-Woomingee (Kiamingi or Alumingi Borgohain) on 15 February 1819, but due to a strategic mistake Jorhat fell into Burmese hands. Kiamingi brought back Chandrakanta Singha and installed him the king (Baruah 1993:221–222).
  41. ^ Chandrakanta Singha fled to Guwahati when the army of Bagyidaw king of Burma, led by Mingimaha Tilwa, approached Jorhat (Baruah 1993:223).
  42. ^ Jogeshwar Singha was the brother of Hemo Aideu, one of the queens of Bagyidaw. He was installed as the king by Mingimaha Tilwa (Baruah 1993:223).
  43. ^ Jogeshwar Singha was removed from all pretense of power and Mingimaha Tilwa was declared the "Raja of Assam" toward the end of June 1822 (Baruah 1993:225).
  44. ^ Purandar Singha was set up by the East India Company as the tributary Raja of Upper Assam (Baruah 1993:244).

References

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  • Baruah, S. L. (1993), Last Days of Ahom Monarchy, Munshiram Manoharlal Publishers Pvt Ltd, New Delhi
  • Gait, Edward (1906), A History of Assam, Thacker, Spink & Co, Calcutta
  • Gogoi, Nitul Kumar (2006), Continuity And Change Among The Tai-Ahom, Concept Publishing Company
  • Gogoi, Padmeshwar (1968), The Tai and the Tai kingdoms, Gauhati University, Guwahati
  • Sarkar, J. N. (1992), "Chapter I The Ahom Administration", in Barpujari, H. K. (ed.), The Comprehensive History of Assam, vol. III, Guwahati: Assam Publication Board, pp. 1–86
  • Basu, NK (1970). Assam in the Ahom Age, 1228-1826: Being Politico-economic and Socio-cultural Studies. Sanskrit Pustak Bhandar.
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