Dalet (dāleth, also spelled Daleth or Daled) is the fourth letter of the Semitic abjads, including Arabic dāl د, Aramaic dālaṯ 𐡃, Hebrew dālet ד, Phoenician dālt 𐤃 and Syriac dālaṯ ܕ. Its sound value is the voiced alveolar plosive ([d]).
| Dalet | |
|---|---|
| Phoenician | 𐤃 |
| Hebrew | ד |
| Aramaic | 𐡃 |
| Syriac | ܕ |
| Arabic | د |
| Phonemic representation | d, (ð) |
| Position in alphabet | 4 |
| Numerical value | 4 |
| Alphabetic derivatives of the Phoenician | |
| Greek | Δ |
| Latin | D |
| Cyrillic | Д |
The letter is based on a glyph of the Proto-Sinaitic script, probably called dalt "door" (door in Modern Hebrew is delet), ultimately based on a hieroglyph depicting a door:
|
Arabic dāl
edit| dāl دال | |
|---|---|
| د | |
| Usage | |
| Writing system | Arabic script |
| Type | Abjad |
| Language of origin | Arabic language |
| Sound values | d |
| Alphabetical position | 8 |
| History | |
| Development |
|
| Other | |
| Writing direction | Right-to-left |
The letter is named dāl دَالْ, and is written in several ways depending on its position in the word:
| Position in word | Isolated | Final | Medial | Initial |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Glyph form: (Help) |
د | ـد | ـد | د |
The letter represents a /d/ sound.
Phoenician
editThe Phoenician dālet gave rise to the Greek delta (Δ), Latin D, and the Cyrillic letter Д.
Aramaic
editHebrew dalet
edit| Orthographic variants | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Various print fonts | Cursive Hebrew |
Rashi script | ||
| Serif | Sans-serif | Monospaced | ||
| ד | ד | ד | 
|
|
Hebrew spelling: דָּלֶת
The letter is dalet in the modern Israeli Hebrew pronunciation (see Tav (letter)). Dales is still used by many Ashkenazi Jews and daleth by some Jews of Middle-Eastern background, especially in the Jewish diaspora. In some academic circles, it is called daleth, following the Tiberian Hebrew pronunciation. It is also called daled. The ד like the English D represents a voiced alveolar stop. Just as in English, there may be subtle varieties of the sound that are created when it is spoken.
Variations
editDalet can receive a dagesh, being one of the six letters that can receive Dagesh Kal (see Gimel). There are minor variations to this letter's pronunciation, such as
- ד dhaleth /d/ (/ð/ among Teimanim, Mizrachim and some Sephardim; /z/ among some Ashkenazim.) or
- דּ dalet /d/.
In addition, in modern Hebrew, the combination ד׳ (dalet followed by a geresh) is used when transcribing foreign names to denote /ð/.
Significance
editIn gematria, dalet symbolizes the number four.
The letter dalet, along with the He (and very rarely Gimel) is used to represent the Names of God in Judaism. The letter He is used commonly, and the dalet is rarer. A good example is the keter (crown) of a tallit, which has the blessing for donning the tallit, and has the name of God usually represented by a dalet. A reason for this is that He is used as an abbreviation for HaShem "The Name" and the dalet is used as a non-sacred way of referring to God.[citation needed]
Dalet as a prefix in Aramaic (the language of the Talmud) is a preposition meaning "that", or "which", or also "from" or "of"; since many Talmudic terms have found their way into Hebrew, one can hear dalet as a prefix in many phrases (as in Mitzvah Doraitah; a mitzvah from the Torah.)[citation needed]
In modern Hebrew the frequency of the usage of dalet, out of all the letters, is 2.59%.[1]
Syriac daled/dolath
edit| Daled/Dolath |
|---|
 Madnḫaya daled
|
 Serṭo dolath
|
 Esṭrangela dalath
|
In the Syriac alphabet, the fourth letter is ܕ — dolath in western pronunciation, dalath and daled in eastern pronunciation (ܕܵܠܵܬ). It is one of six letters that represents two associated sounds (the others are bet, gimel, kaph, pe and taw). When daled/dolath has a hard pronunciation (qûššāyâ) it is a [d]. When it has a soft pronunciation (rûkkāḵâ) it is traditionally pronounced as a [ð]. The letter is very common in Syriac as it is often attached to the beginning of words as the relative pronoun.
Daled/dolath is always written with a point below it to distinguish it from the letter resh (ܪ), which is identical apart from having a point above. As a numeral, dalad/dolath stands for the number four. With various systems of dots and dashes, it can also stand for 4,000 and 40,000.
Other uses
editMathematics
editIn set theory, the dalet symbol U+2138 ℸ DALET SYMBOL is sometimes used to reference the fourth transfinite cardinal number.[2][3]
Character encodings
edit| Preview | ד | د | ܕ | ࠃ | ℸ | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unicode name | HEBREW LETTER DALET | ARABIC LETTER DAL | SYRIAC LETTER DALATH | SAMARITAN LETTER DALAT | DALET SYMBOL | |||||
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 1491 | U+05D3 | 1583 | U+062F | 1813 | U+0715 | 2051 | U+0803 | 8504 | U+2138 |
| UTF-8 | 215 147 | D7 93 | 216 175 | D8 AF | 220 149 | DC 95 | 224 160 131 | E0 A0 83 | 226 132 184 | E2 84 B8 |
| Numeric character reference | ד |
ד |
د |
د |
ܕ |
ܕ |
ࠃ |
ࠃ |
ℸ |
ℸ |
| Named character reference | ℸ | |||||||||
| Preview | 𐎄 | 𐡃 | 𐤃 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unicode name | UGARITIC LETTER DELTA | IMPERIAL ARAMAIC LETTER DALETH | PHOENICIAN LETTER DELT | |||
| Encodings | decimal | hex | dec | hex | dec | hex |
| Unicode | 66436 | U+10384 | 67651 | U+10843 | 67843 | U+10903 |
| UTF-8 | 240 144 142 132 | F0 90 8E 84 | 240 144 161 131 | F0 90 A1 83 | 240 144 164 131 | F0 90 A4 83 |
| UTF-16 | 55296 57220 | D800 DF84 | 55298 56387 | D802 DC43 | 55298 56579 | D802 DD03 |
| Numeric character reference | 𐎄 |
𐎄 |
𐡃 |
𐡃 |
𐤃 |
𐤃 |
See also
editReferences
edit- ^ "Alphabet and Character Frequency: Hebrew (עברית)". Archived from the original on 2023-02-14. Retrieved 2023-02-13.
- ^ "Letterlike Symbols" (PDF). The Unicode Standard. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
- ^ "\[Dalet]". Wolfram Language & System Documentation Center. Wolfram. Retrieved 10 June 2024.
External links
edit