Sentinel-2A MSI and Landsat 8 OLI Provide Data Continuity for Geological Remote Sensing
"> Figure 1
<p>The width, wavelength positions and numbers of the Sentinel-2A MSI (MultiSpectral Instrument) spectral bands, in comparison to Landsat 8 OLI (Operational Land Imager), Landsat 5 TM (Thematic Mapper) and ASTER (Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflectance Radiometer). Atmospheric transmittance is plotted on the <span class="html-italic">y</span>-axis.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Location of the former mining town of Rodalquilar in the volcanic belt of southeast Spain (inset (<b>A</b>)) and the location of the image dataset used in this study (inset (<b>B</b>)). The Cabo de Gata volcanic field consists of calc-alkaline volcanic rocks (andesites and rhyolites) of late Tertiary age which have been extensively altered to form an assemblage of metamorphic minerals from high to low temperature as: silica, alunite, kaolinite, montmorillonite and chlorite. The geology, geochemistry and mineralization of the area is documented [<a href="#B35-remotesensing-08-00883" class="html-bibr">35</a>], while several remote sensing studies have been conducted at this site [<a href="#B36-remotesensing-08-00883" class="html-bibr">36</a>,<a href="#B37-remotesensing-08-00883" class="html-bibr">37</a>,<a href="#B38-remotesensing-08-00883" class="html-bibr">38</a>,<a href="#B39-remotesensing-08-00883" class="html-bibr">39</a>]. Image modified after Arribas et al. [<a href="#B35-remotesensing-08-00883" class="html-bibr">35</a>] and Rytuba et al. [<a href="#B32-remotesensing-08-00883" class="html-bibr">32</a>] and used with permission from Van der Meer et al. [<a href="#B16-remotesensing-08-00883" class="html-bibr">16</a>].</p> "> Figure 3
<p>True colour composite of Sentinel-2A MSI bands 4 (in red), 3 (in green) and 2 (in blue). The image covers the 404 × 203 pixels subset of the study area around the mining town of Rodalquilar, Cabo de Gata, Spain.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) image result of the simulated Sentinel-2A MSI data cube dating from 2004 (<b>top</b>), the Sentinel-2A MSI dating from 2016 (<b>centre</b>), and the Landsat 8 OLI (<b>bottom</b>). The images shown are histogram stretched from 2%–98%. The town of Rodalquilar in the centre has relatively low NDVI values, while the hills north and south of it have the highest values. Other high values, such as those associated with the fields in the northeastern part of the simulated image, seem to be related to agricultural activity and not to geology.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>Scatterplots of the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) made with Landsat 8 OLI, Sentinel-2A MSI and a simulated Sentinel-2A MSI data cube. The figure on the <b>left</b> shows the scatter between the 2016 Sentinel-2A MSI bottom-of atmosphere (S2A-BoA) NDVI product and the 2004 simulated dataset (Sim). Note the relatively high values in the simulated datasets that are associated with the agricultural fields in the northeast of the scene. The <b>centre</b> figure shows the scatter between the 2016 Sentinel-2A MSI and Landsat 8 OLI bottom-of-atmosphere (S2A-BoA and LS8-BoA) products. The figure on the <b>right</b> shows the scatter between the Sentinel-2A MSI and Landsat 8 OLI top-of-atmosphere (S2A-ToA and LS8-ToA) products.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Sabins’ band ratio colour composites of a simulated Sentinel-2A MSI data cube (<b>top</b>), Sentinel-2A MSI (<b>centre</b>) and Landsat 8 OLI (<b>bottom</b>). Shown are ratios TM 5/7 (ShortWave InfraRed 1/ShortWave InfraRed 2) in red, TM 3/1 (Red/Blue) in green and TM 3/5 (Red/ShortWave InfraRed 1) in blue. The patterns appear similar to the human eye, but differences can be observed in the ratio TM 3/1 between the simulated dataset of 2004 and the Landsat 8 OLI and Sentinel-2A MSI datasets of 2016. The colour ramps show that data ranges differ.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Scatterplots of Sabins’ band ratios made with Landsat 8 OLI, Sentinel-2A MSI and a simulated Sentinel-2A MSI data cube. The <b>top</b> row shows ratio TM 5/7, the <b>centre</b> row shows ratio TM 3/1 and the <b>bottom</b> row shows ratio TM 3/5. It can be observed that the correlation between the top-of-atmosphere reflectance products is higher than the correlation between the bottom-of-atmosphere reflectance products.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>A colour composite made with Sentinel-2A MSI (<b>A</b>) consisting of band ratios TM 5/7 in red, 3/1 in green and 3/5 in blue. The patterns show a similarity with the volcanic rock units in the Rodalquilar area in a subset of a published geological map [<a href="#B50-remotesensing-08-00883" class="html-bibr">50</a>] (<b>B</b>).</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Method
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Temperature (°C) | Humidity (%) | Pressure (hPa) | Vis. (km) | Wind (km/h) | Precip. (mm) | Events | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
High | Avg. | Low | High | Avg. | Low | Avg. | Avg. | High | Avg. | Sum | ||
May 2004 | ||||||||||||
11 | 18 | 16 | 13 | 82 | 67 | 49 | 1009 | 10 | 37 | 14 | 0.00 | |
12 | 17 | 14 | 13 | 82 | 73 | 55 | 1014 | 10 | 11 | 6 | 0.00 | |
13 | 18 | 16 | 13 | 88 | 78 | 72 | 1015 | 9 | 14 | 6 | 0.00 | |
14 | 22 | 17 | 13 | 88 | 72 | 46 | 1016 | 8 | 39 | 11 | 0.00 | Fog |
15 | 23 | 19 | 15 | 67 | 43 | 29 | 1020 | 10 | 42 | 24 | 0.00 | |
16 | 23 | 18 | 14 | 59 | 40 | 31 | 1018 | 10 | 40 | 23 | 0.00 | |
17 | 25 | 19 | 14 | 67 | 47 | 29 | 1018 | 10 | 32 | 14 | 0.00 | |
18 | 25 | 20 | 16 | 59 | 41 | 29 | 1021 | 10 | 47 | 19 | 0.00 | |
May 2016 | ||||||||||||
14 | 21 | 18 | 15 | 82 | 60 | 29 | 1016 | 10 | 27 | 16 | 0.00 | |
15 | 20 | 17 | 13 | 94 | 80 | 63 | 1018 | 10 | 11 | 5 | 0.00 | |
16 | 22 | 18 | 13 | 94 | 74 | 41 | 1020 | 9 | 11 | 3 | 0.00 | Fog |
17 | 28 | 21 | 15 | 63 | 37 | 12 | 1016 | 16 | 37 | 11 | 0.00 | |
18 | 26 | 22 | 18 | 88 | 53 | 21 | 1016 | 10 | 24 | 11 | 0.00 | |
19 | 23 | 19 | 16 | 94 | 81 | 64 | 1016 | 9 | 13 | 5 | 0.00 | |
20 | 28 | 23 | 18 | 94 | 53 | 17 | 1019 | 17 | 26 | 11 | 0.00 | |
21 | 29 | 23 | 17 | 83 | 43 | 13 | 1017 | 15 | 29 | 13 | 0.00 | |
22 | 24 | 20 | 16 | 88 | 70 | 48 | 1015 | 10 | 26 | 6 | 0.00 | |
23 | 27 | 22 | 17 | 88 | 53 | 21 | 1020 | 19 | 35 | 16 | 0.00 | |
24 | 23 | 20 | 16 | 88 | 71 | 44 | 1014 | 10 | 19 | 10 | 0.00 |
Feature | ASTER | Landsat 5 TM | Landsat 8 OLI | Sentinel-2A MSI |
---|---|---|---|---|
TM Ratios | ||||
Hydroxyl bearing alteration | 4/{5,6,7} | 5/7 | 6/7 | 11/12 |
All iron oxides | – | 3/1 | 4/2 | 4/2 |
Ferrous iron oxides | 2/4 | 3/5 | 4/6 | 4/11 |
ASTER Iron | ||||
Ferric Iron, | 2/1 | 3/2 | 4/3 | 4/3 |
Ferrous Iron, | 5/3 + 1/2 | 7/4 + 2/3 | 7/5 + 3/4 | 12/8 + 3/4 |
Laterite | 4/5 | 5/7 | 6/7 | 11/12 † |
Gossan | 4/2 | 5/3 | 6/4 | 11/4 |
Ferrous silicates ‡ | 5/4 | 7/5 | 7/6 | 12/11 † |
Ferric oxides | 4/3 | 5/4 | 6/5 | 11/8 |
ASTER Silicates | ||||
Alteration | 4/5 | 5/7 | 6/7 | 11/12 † |
ASTER Other | ||||
Vegetation | 3/2 | 4/3 | 5/4 | 8/4 |
NDVI * | (3 − 2)/(3 + 2) | (4 − 3)/(4 + 3) | (5 − 4)/(5 + 4) | (8 − 4)/(8 + 4) |
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Van der Werff, H.; Van der Meer, F. Sentinel-2A MSI and Landsat 8 OLI Provide Data Continuity for Geological Remote Sensing. Remote Sens. 2016, 8, 883. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8110883
Van der Werff H, Van der Meer F. Sentinel-2A MSI and Landsat 8 OLI Provide Data Continuity for Geological Remote Sensing. Remote Sensing. 2016; 8(11):883. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8110883
Chicago/Turabian StyleVan der Werff, Harald, and Freek Van der Meer. 2016. "Sentinel-2A MSI and Landsat 8 OLI Provide Data Continuity for Geological Remote Sensing" Remote Sensing 8, no. 11: 883. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs8110883