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A Historical Atlas of South Asia, second impression

Front Matter

  • Preface p.xix
  • Preface to the Second Impression p.xxi
  • Acknowledgements p.xxiii
  • Acknowledgements for the Second Impression p.xxvi
  • Introduction p.xxvii
  • Introduction to the Second Impression p.xxxvi
  • Map Specifications and Conventions p.xxxviii
  • Orthographic Conventions and Rules for Pronunciation p.xxxix
    • Map and Photographic Plates

    I.A. Position and Area
  • The world centered on Delhi, azimuthal equal area projection p. 1
  • The world centered on Delhi, azimuthal equidistant projection p. 2
    • I.B. Physiography
  • The world centered on Delhi, azimuthal equal area projection p. 1
  • The world centered on Delhi, azimuthal equidistant projection p. 2
    • I.C. Climate and Vegetation
  • Climate p. 5
  • Forested areas and natural vegetation types p. 6

  • The Stone Age p. 7
  • Neolithic and Chalcolithic Cultures p. 8
  • Cultures of northwest India and Southwest Asia, 3200-900 B.C. p. 9
  • The material culture of the Harappan Civilization p. 10
  • Artifacts of the Harappan Civilization p. 11
  • Post-Harappan and Iron Age pottery sites p. 12

    • III.A. India of the Vedas and the Epics
  • India of the Vedas and the Epics p. 13
  • India as revealed in the Mahabharata p. 14
    • III.B. The Pre-Mauryan and Mauryan Periods
  • The Pre-Mauryan Age p. 15
  • Republics of northeast India in the 6th-5th century B.C. according to Buddhist sources p. 16
  • Campaigns and empire of Alexander the Great, 333-326 B.C. p. 17
  • The time of the Mauryan Empire, 321-181 B.C. p. 18
  • Religious movements and culture of the pre-Mauryan and Mauryan periods, 6th-3rd century B.C. p. 19
    • III.C. Political Division in the Post-Mauryan Period
  • Probable migration routes of Central Asian peoples to northwestern South Asia p. 20
  • The Satavahana-Saka-Kusana age, c. A.D. 1-300 p. 21
  • Religious and cultural sites of the post-Mauryan period, c. 200 B.C.-A.D. 300 p. 22
  • Monuments of South Asia, c. 150 B.C.-A.D. 300 p. 23
  • South Asia in the expanding Western view of the world, 1st-3d century A.D. p. 24
    • III.D. The Imperial Guptas and the Classical Age
  • The Gupta-Vakataka Age, c. A.D. 300-500 p. 25
  • The age of Pusyabhuti and Calukyan ascendancy, c. A.D. 550-700 p. 26
  • Puranic India (Bharata) p. 27
  • Cultural sites of the Classical Age, c. A.D. 300-700 p. 28
  • Monuments of South Asia, 4th-7th centuries A.D. p. 29
  • Southeast Asia to c. A.D. 650 p. 30

  • The age of the Gurjara-Pratiharas, Palas, and Rastrakutas, c. A.D. 700-975 p. 31
  • The age of the Ghaznavids, Cahmanas, Later Calukyas, and Colas, c. 975-1200 p. 32
  • Islamic expansion and changing Western views of South Asia, 7th-12th centuries p. 33
  • Religious and cultural sites, 8th-12th centuries p. 34
  • Monuments of South Asia, 8th-13th centuries p. 35
  • Southeast Asia, c. A.D. 650-1250 p. 36

  • Northern India and adjacent areas in the time of the Ghurids and Mamluks, c. 1170-1290 p. 37
  • South Asia in the time of the Khaljis and Tughluqs, c. 1290-1390 p. 38
  • Political disintegration in Northern South Asia, c. 1390-1450 p. 39
  • South Asia in the time of the Lodis, 1451-1526 p. 40
  • Religious and cultural sites, c. 1200-1525 p. 41
  • Monuments of South Asia, c. 1200-1550 p. 42
  • Southeast Asia, c. 1250-1550 p. 43

    • VI.A. Mughal Expansion and Consolidation
  • Northern South Asia in the period of Babur, Humayun, and Sher Shah, 1526-1555 p. 44
  • The Mughal Empire, c. 1605 p. 45
  • The reigns of Jahangir, Shah Jahan, and Aurangzib, 1605-1707 p. 46
  • Religious and cultural sites of the Mughal Period, 1526-1707 p. 47
  • Monuments of South Asia, c. 1550-1770 p. 48
    • VI.B. European Trade and Expansion on the Periphery of South Asia
  • Discovery, expoloration, trade and colonization, 1486-1700 p. 49
  • European-South Asian commercial contacts, 16th-18th Centuries p. 50
  • European mapping of South Asia in the 16th, 17th and early 18th Centuries p. 51
  • Facsimile of excerpt from the "General Description of East India" p. 52
  • Early European establishments on the coast of India p. 53

    • VII.A. Territorial Changes
  • Mughal disintegration and the rise of regional powers, 1707-1766 p. 54
  • The expansion of British power, 1766-1819 p. 55
  • The expansion of British power, 1819-1857 p. 56
  • British mapping of India, 1788, 1824, and 1856 p. 57
  • British mapping of India, 1788, 1824, and 1856 p. 58
  • Systemization of British geographic knowledge of India p. 59
    • VII.B. India at the Time of the 1857 Revolt
  • Administrative divisions, 1857, with community of rulers of native states p. 60
  • India and Ceylon, economy, 1857 p. 61
  • The Revolt of 1857-1859 p. 62

    • VIII.A. Rounding Out the Empire
  • Events related to the fixing of modern South Asian frontiers p. 63
  • The march of imperialism in Asia, 1800-1947 p. 64
    • VIII.B. Internal Territorial Reorganization and Constitutional Development
  • Territorial and administrative changes, 1857-1904 p. 65
  • The Bengal partition and related territorial and administrative changes, 1905 p. 66
  • Constitutional development: Evolution of the central legislature p. 67
  • Constitutional development: Evolution of provincial legislatures p. 68
    • VIII.C. The Indian Renaissance and the Freedom Movement
  • Modern religious revival and reform movements p. 69
  • Political events of the nationalist period, 1879-1947 p. 70
  • The Indian National Congress: Presidents and annual sessions, 1885-1971 p. 71
  • All-India Muslim League: presidents and sessions, 1906-1943 p. 72
  • Major elections, 1920-1945 p. 73
  • South Asia in world affairs in the pre-independence period p. 74
  • Monuments of the Imperial Period p. 75
    • VIII.D. The Indian Empire in 1947
  • The Indian Empire, administrative divisions, 1947, with community of rulers of Indian states and areas of majority of principal communities p. 76

    • IX.A. Internal Territorial and Administrative Changes
  • Terrritorial changes, 1947-1955 p. 77
  • Territorial changes, 1955-1975 p. 78
  • Administrative divisions, 1975, with changes since 1961 p. 79
    • IX.B. Elections, 1947-1973
  • Indian general elections, 1952 p. 80
  • Indian general elections, 1957 p. 81
  • Indian general elections, 1962 p. 82
  • Indian general elections, 1967 p. 83
  • Indian general elections, 1971 p. 84
  • Elections in Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nepal and Ceylon p. 85
    • IX.C. International Boundaries and Territorial Disputes
  • The status, age, and nature of South Asian boundaries p. 86
  • Territorial and related issues in northwestern South Asia, 1947-1971 p. 87
  • Territorial and related issues in northern and northeastern South Asia, 1947-1971 p. 88
    • IX.D. Political Movements and Related Events
  • Communal, sectarian, linguistic, and other social disturbances, 1947-1971 p. 89
    • IX.E. South Asia in the Contemporary World
  • South Asia in world affairs, 1947-1971 p. 90

    • X.A. Communities
  • Religious composition, 1931 p. 91
  • Religious composition, 1961 p. 92
  • Distribution of Hindus, by minor and major administrative divisions, 1931 and 1961 p. 93
  • Distribution of Muslims, by minor and major administrative divisions, 1931 and 1961 p. 94
  • Distribution of Sikhs, 1901, 1931, 1961 p. 95
  • Distribution of Christians, 1901 and 1931 p. 96
  • Tribal populaiton and adherents to tribal religions, 1931 and 1961 p. 97
  • "Scheduled" communities, 1931 and 1961 p. 98
  • Holy places of South Asia p. 99
    • X.B. Language, Literacy, Education, and Publishing
  • Language families and branches, languages and dialects p. 100
  • Currency of predominant languages and important minority languages p. 101
  • Currency of selected languages and scripts p. 102
  • Growth of literacy, 1872-1961 p. 103
  • Growth of higher education, 1872-1971 p. 104
  • The growth of newspapers and the cinema industry p. 105
    • X.C. Castes, Tribes, and Comparable Ethnic Groups
  • Most numerous caste, tribe, or other ethnic group p. 106
  • Selected high status castes or other ethnic groups, 1931 p. 107
  • Castes, tribes, and other ethnic groups, 1931, arranged by functional categories p. 108
    • X.D. A Cultural Synthesis
  • Cultural realms, regions, and areas, c. 1961 p. 109

    • XI.A. Demographic Evolution
  • Population density: Densities by minor and major administrative divisions, 1872 and 1901 p. 110
  • Population density: Densities by minor and major administrative divisions, 1931 and 1961 p. 111
  • Population growth, 1901-1961 p. 112
  • Distribution of cities of over 50,000 population, 1872 and 1901 p. 113
  • Distribution of cities of over 50,000 population, 1931 p. 114
  • Pattern of migration in the pre-independence period p. 115
  • Pattern of migration in the post-independence period p. 116
  • South Asia at the censuses of 1971-1974 p. 117
    • XI.B. Pattern of Agriculture and Land Tenure
  • Male agriculturalist as a percentage of total male earners, 1931 and 1961 p. 118
  • Major crops, 1961, as a proportion of total cropped area p. 119
  • Intensity of agriculture p. 120
  • Land tenure p. 121
    • XI.C. Growth of Manufacturing
  • Factory employment, by minor administrative divisions, 1931 p. 122
  • Factory employment in selected industries, 1931 p. 123
  • Factory employment in selected industries, 1961 p. 124
    • I.D. Development of Economic Infrastructure and Foreign Trade and Aid
  • Growth of road network p. 125
  • Growth of railway network p. 126
  • Growth of irrigation canal network p. 127
  • International routes served by South Asian airways, 1970 p. 128
  • South Asian foreign trade, 1931 and 1961 p. 129
    • XI.E. Economic Overview, 1961
  • South Asia, economy, 1961 p. 130

    • XII.A. Rural Settlement and House Types
  • Rural settlement patterns of South Asia p. 131
  • Rural settlement patterns of South Asia p. 132
  • Rural house types of Asia p. 133
    • XII.B. Urban Settlement and Urban History
  • The growth and development of Calcutta, 1690-1971 p. 134
  • Growth and development of Lahore, 1850-1971 p. 135
  • Aspects of urbanism p. 136

    • XIII.A-B. Toponymic Reference Maps
  • Regions of South Asia through the 12th century p. 137
  • Sectional Map 1: Northwest p. 138
  • Sectional Map 2: Northeast p. 139
  • Sectional Map 3: South p. 140
    • XIII.C. Index Maps for Reference Materials
  • Coverage of gazetteers, 1815-1947, by period (with bibliography) p. 141
  • Coverage of large- and medium-scale topographic maps of the Surveys of India, Pakistan and Ceylon p. 142
  • Ethnographic studies of South Asia, by type (with bibliography) p. 143
  • Fiction in English on life in South Asia, by authorship and original language (with bibliography) p. 144

  • Major powers to the 6th century A.D. p. 145
  • Major powers, 6th-12th centuries p. 146
  • Major powers, 10th-15th centuries p. 147
  • Major powers, 14th-18th centuries p. 148
  • Major powers, 16th-20th centuries p. 149
    • Text
    I The Physical Stage p. 151
    II Prehistory p. 155
    III From the Vedic through the Classical Age p. 161
    IV Kingdoms and Regional Cultures of the Eighth through the Twelfth Century p. 186
    V The Period of the Delhi Sultanate p. 194
    VI The Mughal Period p. 203
    VII The Contest for Power and the Establishment of British Supremacy, 1707-1857 p. 210
    VIII Imperial India and the Growth of National Identity p. 215
    IX Post-Independence Political History p. 224
    X Modern Social and Cultural Evolution p. 230
    XI Modern Demographic and Economic Evolution p. 241
    XII Settlement Pattern p. 250
    XIII References for Detailed Regional Study p. 252
    XIV A Geopolitical Synopsis p. 254
    Addenda and Corrigenda p. 263
    Bibliography p. 283
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    Schwartzberg, Joseph E. A Historical Atlas of South Asia, second impression.

    Copyright © 1978 by the Regents of the University of Minnesota, assigned 1988 to Joseph E. Schwartzberg, additional material copyright © 1992 by Joseph E. Schwartzberg.
    No part of this atlas may be stored, transmitted, retransmitted, lent, or reproduced in any form or medium without the prior written permission of Joseph E. Schwartzberg

    The conversion and presentation of this atlas was sponsored by the University of Chicago and the U.S. Department of Education.

    Data for this atlas was most recently updated in October 2006.