Soil Microbial Community Driven by Soil Moisture and Nitrogen in Milk Vetch (Astragalus sinicus L.)–Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) Intercropping
<p>Changes in soil temperature during rapeseed growth stages. Crop represents crop planting patterns (Milk vetch, Rapeseed, Intercropping), Growth stage represents crop growth stages (seeding, stem elongating, flowering, podding, maturation), and Crop*Growth stage represents the interaction between planting pattern and growth stage. Milk vetch represents monoculture milk vetch; Rapeseed represents monoculture rapeseed; Intercropping represents milk vetch intercropping with rapeseed (the same below). Letters represent the significant differences (<span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05) between crops at each growth stage.</p> "> Figure 2
<p>Changes in soil moisture during rapeseed growth stages. Crop represents crop planting patterns (Milk vetch, Rapeseed, Intercropping), Growth stage represents crop growth stages (seeding, stem elongating, flowering, podding, maturation), and Crop*Growth stage represents the interaction between planting pattern and growth stage. Letters represent the significant differences (<span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05) between crops at each growth stage.</p> "> Figure 3
<p>Content difference in soil nutrients between maturation and seedling stage. The difference in soil nutrients between maturation and seedling stage was used to represent the changes in soil nutrients with crop growth, which were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with the crops (levels: rapeseed, milk vetch, and intercropping). The visual results are displayed by box plot. The top and bottom horizontal lines of the box in the figure are the maximum and minimum values of the sample data, respectively; the upper and lower limits of the box are the upper and lower quartiles of the data, respectively; the horizontal line in the box is the median; and the small box is the mean value. Letters represent the significant differences (<span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05) of soil nutrients changes between different planting patterns.</p> "> Figure 4
<p>Percentage of soil microbial community abundance at phylum level.</p> "> Figure 5
<p>The differences between groups of microbial community abundance. S, E, F, P and M represent seedling, stem elongation, flowering, podding and maturation stages, respectively; A, R and AR represent monoculture milk vetch, monoculture rapeseed, and milk vetch intercropping with rapeseed, respectively. * indicates <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05, ** indicates <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.01, *** indicates <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.001.</p> "> Figure 6
<p>Shannon index and Simpson index of soil microorganisms. The top and bottom horizontal lines of the box in the figure are the maximum and minimum values of the sample data, respectively; the upper and lower limits of the box are the upper and lower quartiles of the data, respectively; the horizontal line in the box is the median. Letters represent the significant differences (<span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05, <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.01) of Shannon and Simpson index between crop growth stages.</p> "> Figure 7
<p>Redundancy analysis (RDA) of soil microorganisms and environmental factors. Points with different colors or shapes in the figure represent different sample groups. The red arrow represents the environmental factor, and the length of the arrows represent the influence degree (Interpretation amount) of the environmental factor on microorganisms; The angle between the arrows represents positive and negative correlations (acute angle: positive correlation; obtuse angle: negative correlation; right angle: no correlation). SM represents soil moisture; ST represents soil temperature; pH represents soil pH value; TP represents total phosphorus; TN represents total nitrogen; TC represents total carbon; AN represents alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen; TK represents total potassium; AP represents available phosphorus; AK represents available potassium.</p> "> Figure 8
<p>Heatmap of correlation between soil microorganisms and environmental factors at phylum level. Different colors in the figure represent different correlations between environmental factors and microorganisms; red represents positive correlation, blue represents negative correlation. * represents <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.05, ** represents <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.01, *** represents <span class="html-italic">p</span> < 0.001. SM represents soil moisture; ST represents soil temperature; pH represents soil pH value; TP represents total phosphorus; TN represents total nitrogen; TC represents total carbon; AN represents alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen; TK represents total potassium; AP represents available phosphorus; AK represents available potassium.</p> ">
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Site Description
2.2. Experimental Design
2.3. Sampling
2.4. Soil Physico-Chemical Analysis
2.5. Soil Microbial Community
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Soil Temperature
3.2. Soil Moisture
3.3. Soil Nutrients
3.4. Soil Microbial Community Abundance
3.5. Soil Microbial Community Diversity
3.6. Correlation between Soil Microorganisms and Environmental Factors
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Liu, Z.; Li, S.; Liu, N.; Huang, G.; Zhou, Q. Soil Microbial Community Driven by Soil Moisture and Nitrogen in Milk Vetch (Astragalus sinicus L.)–Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) Intercropping. Agriculture 2022, 12, 1538. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12101538
Liu Z, Li S, Liu N, Huang G, Zhou Q. Soil Microbial Community Driven by Soil Moisture and Nitrogen in Milk Vetch (Astragalus sinicus L.)–Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) Intercropping. Agriculture. 2022; 12(10):1538. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12101538
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Zeqin, Shujuan Li, Ning Liu, Guoqin Huang, and Quan Zhou. 2022. "Soil Microbial Community Driven by Soil Moisture and Nitrogen in Milk Vetch (Astragalus sinicus L.)–Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) Intercropping" Agriculture 12, no. 10: 1538. https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture12101538